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The Salvia divinorum chapter by Dale Pendell |
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The Salvia divinorum chapter by Dale Pendell |
Dale Pendell has graciously agreed to share this, the Salvia divinorum chapter from his extraordinary book: Pharmako/Poeia: Plant Powers,
Poisons, and Herbcraft. Published by Mercury House, San Francisco, 1995. There is a tremendous amount of depth in this piece of writing. Every time I read it I discover something new. Pendell has distilled the essence of the Salvia divinorum experience into a vessel of poetry.
If you would like information on ordering this book, please go here.
"An epic poem on plant humours, an abstruse alchemic treatise, an experiential narrative jigsaw puzzle, a hip and learned wild-nature reference text, a comic paen to cosmic consciousness, an ecological handbook, a dried-herb pastiche, a counterculture encyclopedia of ancient fact and lore."
"Dale Pendell reactivates the ancient connection between the bardic poet and the shaman."
Salvia divinorum
Common names:
Diviner's sage, ska Pastora, hojas de la Pastora,
seer's sage, la Maria.
Salvia splendens contains salviarin and splendidin, both diterpenes, and we should expect more from other species. No psychotropic activity has been reported for those but that does not close the case--I heard background whispers of "placebo effect" for years when talking about the powers of dried ska Pastora leaves!
Salvia sonomensis contains a camphorlike substance that is a mild stimulant when smoked. Salvia officinalis contains thujone, constituting in some varieties over fifty percent of the essential oil.
Taxonomy:
A true sage, like cooking sage. Mint family. There are
a thousand species in the genus, and five hundred species in the Neotropical
subgenus Calosphace, to which Salvia divinorum belongs. Many
temperate Salvia spp. are adapted to xeric conditions, such as the black
sage (Salvia mellifera), white sage (Salvia apiana) and purple
sage (Salvia leucophylla) of the California chaparral. Salvia
divinorum is a hydrophyte.
The Plant:
Square-stemmed, winged margins, the stems hollow and
succulent. The stems will grow to over eight feet if supported. Commonly they
fall over, rooting where they fall. Axillary branches easily sprout from the
nodes. The plant flowers when the days shorten: long graceful racemes of
fragrant white flowers, the calyces deep lavender. I sprinkle the flowers into
salads.
The Ally:
She can be shy. Sometimes she has to get to know you
for a while, before she will come out and say hello. But once she appears, are
there any who are more direct?
Part Used:
The leaves. The stems can be juiced.
How Taken: The Path of
Leaves:
Thirteen pair of
leaves, the stems all facing the same direction, are rolled into a cigar and
eaten. That is the traditional way, the way of the Keepers of the Plant, the
Mazatecs. The leaves are used the same way mushrooms are used, with candles
(which are later put out), prayers, and singing. The ceremony is performed at
night, in a darkened room. The darker the better. And the quieter the better:
both light and noise have a way of dissipating the experience.
It is not uncommon for the Mazatecs to wash the leaves down with a swig of tequila. The tequila cleanses the palate and may aid in the final absorption.
Chemistry:
Unknown until recently, and still far from understood.
In 1982, Alfredo Ortega and his associates isolated a bicyclic diterpene,
C23 H28O8, from material gathered in Oaxaca and
named it salvinorin. Another group, led by Leander Valdes at the
University of Michigan, independently isolated the same compound and named it
divinorum. Because Ortega published first, the name salvinorin has
precedence. Neither author tested salvinorin for human activity, but recent
tests by Daniel Siebert and others, myself included, have proved the
psychoactivity of salvinorin beyond further doubt.
Other compounds in the fresh leaves may act synergistically in creating the extraordinary and variable effects of this plant, perhaps by inhibiting the lytic action of an enzyme or of the digestive juices.
The Plant:
It's like cat paws, soft cat paws pressing, or like a bunch of bird tongues lapping the mind. Or like tiny fingers, the way ivy fingers reach out to climb a wall . . .
"Bird tongues lapping the mind." We timed them: they hit four or five times per second. It may be the theta rhythm.
Five or six small tokes do not produce the same effect as one large inhalation. The reasons for this are not clear. Perhaps the brain responds to salvinorin within seconds, with neurochemical defenses.
The best technique is to use the Val Salva maneuver, beginning by emptying the lungs of air and then layering the smoke until the lungs are completely full. Then hold the smoke in as long as you can. Release gently.
The Ally: Bridge of
Smoke:
Frequently people
experience little effect from the leaves in their first meetings. The power of
the leaves seems to slowly build toward a climax with successive ingestions.
Diaz was the first to comment in print on this phenomenon. He drank the juice of
the fresh leaves six times and noticed an "increased awareness of the
plant's effects" each time.
Contrarily, sometimes the ally rolls over and crushes a person without warning, first visit. And a few people seem obdurately immune.
Effects: The Bridge of Smoke:
Over a period of several weeks, everything around me gradually became more intelligent.
Salvia divinorum contains no alkaloids. In screening plants for psychoactivity, plants that do not contain alkaloids are routinely thrown away. Clearly that approach is too hasty.
Because of the quantity of material that must be ingested for diviner's sage to be fully active, it occurred to me in a light moment that any plant would be entheogenic if one ate twenty-six whole leaves at a sitting. That's a joke, but you can't really get the point until you eat diviner's sage yourself.
The Plant:
The plant is endangered by the forces of imperialistic religion, and has been for four hundred years, possibly longer.
en el nombre del Padre
en el nombre del Hijo
en el nombre de Espirito
Santo
That such an ordinary looking plant, kind of succulent and without any alkaloids, can be as subtle and effective as the seer's sage is, causes one to wonder about other green plants--that perhaps there are other such, sisters to this sage, waiting for someone to give them the time and attention they deserve.
People ask, "If it's really so good, why is it so obscure, why haven't more people heard of it?" The answer partly has to do with history, and partly with intention, and perhaps partly with the intrinsic nature of the plant's effects.
First off, the plant is not at all obscure to her people. They know her and love her, or know her and don't love her (some think the plant devilish). Most of our ("our" meaning Western literate culture) current knowledge about Ska Pastora can be traced back to the visit of Gordon Wasson and Albert Hofmann to Maria Sabina. Most of "our" plants are also from this transmission. Several particulars of the Wasson/Hofmann/Sabina meeting account for some of the plant's recessive reputation. For one, Maria Sabina's primary ally was the mushroom: she only used the little leaves when the children were out of season. But there are other curanderos who prefer the leaves to the mushrooms. Don Alejandro says that taking the mushrooms too often "will make you crazy," but that the Virgin, who speaks through the leaves, is more gentle.
Second, when Hofmann returned to his laboratory at Sandoz Pharmaceuticals in Basel, he had brought some juice from the Salvia leaves back with him, "preserved in alcohol." When this juice was deemed by self-experiment no longer to be active, Hofmann abandoned his intention to analyze the juice for its psychoactive principle(s). Hofmann reported that the unknown active ingredient must be unstable. This belief was incorrect but tended to inhibit further research for some years. My own reports on the effectiveness of smoking the dried leaves were dismissed by a number of my colleagues.
On the matter of intention, to quote Lao Tzu: "Those who speak do not know, those who know do not speak." Most sage people would rather not have their beloved ally spotlighted, or scheduled, or even much heard of or spoken about.
But just because the plant is not a party-goer, is not harmful, and is not abused anywhere in the known world does not mean that it would not be persecuted by those who rule by fear, if they knew of its existence. So in summation we will reiterate the early assessments of the plant and agree that it is a minor psychtropic of well-deserved obscurity.
The Ally:
This plant has a sense of humor!
The Plant:
History:
It seems likely that ska Pastora was once much
more widespread than it is today. Cultigens generally have long histories, and
Salvia divinorum is probably no exception. What is not clear is whether
the decline of the plant began with the Spanish Conquest, or whether it was
already in decline, and, if so, if the reasons were religious or political, or
something else.
Gordon Wasson speculated that Salvia divinorum was the pipilzintzintli , the "Noble Prince" mentioned in Aztec codices. One problem with this identification is that pipilzintzintli was said to have both male and female varieties while our ska Pastora is, botanically speaking, perfect. The Aztecs were skilled botanists and surely knew the difference between male flowers and female flowers. But it is also possible that the reference to gender is metaphorical, relating to nonanatomical properties of the plant, rather than to dioeciousness. There are some known examples of such use of gender, so Wasson may indeed be correct. It would be extraordinary if a plant of the power and stature of ska Pastora were not well known to the Aztecs.
The Ally:
I still prefer chewing and swallowing, if only from a sense of tidiness and tradition. Chewing with your cheeks full keeps the material in motion and insures that all parts of the mucosa are constantly bathed with sage leaf. More than once it has seemed to us that it is the stems, those chewy, chewy stems, that finally push it all over the edge.
One intrepid researcher called Salvia divinorum "the best-tasting psychedelic plant he'd ever eaten." Good point.
Effects:
The effects are different, depending on how the plant
is ingested, on whether you meet the ally on the Path of Leaves or by crossing
the Bridge of Smoke. And also depending on whether the plant has accepted you.
That's metaphorical. Or is it? What neurochemical explanation could account for
a threshold that, once breached, will still be open a year later, with no
exposure to the plant intervening? Besides, neurochemical explanations are also
metaphorical.
Note that while the dosage by ingestion is ten to thirty leaves, the smoking dose amounts to one or two leaves.
The Ally:
She has many epiphanies. Not all of them are shy, and
not all of them are "she." One person encountered the Ally as a
giant(an immeasurably ancient giant wearing a belt of human skulls. The giant
looked directly at this person. The giant wanted to know why he had been
summoned. The giant did not want a trivial answer.
The Plant:
Ska Pastora is not a hallucinogen. That is not to say that it does not share some of the characteristics of class phantastica, it does. But there are also differences. The "true" hallucinogens all act on the 5-HT2 receptors. While the receptors of diviner's sage have not been discovered, the experiential evidence points to some new receptor, or to some holographic inundation of mind. And while many hallucinogens will help one's golf game (or, as Dock Ellis proved, one's major league pitching), a certain muscular discoordination accompanies the sage inebriation.
On the Pharmako/Poeia mandala, I put the little leaves on the path between phantastica and inebriantia, and name itexistentia . By existentia, I do not mean anything Cartesian, nor even David Bohm's separate-from-self implicate order, but mean that which precedes essence.
Effects:
It's not like being high, it's more like being
practical.
Correspondences:
| Activity | Domestic Affairs |
| Animal | Uroboros |
| Archetype | Fortune Teller |
| Art Form | Lyric Poetry |
| Bodily Function | Circulation |
| Body Part | Mouth |
| Buddha Realm | Prajna Bhumi |
| Color | Cobalt Blue |
| Cosmic Entity | Singularity |
| Crutch For | Indecision |
| Dimension | Fractal |
| Discipline | Augury |
| Element | World-Stuff |
| Form of Energy | Windmill |
| Form of Ignorance | Complacency |
| Gemstone | Tourmaline |
| Geometry | Topology |
| God | The Mother of God |
A Taoist sage, in another range of mountains, after many years of studying the secrets of alchemy with his master, feeling fully accomplished, descended the mountain to move into the world. When evening approached, he stopped at an inn. The people at the inn marveled at the light that seemed to hover about him--a sort of magical glow. The sage was chagrined, realizing that his studies were only half completed, and returned immediately to his teacher.
Poesis:
Recent studies by Aaron Reisfield (Reisfield 1993) demonstrate that Salvia divinorum is not completely self-sterile, as had been assumed: the plant can produce viable seeds, though very infrequently. Nor did Reisfield find any significant difference in the production of viable seeds from flowers pollinated from the same clone and those pollinated by plants collected from different localities. It is of course possible that there is little genetic difference between any specimens of S. divinorum, even those that today grow in widely separated areas in Oaxaca.
Reisfield's observations strongly suggest that Salvia divinorum is a hybrid. The pollen grains of Salvia divinorum have low viability, indicative of disharmonious parental genes. But low pollen viability is only part of the reason that Salvia divinorum rarely sets seed. Even with hand pollination only 2 or 3 percent of the nutlets mature. Further exacerbating the problem of reproduction, in Mexico, the plant only flowers sporadically. Flowering seems to require more sun than is optimal for vegetative growth, so it is only plants growing on the margins of its normal habitat that flower at all.
The main barrier to fertility, according to Reisfield, occurs after the pollen tube reaches the ovary. But he was unable to determine whether the infertility was due to inbreeding depression, a condition not uncommon among plants with a long history of human relationship; hybridity; or some delayed-action effect of self-incompatibility. If Salvia divinorum is indeed a hybrid, the parents are long lost in poisonous prehistory--Reisfield knows of no two sages that would account for the morphological features of la Maria.
For you, if you want ska Pastora, you will have to get it the same way everyone else has for the last two thousand years: from a cutting from someone who grows it.
If your shoot is already rooted, or if you live in a humid climate, you can go ahead and plant it directly. Plant it in shade or scattered light, the leaves don't tolerate a lot of direct sunlight--I've had some plants do well with almost no sun at all. If you live in the arid interior, you may have to mist the leaves regularly, or protect them with a humidifier. Ska Pastora loves the redwood country, where it gets fog.
The plant will thank you for some feeding. She needs water, lots, but be careful about root-rot in pots. Also, the plants wither if they get root-bound. Protect them from frost.
The Ally:
| Goddess | Isis |
| Grammar | Presyntactical Mammalian |
| Historical Age | Future/Eon |
| Image | Labyrinth, Hall of Mirrors |
| Landscape | Garden |
| Logical Operator | Identity |
| Machine | Bathyscaph |
| Metal | Antimony |
| Metaphor | Borders |
| Mineral | Turquoise |
| Musical Instrument | Bull-Roarer |
| Myth | Parallel Universe |
| Number | Complex |
| Occupation | Poet/Soothsayer |
| Out-of-Body Realm | Clairvoyance |
| Periodic Table Col. | Rare Earths |
| Phase of Matter | Nuclear Condensed |
| Philosopher | Anaximander |
| Physical Constant | Fine Structure Constant a=2pe2/hc |
| Planet | Moon |
| Poison | Terror |
| Proportion | Radial Symmetry |
| Quark | Nen, the Quantum of Time |
The species is well named.
The Ally:
It's anti-escapist, the opposite of escaping. It's not
likely to be popular. It can be empathogenic, but it's more telepathic than
emotional. It lights up a person's soul: we hear/know what they really think,
what they really want, what they really have done. It's ideal for couples work,
for keeping in touch.
On The Darkness:
The ally loves the darkness. Light can
interrupt and suspend even wildly cosmic and disembodied states, seamlessly
returning the petitioner to the mundane. Sometimes it is necessary to turn on
the lights to attend to something or someone, a child perhaps. What is amazing
is how immediately the interdimensional space reasserts itself when the lights
are again put out.
The essence of the Path of Leaves is just a few friends sitting around in a dark room, perhaps drinking a little beer or tequila. Some talking. Maybe some singing or chanting. To how many people does that sound like a good time?
The Ally:
Effects:
Staggering. Lurching. But not like drunkenness: the
mind is completely clear. The effect is reminiscent of kava.
On The Logos:
The poison has entered the Word. Words become stepping
stones, a floating walkway to cross the chasms between.
What we really are is a web of interconnections, the summation of all of our relationships, all the people we know and those we are still to meet. It's not that we are in the web, the web is what we are. Vowel sounds change the colors; pitch and tone alter the shape of the enclosing space; semantics create texture. Sentences become palpable things, they take visible and tactile form, flying or sinking.
But all in the mind's eye, not in the eyeball: an interactive lucid dream accessible to the will.
I saw where thoughts come from, visually. Some were just forming--were seething in a kind of liquid surface, some of them went on and blossomed, became people and conversations . . .
But you can dry the leaves, that's the easiest thing to do. The dried leaves carry the smoking-ally.
Effects (field report: a man, inventor and
painter):
"There were
things you didn't tell me. It took me a while to learn how to use it. I had to
find the right dose. At first I was taking too much, six or seven lungfuls. Two
or three is about right.
"It's like heavy zazen, like after a very long period of sitting, the place you can get to there. It's changed my life, turned my life around. Things are really going well.
"It's very intense, I call it a reality stutter, or a reality strobing. I think that having been a test pilot, and flying in that unforgiving environment with only two feet between our wingtips, helped to prepare me for this kind of exploration.
"There is something very pagan about it. I don't think you should tell anybody about it. Sex is fantastic. It sensitizes the skin. And it makes you want to go exploring. And sleep is great, I'm sleeping much better. A. said that it relieved her menstrual cramps. And her attitude."
The Plant:
Effects: (field report, a man,
sculptor):
"I had
heard that it was going to be mild, so I took a lungful and held it in, and was
expecting to have to take many more to feel a mild tingle. But it just
overwhelmed me. It was so intense, so immediate. I had tunnel vision, I couldn't
see anything except this tunnel in front of me, like I was going to pass out.
Everything enfolded. I didn't like it. It was too abrupt, too scary. I recall
feeling that if someone had walked into the room I wouldn't even have been able
to talk to them. It is not subtle."
Effects: (field report, a woman, painter
and poet):
"I smoked
it every couple of days for two months. I hate to say this about a plant, but
I'm in love with it. It's remarkable. It took six or seven tries before anything
happened, almost like it was laying down pathways or
something."
"It is so much what it was, unequivocal. It wasn't like it was a high, it's just Mind. It's so honest! I feel like I was recruited, like I was enlisted."
"I mean maybe I'm making all of this up. Maybe it was just oregano, but I call it 'my sweetheart.'"
The Plant:
The Ally:
With the leaves there is no place to hide. That is why
it is good for finding lost objects or for identifying thieves. It is a poison
that illuminates poison: use it to find dis-ease.
Correspondences:
| Quantum Force | Y / Schrödinger Wave Equation |
| Realm of Pleasure | Skin |
| Ritual Event | Birth |
| Rock | Ophiolite |
| Season | Samhain |
| Sense | Sixth |
| Sexual Position | Scissors |
| Sign | Pegasus |
| Sin | Lust |
| Social Event | Exile |
| Tarot Key | Moon |
| Time of Day | Midnight |
| Tool | Phurbu |
| Virtue | Temperance |
| Vowel | High Back /u/ |
Suddenly I felt completely disoriented. What a fool I was to be out in public. How did I think I could handle going to a movie? The question "How high does it get you?" is meaningless. It's nonlinear. Only the threshold was significant, and the threshold could be so subtle!
Poesis:
One of the active ingredients of Salvia
divinorum , salvinorin, can be extracted from the leaves. Valdes and his
group at the University of Michigan isolated 1.2 grams of salvinorin from 5.35
kilograms of fresh leaves, which they dried to 674 grams of milled powder.
Valdes didn't report how many leaves he started with, but the leaves that I pick
average 2.3 grams fresh, and dry to about 0.45 grams. That works out to between
1,450 and 2,350 leaves to yield 1,200 milligrams of salvinorin, or between 500
and 800 micrograms of salvinorin per leaf. I crumble up several leaves into my
pipe, but never smoke more than a quarter or a third of the pipe, which is about
one dried leaf. So, back-of-the-envelope, salvinorin is active at ranges of 500
to 800 micrograms, about twenty time more active by weight than DMT
(dimethyltryptamine).
Quantitative experiments by Daniel Siebert, Jonathan Ott, myself, and others have since confirmed the arithmetic.
Effects, Salvinorin:
Many experience childhood scenes. Parents
may be represented abstractly. Exceedingly fast changes of scene. Ontological
revelations.
I have found one salvinorin "hardhead." Under my supervision, the man carefully and properly smoked a full milligram of salvinorin, vaporized in a glass pipe. After a few minutes he shrugged his shoulders, got up, and, trying to be polite, remarked that "maybe there were some visuals."
Poesis:
All of the information needed to isolate salvinorin is
in Valdes's paper (or, another method, in Ortega's paper). While Ortega and
Valdes had to isolate pure crystalline salvinorin quantitatively, simpler
extractions would suffice.
But all of this raises some questions. Why do it? On the "Crystal Highway" the ally often shows a more precipitous, and more terrifying, face than she does on the Path or on the Bridge. Many who meet the ally on the Crystal Highway never wish to repeat the experience. The ally is always fast, but on the Crystal Highway she is superluminal. And controlling dosage at the microgram level requires some skill. The raw leaf seems so exquisitely balanced already.
The plant is legal; just grow it. You may learn something. It is plenty strong enough in its fresh or dried form. It is benevolent in that form. When you start dealing with molecules in micrograms, with glass pipes, with overdoses, you are up against possibly serious issues of toxicity. And the sacred leaves of the shepherdess become a commodity. And then there are the legal considerations.
My advice is to make friends with the plant. If you want to socialize, consider smoking cannabis; if you want to get high, try nitrous oxide or smoking DMT. Only if you are ready to walk with an ally should you attempt the Path of Leaves or cross the Bridge of Smoke. Just don't blame me if the green beings recruit you, and you become a plant disguised with legs instead of a person.
Effects, Salvinorin: The Crystal Road:
I thought that I had measured out 600 micrograms. Later it occurred to me that a substantial amount of the solvent had evaporated in storage, and that each drop was as much as doubled in potency.The fast drop. A trapdoor. Like on the scaffold of a gallows. The frightening terror of absolute emptiness.
His head dropped onto the table and his arms splayed out. The cards flew all over. He fell out of his chair, some vases and books and another chair falling with him. Then his body twitched and I watched him turn into a bear. His whole body grew taut. A deep guttural growl sounded from his throat and he began speaking in tongues. His eyes had completely glazed over. None of it was pretend. I saw the strength: two men couldn't have held him down, if he had run amok.
All of the parallel universes were there. My childhood was there, and the death of my son. It was pure terror, all of it swirling through these breaks in time, breaks in what moments are made of. The whole universe was turned inside out. To get back I had to pull it all back through my asshole.I had to destroy the worlds that I didn't choose to exist in. And some of them tried to stop me from doing that, they kept calling to me, telling me not to do it, that they wanted to exist. We were in the place you are before you are born, and the place you go to after you die. Once you step out of time, once you break through that continuum, all spaces are connected.
That I existed was the most amazing thing. The whole thing was an absurdity, but I couldn't come back unless I accepted it, all of it. All the pain of my life was waiting there, I---'s death was there waiting, but it was like I had to choose, it took effort. I had to accept all of it in order to return to this particular universe.
Valdes extracted with ether. He partitioned the dried extract between hexanes and 90 percent aqueous methanol, saving the polar components in the methanolic fraction.
An excellent product I call "4x" can be prepared by evaporating an ethanolic (or methanolic) extraction of the dried leaves, and sopping up the oily goo left over after evaporating or distilling off the solvent with "cleaned" leaves rubbed through a strainer. Use an amount of cleaned leaf equal to about one-quarter the original weight of the leaves extracted. The 4x enrichment is suitable for smoking in small pipes.
I've tried "10x" also. In that case, wash out the non-polar compounds from the goo with hexanes, more or less as outlined by Valdes. Keep track of your weights.
Ethnobotany:
Tea brewed from four or five pairs of leaves is
medicinal. Mazatecs use the tea for headache and rheumatism. It is also said to
be good for anemia and problems of the eliminatory functions.
The Plant:
The leaves of the moon. With no other plant are
preparation and ground state training so crucial. Ska Pastora is a moon
doctors' plant. It could typify lunar medicine all by itself, its light is so
pale and white. The lunar medicine is needed not to avert disaster, as is
sometimes the case when dealing with the phantastica, but to hear the words, to
comprehend the presentation. "Just this" is not at all the same thing
as "merely this."
She will take who you are and run away with it faster than any plant I know.
How Taken: Bottom Line:
Grow enough leaves to provide eleven to
twenty-two leaves, thirty to sixty grams, for each person. It is traditional to
have an extra bundle on hand as a "booster" for those who desire to
return to the trance after their initial voyage.
Arrange the leaves so that the stems all face the same direction. Place them on the altar. Burn a little incense. Do this in a comfortable room, with cushions, preferably one that can be completely darkened. In the city, a tarp pinned over a window will keep out streetlights and such. Start as soon as it is dark.
By candlelight, roll your bundle of leaves into a cigar and chew away until it is gone, or until you can't find your mouth. Or until. Chew well. If you are not going to swallow, or are not going to swallow all of it, provide each person with a nice dish or basket to receive the exhausted quid. But chew long and well. Then blow the candle out. Be accepting. Cleanse your palate with some tequila, or some beer.
Best not to drive, but, if you must, never before you have eaten. Soups go well, and fruits.
Remember: your friends, the darkness, the gathering, and the chewing are all integral parts of the whole experience, and have been so for many, many centuries. The ancestors of two kingdoms await you.
The Ally:
The plant of the gods, brought within.
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1994; Lessons in Mazatec Curanderismo;;
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1963; Notes on the Present Status of Ololiuhqui and
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