This paper is a broad analysis of current knowledge on the genus Tabernaemontana, which in this paper includes Ervatamia spp and others as synonyms for members of this genus. The authors of this paper classify Ervatamia orientalis as a synonym for Tabernaemontana orientalis, and also state that many of the previously described species such as E. angustisepala and E. pubescens can in fact be considered synonyms for T. orientalis also. It seems that many members of this genus have been described at different times and places, with quite a few different names, and can therefore have many synonyms.
Previously as far as I was aware, most botanists in Australia recognised three species, under the name of Ervatamia ( E. orientalis, E. angustisepala, E. pubescens. ). In this report E. orientalis is considered a synonym for Tabernaemontana orientalis, as is E. angustisepala and E. pubescens. Recently the catalogue of Queensland native and naturalised plants (1993) described two species, Tabernaemontana orientalis and T. pandacaqui, as being found in Queensland. T. pandacaqui is apparently a synonym for either E. angustisepala and/ or E. pubescens here. In the Flora of the Kimberley region (1992), E. orientalis and E. pubescens are described, but a note states that both these may be synonyms for T. pandacaqui.
There has been a lot of name changes and confusion amongst many of the species in all the genera mentioned. Some species seem to have been described up to five times with different names, or varieties.
T. orientalis is a widely distributed species, known from Indonesia, New Guinea, northern Australia and the pacific region. It is very closely related to T. divaricata, a plant indigenous to India, and also known as Ervatamia divaricata, T. coronaria is also a synonym for this species. This is a list of the alkaloids ( alkaloids related to or structurally like ibogaine in italics ) obtained from various parts of specimens identified as stated in this study.
legend for plant parts; l = leaves, tw = twigs, bark = bark(!), sb = stem bark, rt bark = root bark, unk = unrecorded as to which part of the plant was used.
Tabernaemontana orientalis.
synonyms E. orientalis, E. pubescens (?), E. angustisepala (?) and others...
alkaloid plant part mol wt specimen from..
Akuammidine unk 352.1787 Qld
Dregamine l & tw 354.1943 Loyalty Is
bark Qld
unk New Hebrides
Tabernaemontanine l & tw 354.1943 Loyalty Is
bark Qld
unk New Hebrides
Ervatamine l & sb 354.1943 Qld
l & tw Loyalty Is
19,20-dehydro-ervatamine l & sb 352.178 Qld
20-epi-ervatamine l & tw 354.1943 Loyalty Is
sb Qld
Apparacine l 264.1626 Qld
Conopharyngine l & tw 398.2205 Loyalty Is
unk New Guinea
unk Qld
Coronaridine l & tw 338.1994 Loyalty Is
unk New Hebrides
Ibogaine l 310.2045 Qld
Iboxygaine l & unk 326.1994 Qld
Voacangine l & tw 368.2100 Loyalty Is
unk Qld
unk New Guinea
Isovoacangine unk 368.2100 New Hebrides
Voacristine bark 384.2049 Qld
Pandoline l & tw 354.1943 Loyalty Is
unk New Guinea
20-epi-pandoline l & tw 354.1943 Loyalty Is
unk New Guinea
Pandine l & tw 352.1787 Loyalty Is
unk New Guinea
Voacamine bark 704.3938 Qld
16-decarbo-methoxy- bark 646.3883 Qld
voacamine
16-decarbo-methoxy- bark 648.4039 Qld
19’,20’-dihydrovoacamine
16-decarbo-methoxy- bark 648.4039 Qld
19,20-dihydro-20-epi-voacamine
The alkaloids voacamine, 16-decarbomethoxy-19,20-dihydrovoacamine and 16 decarbomethoxy-19,20-dihydro-20-epi-voacamine are actually dimeric alkaloids constructed from a single ibogaine molecule combined with either a dregamine or tabernaemontanine molecule. All these alkaloids, apart from ibogaine were found together in the bark of the species from Qld. Apart from apparacine, ibogaine and iboxygaine have lower molecular weights than any other alkaloids reported from this species.
Tabernaemontana pandacaqui.
synonymous with Ervatamia angustisepala(?).
alkaloid plant part mol wt specimen from.. Pericyclivine leaf 322.1681 Phillipines Tabernaemontanine leaf 354.1943 Phillipines 20-epi-Lochneridine leaf 340.1787 Phillipines Coronaridine bark 338.1994 Phillipines bark Jamaica (-)-Ibogamine bark 280.1939 Jamaica Iboxygaine bark 326.1994 Jamaica Tabernanthine bark 310.2045 Jamaica iso-Voacangine bark 368.2100 Jamaica Voacristine bark 384.2049 Jamaica (?) Ervafoline leaf 644.3362 Phillipines Ervafolidine leaf 662.3468 Phillipines iso-Ervafolidine leaf 662.3468 Phillipines
Ervafoline, Ervafolidine and iso-Ervafolidine are dimeric alkaloids, containing a single ibogan type molecule combined with another molecule of a related type of alkaloid called plumeran.
Tabernaemontana divaricata.
Some of the alkaloids recorded such as the n-oxo- and hydroxy-indolenine types are probably not present in the fresh or living material, but are formed by oxidation, either as the plant dries or if the alkaloids are extracted the process involved may create them. Ibogan type alkaloids seem to oxidise quite readily, eg up to 50% of the alkaloids may be lost in drying the plant material.
synonyms Ervatamia divaricata, E.coronaria, T. coronaria and others...closely related to T. orientalis.
alkaloid plant part mol wt specimen from..
Dregamine leaf ; stem 354.1943 India ; Florida
Tabernaemontanine leaf; bark 354.1943 India ; Pakistan
roots; stem Florida ; Egypt
Vobasine leaf; stem; root 352.1787 Egypt
Apparicine flower 264.1626 Cuba
Voaphylline flower; leaf 296.1889 Cuba ; India
N-methylvoaphylline flower; leaf 310.2045 Cuba
Lochnericine leaf 352.1787 India
Tabersonine flower 336.1838 Cuba
Coronaridine leaf; rt bark 338.1994 India ; Cuba ;Florida
stem; seed; unk Bangladesh ; Brazil
5-hydroxy-6-oxo- rt bark 368.1736 India
coronaridine
3-oxo-coronaridine rt bark 352.1787 India
5-oxo-coronaridine rt bark 352.1787 India
6-oxo-coronaridine rt bark 352.1787 India
Coronaridine-hydroxy- rt bark 354.1943 India
indolenine
(+)-Heyneanine rt bark 354.1943 India
(-)-Heyneanine rt bark 354.1943 India
(-)-Ibogamine rt bark; stem 280.1939 India ; Cuba
Voacangine leaf; stem 368.2100 India ; Cuba
iso-Voacangine stem 368.2100 India
Voacristine leaf 384.2049 India
iso-Voacristine leaf; flower 384.2049 India
3,14; 4,19-tetrahydro- flower 250.1470 Cuba
olivacine
Voacamine rt bark 704.3938 India
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