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Shrooms! an online resource for magic mushroom enthusiasts Psilly Simon's Mushroom Growin' Guide The Anarchist's Cookbook Guide From the excellent field guide,Mushrooms Demystified by David Arora: Psilocybe cyanescens Psilocybe semilanceata A Field Guide to [Some] North American Magic Mushrooms Psilocybe cubensis Psilocybe subbalteatus Psilocybe caerulescens Mushrooms of Thailand, Australia and New Zealand by John Allen Excerpts from Magic Mushroom Grower's Guide by Oss and Oeric: Mushroom Cultivation Harvesting and Drying Mushrooms The instruction sheet supplied with Homestead spore prints Two excerpts from Steven Pollock's Growing Magic Mushrooms: The Simplest Technique from Scratch The Rice-Cake Technique Growing Psychedelic Mushrooms, by Bill Jones The so-called "Killer Shroom File from Hell" Lucy's Gro-Guide Various excerpts from The Mushroom Cultivator by Stamets and Chilton: Growing Parameters for Psilocybe cubensis Growing Parameters for Psilocybe cyanescens Mushroom Genetics Trouble-Shooting Guide for Mushroom Growers Harvesting and Preserving Mushrooms (from Stevens & Gee) Reflections on Psychedelic Mycophagy by Andrew Weil

ShroomDex: Information about mushroom growing

Sacred Mushrooms and The Law

'SYZYGY'
Highest Quality Mushroom Spores
Advertisement in: 'Psilocybin: Magic Mushroom Grower's Guide'
You will recieve several million spores on a glass coverslide in a plastic envelope for just $10.00 per sporeprint, plus $1.00 for shipping per order. (Add 4% sales tax in Hawaii.) Send your order to: SYZYGY P.O. Box 619 Honaunau, HI 96726 Offer void where prohibited.

High Times Interview with Andrew Weil, MD
High Times - January 1996
The interview touches on Spontaneous Healing, the dark potential of mushrooms, hemp seed oil as a dietary supplement, beneficial plants, coca leaf, toad venom, lung care for marijuana smokers, ayahuasca and 2-CB.

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Liberty Cap
Audubon Field Guide to North American Mushrooms; p 273-274
84 LIBERTY CAP. Psilocybe semilanceata (Fr. ex. Secr.) Kum. Strophariaceae, Agaricales. DESCRIPTION: Slimy, narrowly conical, brown to tan cap with brownish gills and smooth, off-white stalk; in pastures and manured areas. CAP: 3/8 to 1 inch (1-2.5 cm) wide; sharply conical, often peaked, and not expanding; sticky, smooth; brownish, fading to tan, bruising blue on margin. GILLS: attached, close, broad; grayish, becoming dark brown. STALK: 2-4 inches (5-10 cm) high, 1/16 inch (1.5 mm) thick; very thing, whitish. VEIL: partial veil evanescent. SPORES: 11-14 x 7-8 microns; elliptical, smooth, with pore at tip. Spore print purple-brown. EDIBILITY: Hallucinogenic. SEASON: Late August - November. HABITAT: Scattered to numerous, in tall grass and grassy hummocks in cow pastures. RANGE: Widely distributed; common in Pacific NW.; also reported in Quebec. LOOK-ALIKES: The hallucinogenic P. pelliculosa and P. silvatica grow in wood chips or mulch, and have conical caps. COMMENTS: This species is one of the most familiar hallucinogens of the Oregon coast.

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Make That... 1002 Uses for Fungi
SCIENCE Vol.257 pg 1049 21-aug-92
MAKE THAT... 1002 USES FOR FUNGI. Various cultures have employed 'magic' mushrooms as medicines or as substances to induce hallucinations for religious rites. But the shaman of the Tlingit, Haida, and other indigenous peoples who lived in the US's Northwest Coast appear to have used one kind of fungus to induce magic less directly: They carved them into spiritual figurines to cure the sick and protect the dead. This novel mystical use of mushrooms was discovered when a team of botanists recently noted a peculiar piece of 'wood' in a routine evaluation of wood deterioration in objects at the American Museum of Natural History. Plant pathologist Robert A. Blanchette of the University of Minnesota subsequently identified the material as a species of fungus called Fomitopsis officinalis that had been treated with a brownish grease. After the first find, Blanchette and several colleagues tracked down another 10 fungal figurines at museums throughout the nation. They describe their results in a recent issue of Mycologia. The figurines adorned the graves of shamans and were meant to 'relay a clear message to the people that the area was occupied by spirits and should never be approached,' the researchers write. And these weren't the only supernatural powers attributed to the fungi: According to a Haida myth, the only way that the myustical hero Raven could paddle his canoe close to shore (in order to 'capture female genitalia') was if Fungus Man paddled in the stern. According to the researchers, 'only the Fungus Man had the supernatural powers to successfully bring Raven to his destination.'

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California Health and Safety Code
(notes)
The California Health and Safety Code was amended a few years ago to prohibit the mailing and cultivation of psilocybin mushroom spores: Section 11390 Health & Safety Code (Illegal to cultivate the spore of the psilocybin mushroom). Section 11391 Health & Safety Code (Illegal to transport, bring into the State or sell, the psilocybin spore).

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Mushroom Rustlers Pose a New Problem for Oregon Forest Rangers
Boston Globe, Oct 18 1990; p 108 col 1
Oregon's problem with 'mushroom rustlers,' or those who illegally pick the mushrooms in Oregon's Cascade Range because they sell for $40 a pound in Japan, is discussed.

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Summary of Street Drug Results - 1973
The PharmChem Newsletter; vol 3 no 3) 1973
Summary of Street Drug Results - 1973: ``Of 189 samples of LSD quantitatively analyzed, the average dose was 67.25ug LSD. Of the 32 samples of alleged mescaline actually containing mescaline, [...stuff about mescaline and mushrooms deleted...] It is interesting to note the low incidence of deception among the less sought after psychotomimetics LSD and PCP.''

ALDRICH, MICHAEL R
Tantric cannabis use in India.
Journal of Psychedelic Drugs; 1977 Jul-Sep Vol 9(3) 227-233
The sacred beverage described in the Veda texts was probably made from a hallucinogenic mushroom, but it was replaced by hallucinogenic hemp in the 7th-11th centuries. Oral ingestion of marihuana and sexual intercourse were ritualized into a ceremony of great liberation.

ALLEGRO, JOHN MARCO
The sacred mushroom and the cross
The sacred mushroom and the cross; a study of the nature and origins of Christianity within the fertility cults of the ancient Near East. Doubleday [1970] BL444.A44
SUBJECTS: Mushrooms, religion

Allen JW; Merlin MD
Psychoactive mushroom use in Koh Samui and Koh Pha-Ngan, Thailand.
J.Ethnopharmacol; 1992 Jan; 35(3); P 205-28
This paper presents the results of recent ethnomycological exploration in southern Thailand. Field observations, interviews and collection of fungi specimens were carried out primarily on two islands, Koh Samui and Koh Pha-ngan, situated in the western region of the Gulf of Siam. Some fieldwork was also conducted in the northern Thai province of Chiang Dao and in the southern Thai province of Surat Thani. During five separate excursions (1989-90), observations were made of occurrence, harvesting, use, and marketing of psychoactive fungi by local Thai natives (males and females, adults and children), foreign tourists, and German immigrants. The first records of psychoactive Psilocybe subcubensis and Copelandia dung fungi in Thailand are presented in this paper. These fungi exhibited intense bluing reactions when handled, indicating the presence of psilocybin and/or psilocin. Seven collections of Psilocybe cubensis (Earle) Singer and/or Psilocybe subcubensis Guzman and four collections of Copelandia sp. were harvested and sun-dried for herbarium deposit. These fungi are cultivated or occur spontaneously, often appearing in the decomposed manure of domesticated water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) and at least three different species of cattle (Bos indicus, B. guarus, and B. sundaicus). The psychoactive fungi are cultivated in clandestine plots, both indoors and outdoors, in the uplands and villages on Koh Samui by both Thai natives and some foreigners. The sale of psychoactive fungi directly to tourists and to resort restaurants for use in edible food items such as omelettes and soups is discussed in detail. The preparation and sale of mushroom omelettes adulterated with artificial hallucinogens in some restaurants is also discussed. In addition, the marketing of items such as hand painted T-shirts, post cards, and posters bearing mushroom related motifs in Thailand is described.

Allen, John W., Merlin, Mark D., & Jansen, Karl L. R.
An Ethnomycological Review of Psychoactive Agarics in Australia and New Zealand.
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 23/1:39-69. (1991)

Allen, John W.
A Private Inquiry into the Circmstances Surrounding the 1972 Death of John Gomilla, Jr., Who Died after Allegedly Consuming Ten Hallucinogenic Mushrooms While Residing in Hawaii.
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 20/4:451-454. (1988)

AMES RW
The Influence of Temperature on Mycelial Growth of Psilocybe cubensis, Panaeolus, and Copelandia.
Mycopath. et Mycol. Appl. 9:268-274 (1958)
Temperature. Psilocybin Mushrooms

ANGLIN, M DOUGLAS; THOMPSON, JOHN P; FISHER, DENNIS G
Parental, personality, and peer correlates of psychoactive mushroom use.
Journal of Drug Education; 1986 Vol 16(3) 265-285
53 college undergraduates reporting use of a hallucinogenic mushroom ( psilocybe ) were matched on demographic variables to 53 nonusers. Both groups were 60% male. Ss were given a detailed questionnaire and were administered 4 psychological tests. Hallucinogenic mushroom use by men was most associated with peers' mushroom use, whereas mushroom use by women was most associated with parental drug use, especially fathers' marihuana use. Personality measures were secondary in predicting mushroom use. It is concluded that given these distinctive patterns, researchers examining social and personality influences on drug use should analyze their data separately by sex.

Anonymous.
The Compleat Psilocybin Mushroom Cultivator's Bible.
Miami: Hongero Press. (1976)

BADHAM E R
The effect of light upon basidiocarp initiation in Psilocybe cubensis.
Mycologia; Vol. 72 (1980) p 136-142
Formation of basidiocarp initials in Psilocybe cubensis occurred only when cultures were illuminated. Short durations of light (0.0025 sec of xenon-arc flash) were sufficient for initiation. Light-induced initiation was saturated at a dose of 3450 erg/cm^2 at 460 nm. UV and blue wavelengths of 370, 440 and 460 nm were the most effective. Green and red wavelengths greater than 510 nm were ineffective. [MUSHROOM]

BADHAM ER
The effect of light upon basidiocarp initiation in Psilocybe cubensis
Mycologia; Vol 72 (1980) p 136-142
Preparation of cultures - An agar medium (Brodie, 1975) containing relatively low levels of sugars (maltose, dextrose, sucrose), aparagine, peptone, yeast extract, in addition to salts was used Six ml of medium were poured and slanted in plastic test tubes (16x125mm) giving a surface area of 3 square cm Inoculation of these tubes was mde form stock cultures which were grown in the dark for one month in plastic petri plates (15x100mm) with taped lids One 3x3-mm cube was taken from these and placed in each slant tube The slant tube caps were not tightly closed These transfers were made under 'safe' light (15-watt incandescent light filtered by a red filter, Carolina Biological Supply red 650) The cultures were grown for 3 weeks in a well-ventilated but light-tight boxes Both cultures and and light sources were kept in a controlled-temperature room at 21 degrees C +/-2 and under relative humidity of 85% +/- 15% In most cases light treatments were given once per day for 5 days; the cultures were examined on day 6 Exposures were given at the same time each day If manipulations were necessary they were accomplished under the safe light described above

BADHAM, EDMOND R
The influence of humidity upon transpiration and growth in Psilocybe cubensis
Mycologia; Vol 77(6) 1985 p 932-939
... Materials and Methods -- The strain of P. cubensis used was (ATCC 36462). Cultures were grown on sterilized brown rice (6g/15 ml deionized water) in 60x15 mm Petri dishes until mycelia covered the substrate. The mycelial mats (and substrate) were then removed and placed in 130 mm pie tins with vermiculite, 30ml of deionized water was added, and the containers were covered with glass. All mushrooms were allowed to develop to at least 10mm in height under deep Petri plates (80x100mm) and 12 hour photoperiod of 11.2 W/mý (2685 lux) 'cool white' fluorescent light prior to experimentation. The deep Petri plate was removed (to allow for aeration) when the cultures were weighed daily, and any loss in weight was made up with distilled water. Dry weights were determined to the nearest mg after drying in an oven at 60 degrees C for 24 hours. In each test culture only the largest basidiocarp of the first flush was used for experiments. The others were removed at the beginning of the test period and the water content of the second largest (second rank) was determined at that time to be used as an indication of the initial per cent water of the experimental mushroom (first rank). The water content of these two mushrooms from the same mycelium would be very similar because their size, age, and stage of development was nearly the same and they had been exposed to the same environmental conditions.

BADHAM, EDMOND R
The influence of humidity upon transpiration and growth in Psilocybe cubensis
Mycologia; Vol 77(6) 1985 p 932-939
The influence of humidity upon individual basidiocarps of Psilocybe cubensis was studied using an environmentally controlled wind tunnel and a computer program which helped to model growth and development. Regression models were developed which were able to explain 77% of the variation in the transpiration rate and 68% of the variation in growth rate. Transpiration and growth of this mushroom were significantly correlated with the humidity of the air. The fastest growth and the lowest transpiration occurred at the highest humidities. No inhibition of growth was detected at 0 pascals VPD (100% RH). Misting accelerated growth and transpiration while light had no effect. Although humidity was a very important factor influencing transpiration and growth, the size and shape of the mushroom were also important in water relations. The final water content of basidiocarps with thin stipes or those with larger area-to-volume ratios was significantly lower than that of thick-stiped mushrooms or those small area-to-volume ratios with even when grown under equal humidity. Growth rates under conditions which promoted the highest levels of hydration of the basidiocarp were rapid (up to estimated 4% increase in dry weight per hour).

BADHAM, EDMOND R
Tropisms in the mushroom Psilocybe cubensis.
Mycologia; Vol. 74 (1982) p 275-?
The growth of the mushroom Psilocybe cubensis was studied in a wind tunnel under controlled conditions of wind velocity, humidity, temperature,and light. The basidiocarp stipe grew into the wind up to the time of spore formation. When rotated with the long axis of the stipe perpendicular to the wind, fruitbodies grew upright. When spores began to be formed a negative geotropic curvature of the stipe occurred but no recurvation occurred in a sporeless mutant.

BENEDICT RG; TYLER VE; WATLING R
Blueing in Conocybe, Psilocybe and a Stropharia species and the detection of psilocybin.
Lloydia. 30(2):156-159
Blueing reaction in psilocybin mushrooms.

Benjamin DR
Mushroom poisoning in infants and children: the Amanita pantherina/muscaria group.
J.Toxicol.Clin.Toxicol; 1992; 30(1); P 13-22
The clinical features and management of nine cases of mushroom poisoning due to Amanita pantherina (eight cases) and Amanita muscaria (one case) admitted to a children's hospital are described. Most ingestions were in the toddler age group with males being more frequently involved. Symptoms occurred between 30-180 min with the onset of central nervous system depression, ataxia, waxing and waning obtundation, hallucinations, intermittent hysteria or hyperkinetic behavior. Vomiting was rare. Seizures or myoclonic twitching occurred in 4/9 patients, but was controlled with standard anticonvulsant therapy. No other anticholinergic or cholinergic signs were prominent. Recovery was rapid and complete in all patients. ABSTRACT.

BENNET JW; LASURE LL
Gene Manipulation in Fungi
Gene Manipulation in Fungi. pg 368-404 ISBN 0-12-088641-3 QK682.946 (1985)
There is accumulating evidence for the widespread occurrence of plasmids or plasmidlike DNA species in eukaryotes, including fungi. Plasmids are present as both linear and cyclic DNA strands. Genera in which plasmids have been found include Claviceps, Neurospora, Aspergillus, Podospora, Dictostelium, Saccharomyces, Ascolobus, Cephalosporum, Gaumannomyces, Kluveromyces, Morchella [an ascomycete mushroom], Pichia, Rhizoctonia, Schizosaccharomyces & Torulopsis. Fungal plasmids may be associated with either mitochondrial and nuclear DNA, and range in size from 1.2 kilobases to 21 kilobases, with the majority occuring in the range of 5-7 kilobases. A strain improvement program with the mold Penicillium notatum has employed monospore selection and mutagenesis with ultraviolet light, nitrous acid, and monoiodoacetic acid. Irradiation has successfully generated more potent strains with a 40% increase yeild of erythorbic acid from glucose (Takahashi, 1969)... Tryptophan ... has been produced with a strain of Hansenula anomala resistant to high levels of anthranilic acid (Terui, 1973) which produces up to 6 grams of tryptophan per liter from the added precursor, anthranilic acid (Terui & Niizu, 1969), and as much as 14 grams per liter from indole (Ebihara et al, 1969). Indole-resistant producing strains have also been isolated. General control of amino acid biosynthesis appears to operate in this yeast since starvation of methionine or histidine mutants for the respective amino acid also elevates tryptophan excretion (Enatsu, et al 1963). They tryptophan-hyperproducing strains all have lower anthranilic acid and tryptophan degrading activity and show altered repression and feedback inhibition by tryptophan. Attempts to improve available strains by crossing haploids have failed (Terui, 1975). The production of indole or anthranilic acid has been reported in Claviceps purpurea (Malin and Westhead, 1959) and numerous strains of yeasts (Nickerson & Brown, 1965; Hutter, 1973). However these processes are not commercially practical.

BIGWOOD J; BEUG M
Variation of psilocybin and psilocin levels with repeated flushes (harvests) of mature sporocarps of Psilocybe cubensis (Earle) Singer.
J Ethnopharmacol. 1982 May. 5(3). P 287-91.
Analysis of Psilocybe cubensis (Earle) Singer grown in controlled culture showed that the level of psilocin was generally zero in the first (or sometimes even the second) fruiting of the mushroom from a given culture and that the level reached a maximum by the fourth flush. The level of psilocybin, which was nearly always at least twice the level of psilocin, showed no upward or downward trend as fruiting progressed, but was variable over a factor of four. Samples obtained from outside sources had psilocybin levels varying by over a factor of ten from one collection to the next.

Bingham, C Raymond
AIDS and adolescents: Threat of infection and approaches for prevention. Fifth Biennial Conference on Adolescent Research (1989, Tucson, Arizona).
Journal of Early Adolescence; 1989 Feb-May Vol 9(1-2) 50-66
Notes that the adolescent population of the US is currently behaviorally and biologically at risk of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) contagion, and, although current infection rates among adolescents are low, the infection could mushroom in the future. Possible strategies to implement AIDS-prevention methods among adolescents involve public education and the modificaton of risk behaviors, anonymous blood-testing services, development of social support systems, and the implementation of empowerment strategies.

BOSFELD, JANE
Toad Tripping
OMNI; Dec 1989
It's not exactly a craze, but licking toads is the latest - and certainly the wierdest - way to get high. ''It is not a big problem, but when people hear about it they try it,'' explains Robert Sager, chief of the US Drug Enforcement Administrations's Western Regional Laboratory in San Francisco. The toad of choice is the Cane Toad, a tropical green and red toad that's a favorite among aquarium habitues. It secretes a toxin, called bufotenine to ward off predators. Ingesting bufotenine - by licking the toad, or killing it and boiling it's skin for a foul-tasting tea - will give you a high similar to that of psilocybin (a hallucinogen found in certain mushrooms). But, Sager warns, bufotenine will ''make you ill, and it is not terribly hallucinogenic. It's just not that great a high.'' Of course for those who don't mind licking a tailless amphibian, it might be possible to buy several and keep them on hand: Once a toad has been licked it secretes more bufotenine, so replenishing the supply would not be a problem. Although four Australians croaked last summer after drinking an especially strong batch of Cane-skin tea, no fatalities have been reported in this country. But, says Sager, a number of people have been hospitalized. Nevertheless, possessing a Cane Toad is not illegal if you do it for reasons other than getting high.

BRADBURY, RAY
Boys! Raise Giant Mushrooms in Your Cellar!
The Machineries of Joy. Simon & Schuster (1964)
Mushrooms spores drifting in interstellar space settle to Earth. Kids in a midwestern town mail-order spores for 'Sylvan Glade Jumbo-Giant Guaranteed Growth Raise-Them-in-Your-Cellar-for-Big-Profit Mushrooms' from an outfit in Louisiana that advertises in the back of 'Popular Mechanics'. When the mushrooms are harvested and sampled, the minds of the kids and their families are taken over by the extraterrestrial fungi. 'Ready or not, here I come...'

BURNETT JH
Mycogenetics. Mutagenic Agents (Chapter)
Mycogenetics; an introduction to the general genetics of fungi. p32 ISBN 0-471-12551-1 QK602.B87
Spontaneous mutants occur in most cases with low frequency. Tatum and others (1950) tested Neurospora [a mold] for a wide range of auxotrophic mutants and found only 1 in 3000 cultures tested, i.e., only one mutant gene from all the thousands tested. In tests for mutations at specific loci the frequency is equally low ... 3/10^6 oidia (3 mutants per million) from methionine-requiring met-8 to wild-type, met-8+ in the mushroom Coprinus lagopus (Moore, 1969). Mutation-inducing agents: 245nm UV irradiation, ethylmethane sulphonate (EMS), and N-methyl-N-nitrosoguanidine (NG) are effective mutagens in the mushroom Coprinus lagopus. It should be realized that no two fungi necessarily respond alike to the same mutagenic agencies, nor indeed in the same way as do other organisms. For example, NG is a most potent chemical mutagen for E. coli [a bacterium] and quite effective with Saccharomyces cerevisiae [brewer's yeast] but it is no more effective with Coprinus lagopus than UV irradiation. It is necessary, therefore, to experiment with different mutagenic agents if work with any fungus not hitherto studied is contemplated. It is usually found with all mutagens that an effective yield of mutants is only achieved when the proportion of survivors from the material exposed is very low, say 5%-1% or less. Large numbers of spores or nuclei, therefore, must be exposed to obtain a worthwhile yield. In the case of the mushroom Agaricus bisporus the mycelium is macerated in a blender to give fragments of, preferably, 2-4 cells in length and these are then treated with the mutagenic agent (Raper & Miles, 1958; Raper, Raper & Miller, 1972) (see also: Day & Anderson, 1961). Nitrous acid, which deaminates nucleotides, substituting hydroxyl groups for the amino groups and thus altering base-pairing in DNA, is one of the most effective chemical mutagens. It is an unstable compound prepared by dissolving sodium nitrite at a pH of 4.6.

CAILLEUX R
Trois essais d'ingestion avec les Psilocybes hallucinogenes. (Three experiments on the ingestion of hallucinogenic mushrooms of the Psilocybe genus.)
IN: HEIM R, WASSON R G, Les champignons hallucinogiques du Mexique, ed., Museum nation.hist.natur., Paris; (1958) p 283
Description of personal experiments in which fruit bodies of hallucinogenic mushrooms were taken by mouth: 0.25 and 0.5 Gm. of fruit bodies from Psilocybe mexicana Heim; 2 Gm. of fruit bodies from Psilocybe semperviva.

CAMERON, ELEANOR
The wonderful flight to the Mushroom Planet
The wonderful flight to the Mushroom Planet.Boston, Little, Brown [1954] PZ7.C143
A mystery man inspires two boys to build a space ship which takes them to the planet of Basidium to help the Mushroom people.

CASALE JF
An aqueous-organic extraction method for the isolation and identification of psilocin from hallucinogenic mushrooms.
J Forensic Sci. 1985 Jan. 30(1). P 247-50.
A simple aqueous extraction method for the isolation and identification of psilocin from Psilocybe cubensis mushrooms is reported. This method employs a dephosphorylation of the phosphate ester to psilocin, which facilitates a greater product yield and simplifies identification. Psilocin extracted by this method is sufficiently concentrated and free of cocontaminants to allow identification by infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.

CHEEK FE; et al.
Deception in the Illicit Drug Market.
Science. 167:1276 27-FEB-1970
[NO ABSTRACT] Fake Psilocybin Mushrooms. Pseudopsilocybe hofmannii.

CHILTON; BIGWOOD; JENSEN
Psilocin, bufotenine & serotonin
Journal of Psychedelic Drugs; Vol. 11(1-2) Jan-Jun 1979
[Excerpt] We have investigated the biosynthesis of psilocin in a strain of Psilocybe cubensis from the Amazon valley, employing the non-radioactive deuterium label. Experiments were carried out to find the smallest size culture which would reliably produce mushrooms in order to maintain a high concentration of deuterated compounds without having to use a large amount of labeled compounds. Although mushrooms were obtained on a litle as 17 grains of rye, a more reliable fruiting mass was obtained on minicultures of 10 g rye grain in 15 g water. Two weeks after inoculation the minicultures were cased with vermiculite, peat moss, sand and crushed oyster shell. Fruiting occurred five to six weeks after inoculation. The yield of mushrooms appeared relatively unaffected by addition of up to 100 mg of tryptamine to 10 g of rye grain. Minicultures continued to produce mushrooms for up to 20 weeks, and average minicultures produced a total of 2.7 g dry weight of mushrooms. Minicultures actually produced a higher yield of mushrooms per g of rye grain than did larger scale cultures.

DAVIS RE; MIDALIA ND; CURNOW D
Illegal drugs and nutrition in undergraduate students.
Med J Aust. 1978 Jun 3. 1(11). P 617-20.
The nutritional status of 82 marihuana-smoking students from two establishments of tertiary education was studied and compared with 63 controls. There was little difference between these two groups of students. Thirty-four per cent of those taking drugs had a diet which was deficient in one or more nutrients, compared with 30% of the controls. Four of the students who took drugs and three controls had a marginally reduced serum level of vitamin B12, but all were taking oral contraceptive agents. Sixteen marihuana-smokers had either a low folate or low pyridoxal serum level, and another three had reduced serum levels of both vitamins compared with a total of eleven among the controls. Forty-three students (52%) had used, or were using, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in addition to marihuana, and 10 had used mushrooms (Psilocybe cubensis). Thirteen students appeared to be 'stoned' at interview.

de Borhegyi, Stephan F
Miniature Mushroom Stones from Guatemala.
American Antiquity 26(4):498-504. (1961)

de Borhegyi, Stephan F
Pre-Columbian Pottery Mushrooms from Mesoamerica.
American Antiquity 28(3):328-338. (1963)

DE ZUBIRIA A; HORNER WE; LEHRER SB
Evidence for cross-reactive allergens among basidiomycetes: immunoprint-inhibition studies.
J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1990 Jul; 86(1): 26-33
Allergenic cross-reactivity among six basidiomycete species (Calvatia cyathiformis, Coprinus quadrifidus, Psilocybe cubensis, Pleurotus ostreatus, Ganoderma meredithae, and Pisolithus tinctorius) was determined by immunoprint inhibition. Extensive cross-reactivity was demonstrated among Coprinus quadrifidus, Psilocybe cubensis, and Pleurotus ostreatus of the order Agaricales, and Calvatia cyathiformis of the order Lycoperdales. However, G. meredithae (order Aphyllophorales) and Pisolithus tinctorius (order Sclerodermatales) did not demonstrate significant cross-reactivity with the other basidiomycete species. Generally, the two most potent inhibitors were Psilocybe cubensis and Pleurotus ostreatus. Inhibitory dose-response curves of a major allergenic band (isoelectric point, 9.3) were obtained by densitometry. Significant cross-reactivity was demonstrated for the 9.3 band among the species of the order Agaricales and with Calvatia cyathiformis. The most potent inhibitors were again Psilocybe cubensis and Pleurotus ostreatus. Thus, there is substantial allergenic cross-reactivity among the species of the order Agaricales tested and with Calvatia cyathiformis but not between these four species and G. meredithae or Pisolithus tinctorius. These studies support earlier RAST-inhibition observations of shared allergenic epitopes among basidiomycetes, especially epitopes within the Agaricales. The presence of shared epitopes suggests the possibility of devising a panel of skin test reagents representative of a large group of basidiomycetes.

DENNIS McKENNA: Mushrooms and Evolution: Speech at Sunshine Gardens Produced by Roy Tuckman. The title gives you a hint about this tape set. Dennis is quite scientific, does not exaggerate and gives many details.
(2)Audios-A194-84,

EMBODEN, WILLIAM A
'Natural highs' in an historical and biological context.
Journal of Drug Education; 1988 Vol 18(1) 33-47
Discusses historical and contemporary patterns of substance use and abuse and suggests that it is an error to regard psychoactive natural substances (e.g., psilocybin-containing mushrooms) as reasonably safe. The literature on drug-induced ecstasies among diverse peoples produces overconfidence in the safety of inducing altered states by means of natural chemicals. Given the current level of experimentation, the lack of a context for use, and the lack of knowledge of the toxicity of many plant sources, it is argued that the use of these substances presents serious problems. Evidence of recent changes in patterns of experimentation with natural drugs suggests that the naive user may experience an unwarranted level of confidence. Genera and species of plants that produce psychoactive effects are presented.

Enos, Leonard.
A Key to the American Psilocybin Mushroom, 2nd ed.
Lemon Grove, CA: Church of the One Sermon. (1971)

ENOS, LEONARD
A Key to the North American Psilocybin Mushroom.
Youniverse Productions, 1970
Psilocybin Mushrooms [Out of Print]

FAILLACE, LOUIS A; GUYNN, ROBERT W
Abuse of organic solvents.
Psychosomatics; 1976 Vol 17(4) 188-189
Reports a case of toluene sniffing, along with ingestion of an unknown amount of mescaline and 'mushrooms,' by a 24-yr-old White male. He was treated with thorazine and apparently recovered by the 5th day. The dangers of solvent abuse, because of the accessibility of these substances, are discussed.

Field Guide to the Psilocybin Mushroom- species common to North America. F.C. Ghouled. Loom Press, Chapel Hill, NC. 1972. $1.45. [box 5m]

Fine, Gary A
Justifying fun: Why we do not teach exotic dance in high school.
Play and Culture; 1991 May Vol 4(2) 87-99
Addresses the moral valuation of expressive activities and the importance for participants of justifying their participation in light of instrumental concerns. The public labels of play and culture influence how such activities are treated; some activities receive social approval, while others are punished and stigmatized as morally controversial leisure. The social worlds of dance and of mushroom collecting are considered in an attempt to understand the external and internal definitions of expressive activities. It is argued that expressive behavior has no inherent meaning but is structured by social forces that direct the understandings of interested parties; this supports the argument that play and leisure are central cultural activities.

Fisher, Dennis G; MacKinnon, David P; Anglin, M Douglas; Thompson, John P
Parental influences on substance use: Gender differences and stage theory.
Journal of Drug Education; 1987 Vol 17(1) 69-86
106 undergraduates (64 males and 42 females), evenly divided between psychoactive mushroom users and nonusers, completed a questionnaire regarding social and subjective aspects of drug use, including perceived parental drug use (PPDU). Men's use of drugs was relatively independent of PPDU while women's use of drugs was strongly related to it. Results are discussed in relation to D. Kandel and R. Faust's (see PA, Vol 54:9490) stage theory of adolescent drug use.

GOLD, CB
The Mushroom Entheogen: The Measure of the Mushroom
Psychedelic Monographs & Essays. Vol 5. Autumn/Winter 1990. ISSN# 082-371X p270-271
A simple test described in High Times to determine whether one has inadvertently purchased LSD laced mushrooms is to mash the mushroom in some methanol and let it sit overnight. Decant the methanol the next day and hold the extract up to a black light. If the liquid glows blue then you have LSD containing mushrooms, which, as far as I know, do not exist. A simple test for indole-containing compounds and tryptamines is to crush a small piece of mushroom into 1/2 ounce of vodka or ethyl alcohol ('denatured alcohol' or the hardware store 'shellac thinner' is fine) and mix. Add 3-4 drops of hydrochloric acid (or the hardware store variety, called 'muriatic acid') then drop a pine tree shaving into the solution which will turn 'cherry red' in the presence of indoles. Another test for indoles uses a small crushed piece of mushroom in 1/2 ounce of either methanol or ethanol (vodka). If you are interested in testing for psilocybin use methanol; if psilocin use ethanol or vodka. The difference in solubility between the two tryptamines accounts for the difference in the solvents used. Mix well then filter. Let evaporate overnight or use a steam bath or hair dryer to dry. Spot the residue on filter paper and let dry. Spray or drop on the following developer. In order for the test to work effectively the developer must be made fresh. To make the developer, add one drop of 37% formaldehyde to 15 drops of concentrated sulfuric acid. Psilocin should turn green to black whereas psilocybin should turn yellow to green-yellow; green is normal. Orange-brown indicates amphetamines or LSD.

GRAVES, ROBERT
Food for Centaurs.
Doubleday & Co. NY (1957)
Psilocybin Mushrooms & Religion

GREENHOUSE, STEVEN
Deadly Error Halts Sales of Larousse
New York Times, Aug 29 1990; sec C, p 10 col 5
French publisher Larousse has suspended sales of the 1991 edition of its famous dictionary because the book errs in saying that some highly poisonous wild mushrooms are harmless. Officials said it was the worst mistake the firm had ever made.

GRINSPOON, LESTER; BAKALAR, JAMES B
Purity of street LSD
'Psychedelic Drugs Reconsidered'; 1979
According to data compiled by the PharmChem Research Foundation, a California organization, the only psychedelic drugs now generally available on the street are LSD, PCP, and to a lesser extent MDA. Almost no one takes the trouble to manufacture mescaline or psilocybin, because their effects resemble those of LSD and the much larger amounts required make the expense too great. Mescaline is available only in the form of peyote buttons and psilocybin only in the form of psychedelic mushrooms, which have been discovered growing all over the United States; they are increasingly sought after in the wild (see Pollock 1975 a; Weil 1977 a) and, with difficulty, can also be cultivated (see Oss and Oeric 1976). (Many 'psilocybin mushrooms,' incidentally, are just commercial mushrooms laced with LSD.) Anything labeled as pure or synthetic mescaline, psilocybin, or THC is almost certainly either LSD or PCP, or else contains no drug. Some chemicals closely related to LSD have been synthesized to sidestep the law; the one most often available is the acetylated variant, ALD-52, which is almost as potent as LSD itself. As for the quality of illicit LSD, adulterants and substitutes must be distinguished from products of improper synthesis. Since the variable physical and psychological effects of LSD sometimes resemble those of strychnine, belladonna, or amphetamine, there are rumors that illicit LSD often contains these substances. But laboratory analysis, especially the work of PharmChem Research Foundation, shows that illicit LSD rarely contains adulterants, although the advertised dose is usually two to five times the actual one. The major problem is imputities that are by-products of careless or inadequate synthesis. In the manufacturing process, ergotamine or other ergot alkaloids are reduced to lysergic acid (d-lysergic acid monohydrate), which is then converted to LSD. The whole procedure, and especially the last stage, in which LSD is separated from iso-LSD by chromatography, is rather delicate; it requires skill and good equipment. The government has tried to cut off the supply of chemical precursors; but illicit chemists are usually able to obtain enough, because several ergot derivatives are used as medicines and the quantities needed are small: by on estimate, 70 kg of ergotamine tartrate is enough to supply the American LSD market for a year (McGlothlin 1974 b). The only impurity regularly found by the PharmChem Laboratory, aside from occasional traces of ergotamine, is iso-LSD: it is very similar to LSD in chemical structure (the same atoms in a slightly different arrangement) but pharmacologically inactive. It is rarely present in a proportion of more than 15 percent and appears to have no effect on the drug action. So street LSD seems to be reasonably pure.

Growing Wild Mushrooms: A Complete Guide to Cultivating Edible and Hallucinogenic Mushrooms, revised edition. text and photosgraphs by Bob Harris, illustrations by Susan Neri. (velobound in anthology "Sacred Mushrooms"). Wingbow Press. Berkeley. 1976. [box v1]

GUZMAN, GASTON; OTT, JONATHAN; BOYDSTON, JERRY; POLLOCK, STEVEN H
Psychotropic mycoflora of Washington, Idaho, Oregon, California and British Colombia.
Mycologia; Vol. 68, 1976 p 1267-1272
During the fall of 1975, Pollock, Boydston and Ott collected hallucinogenic mushrooms in Washington and British Colombia. Specimens of hallucinogenic mushrooms were also obtained from Oregon, Idaho and California. All of this material was deposited in the herbarium of Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biologicas (ENCB) in Mexico City, and identified by Guzman and Ott. Valuable specimens were obtained on loan from the herbaria of San Francisco State University (SFSU), the University of Washington (WTU) and Oregon State University (OSU). Psychoactive species studied are listed by state in Table 1.

Haard, Richard & Haard, Karen.
Poisonous and Hallucinogenic Mushrooms.
Brackendale, B.C.: Cloudburst Press Ltd. (1975)

Hallucinogenic and Poisonous Mushroom: Field Guide. Gary P. Menser. And/Or Press. Berkeley, CA. 1977. (velobound in anthology "Sacred Mushrooms"). [box v1]

Harris, Bob.
Growing Wild Mushrooms: A Complete Guide to Cultivating Edible and Hallucinogenic Mushrooms.
Berkeley: Wingbow Press. (1976)

HATFIELD GM; VALDES LJ
The Occurence of Psilocybin in Gymnopilus Species
Lloydia. Vol.41 No.1 Mar-Apr 1978 pp 141-144 QH345,L56
An accidental case of mushroom poisoning led to the detection of psilocybin in Gymnopilus validipes (Cortinariaceae). This compound was subsequently isolated (0.12% yield) by anion exchange and cellulose chromatography. Eighteen additional species of Gymnopilus were screened by a method capable of detecting 0.0004% psilocybin in dried carpophores. Psilocybin was detected in G. aeruginosus, G. luteus. G. viridans and G. spectabilis. The latter species has been previously reported to be hallucinogenic. This is the first report of psilocybin from this genus.

HEIM R, BRACK A, KOBEL H, HOFMAN A, CAILLEUX R
Determinisme de la formation des carpophores et des sclerotes dans la culture du 'psilocybe mexicana' Heim, agaric hallucinogene du Mexique, et mise en evidence de la psilocybine et de la psilocine. (Pre-requisites for the formation of fruit bodies and scl
Compt.redn.Acad.sc, Paris 246:1346, 1958
A description of the methods for isolating the pure active principals of the fungus, Psilocybe mexicana. They are two in number: Psilocybin, a crystalline hallucinogenic substance and Psilocin which has only been isolated in small amounts. Both occur in the sporophores, sclerota, and mycelium. Regarding the psychic effects, these are revealed in personal experiences and reported by Hofmann et al (Experientia 14:107 (1958)). This paper contains certain supplementary data: a feeling of general relaxation with a pleasant tickling sensation throughout the body, particularly in the extremities, whcih feel as heavy as lead; a feeling of complete internal harmony. Some effort is required to observe what is going on outside one, and it seems of little consequence.

HOFFMAN A, HEIM R, BRACK A, KOBEL H, FREY A, OTT H, PETRZILKA T, TROXLER F
Psilocybin und Psilocin, zwei psychotrope Wirkstoffe aus mexikanischen Rauschpilzen. (Psilocybin and Psilocin, two psychotropic substances from hallucinogenic Mexican fungi.)
Helv.chim.Acta 42:1557 (1959)
The psychotropically active principles of the Mexican hallucinogenic fungus Psilocybe mexicana Heim have been isolated and obtained in crystalline form. The two new substances, which have been called Psilocybin and Psilocin, are present in the fruit bodies, the artificially cultivated mycelium and in the sclerotia. The dried mushroom contains 0.2 to 0.4 per cent Psilocybin. Psilocin is present, at the most, in trace smounts only. The same active principles were also found in other mushrooms of the genus Psilocybe and Stropharia which are used to produces states of intoxication. Oral doses of 4 to [6? 8?] mg Psilocybin and Psilocin elicit vegetative symptoms and mental changes lasting several hours. These effects are identical with those elicited by the fresh or dried mushrooms. The structural formulae of the two substances have been elucidated and confirmed by synthesis. Psilocybin is o-phosphoryl-4-hydroxy-[omega]-N,N-dimethyl-tryptamine. Psilocin is dephosphorylated Psilocybin, i.e. 4-hydroxy-[omega]-N,N-dimethyl-tryptamine. Psilocybin and Psilocin are the first natural indole derivatives found which possess a hydroxyl group in position 4. In addition, Psilocybin is the first natural indole derivative found to contain phosphorus.

HOFMANN A, TROXLER P
Identifizierung von Psilocybin. (Identification of Psilocybin.)
Experientia; 15:101 (1959)
Earlier reports from the Sandoz laboratories and Professor Heim's institute in Paris showed that Mexican hallucinogenic mushrooms contained not only Psilocybin, the main active principle, but also small amounts of Psilocin, a related substance. Using large amounts of mushrooms, it was found possivle to isolate Psilocin in the Sandoz laboratories and to elucidate its structure. Psilocin is 4-hydroxy-dimethyltryptamine or dephosphorylated Psilocybin. It has since been found to be a product of hydrolysis of Psilocybin and has been prepared synthetically. Preliminary unpublished studies at the University Psychiatric Clinic in Basle showed that Psilocin given orally has effects similar to Psilocybin on mental and autonomic functions in man. There is no significant quantitative difference in effect between the two substances. The phosphoric acid residue is therefore not of importance for the effects of Psilocybin.

HOFMANN A
Rapport sur une auto-experience avec le Psilocybe mexicana Heim. (Report on a personal experiment with Psilocybe mexicana Heim.)
IN: HEIM R, WASSON R G, Les champignons hallucinogiques du Mexique, ed., Museum nation.hist.natur., Paris; (1958) p 278
Ingestion of 32 dried specimens of the myshroom Psilocybe mexicana Heim. elicited physical and psychical symptoms analogous to those observed by Heim after ingestion of the fresh mushrooms. This personal experiment by Hofmann, therefore, indicates 'that the active principle is preserved on drying the Psilocybe mushrooms and that the fractions obtained on extracting the dry mushroom with chemical agents can be tested without danger on man.' In further experiments, a test was developed by means of which extracts containing the active substance can be differentiated from inactive extracts. This human test was the starting point in the isolation of the pure active principle in crystalline form - a substance which was given the name Psilocybin.

Hofmann, A. 1990.
Ride Through the Sierra Mazateca in Search of the Magic Plant Ska María Pastora.
In: T. Riedlinger (Ed.) The Sacred Mushroom Seeker: Essays for R. Gorden Wasson.
Portland, Oregon: Dioscorides Press.

HOFMANN; WASSON; RUCK
The Road to Eleusis
The Road to Eleusis
Summary: A secret religion existed for 2,000 years in Greece (until the christians displaced it around 400 AD). The initiation was open to anyone who spoke Greek and hadn't committed murder, once in their life. After 6 month long preporatory rituals, members walked to Eleusius whereupon they underwent secret rituals. The rituals remained secret until the 1970's. Wasson, an ethnomycological scholar and former banker (and the first white to trip on shrooms with the mexican indians) proposed the following explanation of the Eleusian mysteries to Hoffman, an ergot-alkaloid expert chemist, and Ruck, a greek scholar: The Secret of the ritual involved the personal visions induced by drinking the grain decoction administered to the inititiates. The domestication of grains permitted the development of greek civilization; it also brought ergot fungus (of St. Anthony's fire infamy). The thin book contains their argument for the use of the ergot fungus in Eleusian rites, Wasson providing some backround on the use of mushrooms and grains and their role in the culture; Hoffman on the psychoactivity of ergot strains; and Ruck on the mythological and cultural backround of the sect. Evidence includes: Hoffman dosed himself with large (ergot-derived) doses of obstestric compounds to assay their hallucinogenic potential, and found them to possess such activity. The Eleusian temple site still remains, but there is no room to view theatric performances, just rows of tripping initiates, further supporting their argument. An interesting read, and its neat to think that the culture that more or less lead to the western industrial one had psychedelic rites. (Various greek prominant figures attended the rituals, including Plato).

Hoiland K. Christiansen AL. Rasmussen KE.
Nye norske hallusinogene sopper. [New hallucinogenic mushrooms in Norway]
Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 1984 Aug 30. 104(24). P 1665-6.
[NO ABSTRACT] Basidiomycetes, Psilocybine, Norway, Mushrooms

In Search of the Magic Mushroom: A Journey Through Mexico. Jeremy Sandford. Clarkson N. Potter, Inc. Publisher. NY. 1973. paperback. 176 pages. [box 12m]

JACOBSEN M
Is Terence McKenna the brave prophet of the next psychedelic revolution, or is his cosmic egg just a little cracked?
Esquire. 117:107-109+ June 1992
(Hallucinogenic drugs. Psilocybin. Mushrooms. McKenna, Terence K.

Kalac P; Burda J; Staskova I
Concentrations of lead, cadmium, mercury and copper in mushrooms in the vicinity of a lead smelter.
Sci.Total.Environ; 1991 Jun; 105; P 109-19
The concentrations of four heavy metals in 149 samples of mushroom fruiting bodies, representing 11 species, mainly all edible, were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The mushrooms were collected up to a distance of 6 km from a lead smelter in central Bohemia (Czechoslovakia) in operation since 1786. Lead was accumulated extensively by Lepiota rhacodes and Lepista nuda. Among other species, significant accumulation was found up to a distance of 1 km from the source. Concentrations of greater than 100 mg kg-1 dry matter were often determined. The safe limit of 5 mg kg-1 dry matter was exceeded in most samples collected at distances of up to 6 km from the source. Concentrations of cadmium in the polluted area were generally significantly higher than in other parts of Bohemia. Cadmium was extensively accumulated by the toxic Amanita muscaria, but also by the edible Boletus edulis and Amanita rubescens, with mean values 28.6, 15.2 and 12.3 mg Cd kg-1 dry matter, respectively. The Czechoslovakian statutory limit is 0.5 mg Cd kg-1 dry matter. Statistically significant linear correlations between lead and cadmium concentrations were found only for Boletus edulis and Paxillus involutus. Mercury was accumulated by Lepista nuda and Lepiota rhacodes; mean values of 11.9 and 6.5 mg Hg kg-1 dry matter, respectively, were found. Concentrations of mercury in most species from the study area were higher than in those from other parts of Bohemia. Lepiota rhacodes and Lepista nuda also accumulated copper extensively with mean values of 280 and 193 mg Cu kg-1 dry matter, respectively. ABSTRACT.

KUCZKA, SUSAN
Mushroom Poisoning Victim Recovering
Chicago Tribune, Sep 7 1990; sec 2C, p 6 col 3
Mushroom poisoning may have been the catalyst that caused Roberta Rigali of Wheaton IL to have to undergo an emergency liver transplant Sep 6, 1990.

LASSEN JF; RAVN HB; LASSEN SF
Hallucinogene psilocybinholdige svampe. Dansk vildtvoksende rusgift. [Hallucinogenic psilocybine containing mushrooms. Toxins contained in Danish wild mushrooms]
Ugeskr Laeger. 1990 Jan 29; 152(5): 314-7
A number of the wild Danish mushrooms contain the hallucinogenic agent psilocybin which resembles LSD in many ways. The commonest of these are the 'liberty cap' or 'magic mushrooms' (Psilocybe semilanceata). On the basis of experience from USA and western Europe, increase in employment of this mushrooms as a hallucinogenic intoxicant may be anticipated in Denmark. The history, epidemiology, botany and pharmacology of the mushroom are reviewed. Clinical pictures and treatment are described for: 1) Acute poisoning with psilocybin-containing fungi, 2) Late sequelae of consumption of psilocybin-containing fungi and 3) Poisoning with more poisonous fungi on account of incorrect identification. General practitioners, duty roster doctors, doctors in casualty departments and in acute psychiatric departments should be aware of these problems. Intoxication with psilocybin may be confused with panic anxiety or euphoria in persons with mydriasis and other sympathomimetic symptoms. The possibility of more serious mushroom poisoning on account of incorrect identification should be borne in mind.

LEONARD, HENRIETTA L; RAPOPORT, JUDITH L
Relief of Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms by LSD and Psilocin.
American Journal of Psychiatry; Vol. 144(9) Sept 1987 p 1239-1240
An unusual case of a patient with both obsessive-compulsive disorder and multiple substance abuse provides strongly suggestive support for a role of the serotonin system in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Adam, a 17-year-old white high school senior, had severe obsessive-compulsive disorder that had begun at age 8. Since age 13, his mind had been so preoccupied by obsessive thoughts that he was unable to do any task spontaneously. All acts had to be done in a certain way and a certain number of times. He showered by lathering the soap 22 times. He was unable to walk down a corridor unless he tapped the correct amount of times on the wall and could not complete any school assignments because written alphabet letters had to end 'in a certain way going up.' He was acutely aware of the irrationality of these thoughts and rituals. Since the age of 14, Adam had extensively abused drugs; he had observed three different kinds of effects on his obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms from these substances: specific selective improvement, nonspecific improvement, and specific worstening. LSD (which he had used more than 100 times) made his obsessive thoughts slightly worse for an hour, followed by total remission for 4-5 hours. 'Mushroom' (psilocin) and mescaline, which he had used about 20 times each, also made the thoughts totally disappear. Cocaine (used more than 100 times) and amphetamine (used about 15 times) worstened the thoughts, so that he would spend hours touching the walls 22 times. In contrast to these selective changes, cannabis, phencyclidine, barbiturates, methaqualone, morphine, codeine, and alcohol did not change the frequency or the intensity of the obsessive thoughts but just 'made everything easier to bear'. The psychedelic drugs LSD, psilocin, and mescaline act on the serotonergic system, both pre- and postsynatptically, at several sites within the brain. Morphine, codeine, and possibly phencyclidine affect opiate receptors, and their effects are not thought to be primarily related to monoamine systems. Amphetamine and cocaine, which worsened the patient's thoughts, both release and block the uptake of catecholamines, resulting in a general stimulation of the CNS. Cannabis's mechanism of action is not known, but it does not act directly on monoamines. Barbiturates and alcohol, which are CNS depressants, affect both excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission, with complex CNS effects not tied directly to monoaminergic systems. The reports of this patient, who had no knowledge of biochemistry, are of great interest, as they are consistent with a serotonin hypothesis of obsessive-compulsive disorder. In addition to the well-documented efficacy of clomipramine in obsessive-compulsive disorder, augmentation of clomipramine by L-tryptophan and lithium has been reported. Furthermore, response to clomipramine has been correlated with higher pretreatment platelet serotonin concentration.

LEUNG AY; et al.
The relationship of carbon & nitrogen nutrition of Psilocybe baeocystis to the production of psilocybin & its analogs.
Lloydia. 32:66-71 Mar 1969
[No Abstract] Mushrooms. Psilocybin. Psilocybe baeocystis. Mushroom cultivation.

LEVINE WG
Formation of blue oxidation product from psilocybin.
Nature. 215:1292-1293
Blueing reaction in psilocybin mushrooms.

LINCOFF, GARY; MITCHEL H
Toxic and hallucinogenic mushroom poisoning
Toxic and hallucinogenic mushroom poisoning: a handbook for physicians and mushroom hunters. Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1977 RA1242.M9
SUBJECTS: North American Poisonous Mushrooms

Lou, Dennis.
The Mesoamerican "Mushroom Stones" and the Chinese Ancestor Tablets.
36th ICA 1: . (1964)

LOWY B
New records of mushrooms stones from Guatemala.
Mycologia; Vol. 50, 1958 p 983-993
A number of mushroom stones are described from Guatemala for the first time. The interpretation is supported that these sculptures were probably associated in Mayan culture with religious ceremonies wherein hallucinogenic fungi played a major role. It is probable that at least some of these stones may have been linked to a fertility cult.

Lowy, Bernard.
Hallucinogenic Mushrooms in Guatemala.
Journal of Psychedelic Drugs 9(2):123-125. (1977)

Lowy, Bernard.
Mushroom Symbolism in Maya Codices.
Mycologia 64:816-821. (1972)

Lowy, Bernard.
New Records of Mushroom Stones from Guatemala.
Mycologia 63:983-993. (1971)

LOWY, BERNARD
Hallucinogenic mushrooms in Guatemala.
Journal of Psychedelic Drugs; 1977 Apr-Jun Vol 9(2) 123-125
Discusses the diverse and extensive evidence that the hallucinogenic mushrooms Psilocybe mexicana and Amantia muscaria have been used by the inhabitants of Guatemala for many centuries. Recent identification of these plants in Guatemala increases the possibility that a still undiscovered mushroom cult may eventually be found there.

Magic Mushroom Cultivation. Steven H. Pollock, M.D. Herbal Medicine Research Foundation. San Antonio, TX. 1977. 64 pages. paperback. $6. two copies. [box 1m]

Maria Sabina and Her Mazatec Mushroom Velada. R. Gordon Wason, George and Florence Cowan, Willard Rhodes. Ethnomychological Series #3. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. New York and London. 1974. The three items in this set are a clothcovered hardbound book, a paperback booklet "Musical Score to accompany the text and records". and a case containing "four cassettes recording Maria Sabina's Mushroom Velada". [large box 1m-L]

MCINTOSH, SANDRA
Special Anti-Drug Squad Keeps Close Tabs on Deadheads, Arresting 70
Atlanta Constitution, Apr 4 1990; sec C, p 3 col 1
Seventy Deadheads have been arrested in Atlanta between Apr 1 and Apr 4, 1990. The devoted followers of the Grateful Dead have been taken into custody for possessing and attempting to distribute LSD, mushrooms and other hallucinogens. The Dead has been in Atlanta for a series of three concerts.

McKenna, Terence.
The Archaic Revival: Speculations on Psychedelic Mushrooms, the Amazon, Virtual Reality, UFOs, Evolution, Shamanism, the Rebirth of the Goddess, and the End of History.
New York: HarperSanFrancisco/HarperCollins. (1992)

MCKENNA, TERENCE
Hallucinogenic Mushrooms and Evolution
ReVISION; 1988 Spring, Vol. 10 No. 4 pp 52-53
Human language arose out of the synergy of primate organizational potential by plant hallucinogens. Indeed this possibility was brilliantly anticipated by Henry Munn in his essay 'The Mushrooms of Language' (1973).

MEER J
A mushrooming problem.
Psychology Today. 19:18-19 May 1985
(hallucinogenic mushrooms. Study by M. Douglas Anglin et. al.)

Merckelbach, Harald; Van den Hout, Marcel A; de Jong, Peter
Psychometrische en elektrodermale aspecten van het illusionaire correlatie-fenomeen: Enkele paradoxale gegevens. / Psychometric and electrodermal aspects of illusory correlations: Paradoxidal results.
Psychologica-Belgica; 1989 Vol 29(2) 135-148
Studied electrodermal reactions to fear-related and aversive stimuli and the perception of illusory correlations among persons with high and low fear quotients. Human subjects: 24 male and female Belgian adolescents and adults (aged 17-30 yrs). Ss were exposed to a series of 3 types of stimuli (snake or spider, mushroom, or flower) followed by 3 types of outcomes (a tone, an electric shock, or nothing). Electrodermal reactions were recorded throughout the study. Ss were then asked to give conditional probability-estimates of all stimulus/outcome combinations. Ss were divided according to whether or not they reported illusory correlations. The results were compared according to Ss' fear quotients, which were determined using the Brief Standard Self-Rating for Phobic Patients by I. M. Marks and A. M. Mathews (1979) and electrodermal responses. A hypothetical relation between illusory correlation and anxiety was also examined. (English abstract)

Metzner, Ralph (ed).
Mushrooms and the Mind.
In Aaronson & Osmond 1970:90-107. (1970)

Michelsen, D Broder; Braun, Gotz H
Circling behavior in honey bees.
Brain Research; 1987 Sep Vol 421(1-2) 14-20
Investigated the effect of injections of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), acetylcholine (ACh), and related substances into central parts of the brain of bees. GABA, muscimol, and flaxedil induced contralateral circling, and ACh, nicotine, and picrotoxin induced ipsilateral circling if injected in the proximity of the alpha-lobe of the mushroom body. Lesions of the pedunculus resulted in ipsilateral circling that was reversed by GABA and flaxedil.

Morgan, Adrian
Father Christmas flies on toadstools
New Scientist, 25-Dec-1986/1-JAN-1987 Vol 112 pg 45
The first travellers in Siberia were shocked by a custom of many of the tribes. The urine of those intoxicated by fly agaric toadstools was collected in bowls or skin bags, to be drunk later. The poorer classes, who could not devote time to gathering the mushroom, drank the urine of the better-off for a little light relief. Reindeer, which live off lichens in winter, also have a taste for the fly agaric. When Georg Steller, and explorer, visited Kamchatka in 1739 he noted that reindeer were sometimes intoxicated. And the Koryak people, not wanting to miss out on the fun, tie up the animals until their condition subsides. Then they kill them. All who eat the flesh become intoxicated. Johnathan Ott, an American author, suggested in 1976 that use of the fly agaric in the midwinter festivals of deepest Siberia may have inspired some of the imagery of Santa Claus. The winter dwelling, or yurt, had a smokehole in the roof, supported by a birch pole. At the midwinter festivals, the shaman would enter the yurt through the smokehole, perform his ceremonies and ascend the birch pole and leave. Santa Claus is roben in red and white, the colours of the fly agaric. He enters through the chimney, and he has reindeer. Santa Claus also flies, an accomplishment that he shares with a shaman. In central Europe fly agaric is linked with chimney sweeps, who have adopted it as their emblem, perhaps echoing the Siberian ritual. The fly agaric has appeared on Christmas cards in central Europe for a long time. In Kocevje, in southern Yugoslavia, people believe that on Christmas night, Wotan, the king of the gods, rides through the woods on a white horse, pursued by devils. The red-and-white flecks of foam from the horse's mouth fall to the ground and grow into next year's crop of fly agaric.

Morgan, Adrian
Who put the toad in toadstool?
New Scientist, 25-Dec-1986/1-JAN-1987 Vol 112 pg 44
Discusses the historical and legendary links between toads and toadstools, and their use in witches brews, the pharmacology and effects of toad venoms and the use of these in ethnomedical practices in many cultures on several continents. The history and mythography of hallucinogenic mushrooms, and the use of bufotenine from toads as an intoxicant are recounted.

Munn, Henry.
The Mushrooms of Language.
In: Harner 1973, 86-122. (1973)

MUNN, HENRY
The Mushrooms of Language
Shamanism and Hallucinogens; HARNER, M J. London: Oxford University Press. (1973) pp 88-89
Language is an ecstatic activity of signification. Intoxicated by the mushrooms, the fluency, the ease, the aptness of expression one becomes capable of are such that one is astounded by the words that issue forth from the contact of the intention of articulation with the matter of experience. The spontaneity the mushrooms liberate is not only perceptual, but linguistic. For the shaman, it is as if existence were uttering itself through him.

Mushrooms, Russia, and History. R. Gordon and Valentina Pavlovna Wasson. Pantheon Books, Inc. 333 - Sixth Ave. New York 14, NY. copyright by author 1957. copy number 37 of volume 1. photocopy. excerpts only on the subject of psychoactive mushrooms. (velobound in anthology "Sacred Mushrooms". Unfortunately does not contain the chapter on toads). [box v1]

NATIONAL CLEARINGHOUSE FOR DRUG ABUSE INFORMATION
Psilocybin.
National Clearinghouse for Drug Abuse Information, Report Series; 1973 May Ser 16(1) 13 p
Describes the history, chemistry, pharmacology, and effects of psilocybin which is an hallucinogen found in the mushroom family of Psilocybe mexicana. Articles are reviewed to show potential benefits and dangers of the drug.

NEAL JM; BENEDICT RG; BRADY LR
Interrelationship of Phosphate Nutrition, Nitrogen Metabolism, and Accumulation of Key Secondary Metabolites in Saprophytic Cultures of Psilocybe cubensis, and Panaeolus campanulatus.
J.Pharmaceut.Sci. 57:1661-1667 (1968)
Psilocybin Mushroom Cultivation.

OSS O T; OERIC O N [MCKENNA, TERENCE & DENNIS]
[The mushroom speaks] (2)
Psilocybin: Magic Mushroom Grower's Guide. Lux Natura Edition. Revised 1986 pp 14-15
'"Since it is not easy for you to recognize other varieties of intelligence around you

OSS O T; OERIC O N; [MCKENNA, DENNIS & TERENCE]
Psilocybin: Magic Mushroom Grower's Guide.
Psilocybin: Magic Mushroom Grower's Guide; 1976 Berkeley: And/Or Press.
Procedure for growing Psilocybe cubensis mushrooms from spores using agar, rye grain, and sterile kitchen techniques. Discussion of history and lifecycle of mushrooms.

OSS O T; OERIC O N; [MCKENNA, TERENCE & DENNIS]
[mushrooms in India]
Psilocybin: Magic mushroom grower's guide
1984: Heterodox Bengali Hindus announce identification of the Vedic intoxicant Soma as a psilocybian mushroom, Stropharia cubensis. A reform of Hinduism centered around rediscovery of the 6000-year-old Soma rite is begun.

Oss, O. T. & O. N. Oeric. (), Psilocybin: Magic Mushroom Grower's Guide. Quick American Publishing, 1986 Ott, Jonathan.
Hallucinogenic Plants of North America.
Berkeley: Wingbow Press. (1976)

OTT J; GUZMAN G
Detection of Psilocybin in Species of Psilocybe, Panaeolus and Psathyrella
Lloydia. Vol.39 No.4 Jul-Aug 1976 pg 258-260 QH345.L56
Mushroom(psilocybin,psilocin) = Psilocybe bolivarii(--), Ps bonetii(+-), Ps. candidpes(+-), Panaeolus cambodgineiensis(+-), Pan. foenisecii(--), Pan. sphinctrinus(--), Pan. subbalteatus(+-), Psathyrella sepulchralis(--).

Ott, Jonathan & Bigwood, Jeremy.
Teonanacatl: Hallucinogenic Mushrooms of North America.
Seattle: Madrona Publishers, Inc. (1978)

OTT, JONATHAN
Psycho-mycological studies of amanita: From ancient sacrament to modern phobia.
Journal of Psychedelic Drugs; 1976 Jan-Mar Vol 8(1) 27-35
Describes the use of fly-agaric mushrooms as psychedelic food. The active substances are ibotenic acid and its metabolite, muscimol. Structural similarity of ibotenic acid to glutamic acid accounts for the psychoactive and taste-enhancing effects.

Palmer, Edward L
The flower and the mushroom: Young children encounter 'The Day After.'
Marriage and Family Review; 1986 Jun Vol 10(2) 51-58
Interviewed 55 2nd and 58 6th graders the day after a televised portrayal of the aftermath of a nuclear war. It is concluded that although fear was the frequent feeling expressed by both groups of Ss, there was a marked difference between these stated fears. For the 2nd-grade Ss the fear had a surface quality. The responses of the 6th graders had far greater diversity and depth. Their experience had a vividness that some of them remembered more than they wished. The age differences are discussed in developmental terms.

POLLOCK SH
Magic Mushroom Cultivation (1)
Magic Mushroom Cultivation. Herbal Medicine Research Foundation. ISBN 0-930074-01-7
THE RICE-CAKE TECHNIQUE: This technique is extremely easy and highly recommended for its convenience in growing Psilocybe cubensis mushrooms. All that is needed is a pressure cooker, some canning jars, uncontaminated live mushroom starter (mycelia), and brown rice. Either long grain or short grain brown rice may be used. The former is usually more economical. Do not use white rice. It is inferior in quality to brown rice because most of the vitamins have been lost in converting brown to white rice. Into each quart jar place 1/4 cup brown rice and between 1/3 to 1/2 cup tap water. One-half cup or more of water is too much because the rice will turn into mush rather than a cake. One-third cup water leads to a dry cake that is adequate, but mycelia grow faster on the wetter cakes resulting from use of more than 1/3 cup of water. Up to 1/8 teaspoon of agricultural gypsum (calcium sulphate) may be added to each jar prior to sterilization to serve as a buffer, but gypsum is not really necessary. Some cubensis strains seem to prefer it, but so do many contaminants. It seems more practical not to bother using gypsum except for purposes of experimentation to find out if a particular strain will fruit more aggressively with it. In most cases it probably will not make any difference. Invert the dome of each two-piece lid and place it on the mouth of each canning jar with the rubber seal facing upward. Then loosely screw on the lid bands. Pressure cook the jars at 15 lbs. pressure for an hour. Actually 45 minutes at 15 lbs. pressure is adequate, but an hour gives even greater likelihood of complete sterilization. Allow the pressure cooker to cool and remove the jars, screwing the bands tighter until ready to inoculate the rice-cakes with mushroom mycelia. Using a flame-sterilized probe, carefully transfer a piece of agar medium containing live uncontaminated mycelia into each jar. It is best to loosen the jar lid beforehand so that it will lift off easily. To make the transfer, cut out a section of the agar medium containing mycelia using a flame-sterilized scalpel or probe. Then spear the agar block of mushroom starter with the probe, lift up the lid of the jar, and drop in the piece of mushroom starter. Close the lid but do not screw it too tight since it is necessary for growing mycelia to breathe. To enhance the rate of mycelial growth, very soon after the jar is inoculated the lid can be screwed tight and the jar shaken to bring the piece of mushroom starter into contact with more of the rice-cake surface. Then loosen the lid before setting the jar in place to incubate. In about four weeks mushrooms will start to grow. Sometimes they commence after only three weeks, but they may frequently take up to six weeks to appear. This depends a lot on the strain and room temperature.

POLLOCK SH
Magic Mushroom Cultivation (2)
Magic Mushroom Cultivation. Herbal Medicine Research Foundation. ISBN 0-930074-01-7
The mycelia can be grown in the dark but light is needed when it is time for the fungus to make mushrooms. As little as five minutes twice a day from an overhead incandescent light in a closet can be sufficient to initiate mushroom formation. But much better crops seem to come when fluorescent 'grow lights' are used for longer periods during the day. When mushrooms are growing, the lid of each jar should be very loose since much condensation occurs as the mushrooms breathe. Some growers remove the lids completely at this time or replace the domes with a double layer of paper towels. The towels can be secured in place with the lid bands and the jars may be set near a window for natural light. Paper towel tops should be sprayed with water at least once a day to help maintain a humid environment. As the rice-cake dries, fruition is promoted. But if the dome is left very loosely in place, fruiting continues much longer. Sometimes fruiting occurs for three months or more! Mushrooms will keep appearing after harvesting of previous crops. To harvest the magic mushrooms, a fancier can reach in through the mouth of the jar and pull them out. It is best to grasp each new mushroom near the bottom of the stem and give it a twist. If the mushroom cap is tugged, it might just break off from the stem. Alternatively, a long knife may be used to cut the mushrooms at the bottom of the stem. Still another method is to turn the jar facing down so that the cake will fall near the orifice. This makes it easier to grasp the mushrooms. Sometimes it is advantageous after a second or third harvest to flip the cake over in the jar before putting the lid back on. This maneuver often promotes a luxuriant fruiting from the newly exposed rice-cake surface. When the cakes have dried out too much for mushrooms to appear, they can be squirted with water from a spray bottle to induce another fruiting or better yet used as spawn for a mushroom garden on compost. If there is absolutely no sign of contamination, the cakes themselves may be fried or broken up and cooked in mushroom soup or other cuisine for a psychedelic experience. One cake is usually sufficient for two to four enthusiasts. The rice-cake technique is very efficient. A 14 ounce package of brown rice can be obtained often for less than fifty cents and is enough for seven quart jars. When the cakes have completely become covered by mycelia, small pieces can be cut out with a sterilized scalpel or probe and transferred to newly prepared rice-cakes in other jars. This will not interfere significantly with mushroom production and will insure a continuing supply of magic San Isidro mushrooms. San Isidro [Psilocybe cubensis] is the only species that has been observed so far to make mushrooms on rice-cakes. Rice-cake medium nevertheless can be used to grow mycelia or other Psilocybe species besides cubensis. Psilocybe cyanescens and subaeruginascens mycelia thrive on brown rice, whereas baeocystis, caerulescens, semilanceata, stuntzii, subaeruginosa, and zapotecorum mycelia spread more slowly on this medium. Brown rice also supports growth of Panaeolus mycelia. With further experimentation, especially with temperature regulation, modifications of the rice-cake technique may render it useful for obtaining fruit from various magic mushroom species.

POLLOCK, STEVEN H
A novel experience with Panaeolus: A case study from Hawaii.
Journal of Psychedelic Drugs; 1974 Jan Vol 6(1) 85-89
Describes the author's hallucinogenic experience with the Panaeolus cyanescens mushroom in Oahu, Hawaii. The ingestion of 12 mushrooms is reported to result in an alteration of visual perceptions, a heightened sense of well-being, and an increase in auditory acuity. Botanical information is presented along with results of a paper chromatograph study indicating the presence of psilocybin in the mushrooms. This is the first report of their occurrence in Hawaii.

POLLOCK, STEVEN H
Liberty Caps: Recreational hallucinogenic mushrooms.
Drug and Alcohol Dependence; 1975-76 Vol 1(6) 445-447
Discusses the recreational use of hallucinogenic mushrooms in various parts of the world and the need for research in fungal pharmacology. Clinical studies with psilocybin (which most of these mushrooms contain) in both Europe and the US strongly suggest that it is more efficacious than LSD or mescaline for psychotherapeutic purposes. The potential usefulness of psilocybin or a short-acting congener in the psychiatric management of patients with alcohol and other drug dependencies warrants investigation.

POLLOCK, STEVEN H
The psilocybin mushroom pandemic.
Journal of Psychedelic Drugs; 1975 Jan-Mar Vol 7(1) 73-84
Reviews the historical origins of psychedelic mushroom use and outlines the geographic occurrence of hallucinogenic fungi. The psychopharmacology of psilocybin mushrooms is detailed.

Pollock, Steven Hayden.
Psychotropic Mushrooms and the Alteration of Consciousness.
I: The Ascent of Psilocybian Mushroom Consciousness. J. Altered States Cs. 3(1):15-35. (1977-78)

Pollock, Steven Hayden.
The Psilocybin Mushroom Pandemic.
J. Psychedelic Drugs 7(1):73-84. (1975)

Pouyet M; Caillon P; Ducerf C; Berthaud S; Bouffard Y; Delafosse B; Thomasson A;
[Orthotopic liver transplantation for severe amanita phalloides poisoning]
Presse-Med; 1991 Nov 30; 20(41); P 2095-8
Forty-eight hours after a women was poisoned by ingesting Amanita phalloides mushrooms, she developed fulminant hepatic failure with collapse, pH 7.24, lactic acidosis 7.6 mmol/l, hypoglycaemia 3.5 mmol/l, anuria and stage IV coma requiring tracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation. Transaminase level was up to 8,000 UI/l. Prothrombin and factor V levels were below 10 percent, with an APT time of 86 s versus a 29 s control time. Twenty-four hours after her admission, the patient underwent orthotopic liver transplantation. The postoperative period was uneventful, with return to consciousness and rapid normalization of hepatic biochemistry values, without signs of acute rejection. This 10th published case of orthotopic liver transplantation for Amanita phalloides poisoning with acute hepatic necrosis confirms that this type of treatment must be systematically envisaged in all such cases. ABSTRACT.

Psilocybe Cubensis Compost Mushroomkit- 7 page Homestead Company instructions for growing sacred mushrooms. circa early 1990's. [box 5m]

Psilocybe Mushrooms and their Allies. Paul Stamets. Homestead Books Co. Seattle, WA. 1978.

Psilocybin: Magic Mushroom Grower's Guide. O.T. Oss and O.N. Oeric. And/Or Press. Berkeley, CA. 1976. paperback. 63 pages. $4.95. [box 7m]

Psilocybin: The Magic Mushroom. Dolph Ornstein, M.D. San Francisco Medical Research Foundation. Fairfax. 1979. (velobound in "Sacred Mushrooms" anthology). [box v1]

Puharich, Andrija.
The Sacred Mushroom: Key to the Door of Eternity.
Rpt. Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1974. (1959)

PUHARICH, ANDRIJA.
The sacred mushroom: key to the door of eternity
The sacred mushroom: key to the door of eternity. Doubleday, 1959 BF1321.P8
SUBJECTS: Mushrooms, ESP

RAHMAN MA
UV light-sensitive mutants of Coprinus lagopus. Isolation and Characterization.
Mutation Research. 23:29-40 Apr 1974
[NO ABSTRACT] UV mutation of mushrooms.

REPKE DB; LESLIE DT; GUZMAN
Baeocystin in psilocybe, conocybe and panaeolus.
Lloydia. 1977 Nov-Dec. 40(6). P 566-78.
Sixty collections of ten species referred to three families of the Agaricales have been analyzed for the presence of baeocystin by thin-layer chromatography. Baeocystin was detected in collections of Psilocybe, Conocybe, and Panaeolus from the U.S.A., Canada, Mexico, and Peru. Laboratory cultivated fruitbodies of Psilocybe cubensis, P.semilanceata, and P. cyanescens were also studied. Intra-species variation in the presence of decay rate of baeocystin, psilocybin and psilocin are discussed in terms of age and storage factors. In addition, evidence is presented to support the presence of 4-hydroxytryptamine in collections of P. baeocystis and P. cyanescens. The possible significance of baeocystin and 4-hydroxytryptamine in the biosynthesis of psilocybin in these organisms is discussed.

Riedlinger, Thomas J. (ed.).
The Sacred Mushroom Seeker: Essays for R. Gordon Wasson.
Portland, OR: Dioscorides Press. (1990)

ROBBERS JF; et al.
Additional Evidence Supporting the occurrence of Psilocybin in Panaeolus foenisecii.
Lloydia. 32:399-400 Sep 1969
[No Abstract] Panaeolus foenisecii. Psilocybin Mushroom.

Rubel, Arthur J. & Gettelfinger-Krejci, Jean.
The Use of Hallucinogenic Mushrooms for Diagnostic Purposes among some Highland Chinantecs.
Economic Botany 30(3):235-248. (1976)

Saenz JA. Macaya-Lizano AV. Nassar M.
[Edible, poisonous and hallucinatory fungi of Costa Rica] Hongos comestibles, venenosos y alucinatorios de Costa Rica.
Rev Biol Trop. 1983 Nov. 31(2). P 201-7.
This is the first comprehensive report on hallucinatory, edible and poisonous mushrooms of Costa Rica. A total of 67 species is reported of which 4 are hallucinatory, 55 are edible and 8 are poisonous. A search based on information obtained from national health centers between 1972 and 1977, includes total number of intoxications per year, number of cases by age, sex and geographic distribution.

Sandford, Jeremy.
In Search of the Magic Mushroom: A Journey through Mexico.
New York: Clarkson N. Potter. (1973)

SANDFORD, JEREMY
In search of the magic mushroom: a journey through Mexico
In search of the magic mushroom: a journey through Mexico. 1972 F1216.S27
SUBJECTS: Mushrooms religion Mexico

Sanford, James H.
Japan's "Laughing Mushrooms."
Economic Botany 26:174-181. (1972)

Schneider SM; Michelson EA; Vanscoy G
Failure of N-acetylcysteine to reduce alpha amanitin toxicity.
J.Appl.Toxicol; 1992 Apr; 12(2); P 141-2
Acetaminophen undergoes toxic conversion in the liver to a free-radical intermediary which binds to glutathione. N-Acetylcysteine acts as a glutathione precursor when natural stores are depleted, and is an effective antidote for acetaminophen overdose. Mushrooms containing amatoxins (such as Amanita phalloides) may undergo similar toxic conversion. However, in our amatoxin-poisoned mouse model, N-acetylcysteine (1.2 g kg-1) produced no change in survival or hepatic enzyme elevation compared to control animals. We conclude that N-acetylcysteine has no clinical role in the treatment of Amanita phalloides ingestion. ABSTRACT.

SCHULTES R E
Plantae Mexicanae II. The identification of Teonanacatl, the Narcotic Basidiomycete of the Aztecs.
Botanical Museum Leaflets, Harvard University. Vol 7 pg 37-54 (1939)
[NO ABSTRACT] Schultes suggests that Teonanacatl is Panaeolus sphinctrinus, a hallucinogenic mushroom.

SCHULTES R E
Teonanacatl: The Narcotic Mushroom of the Aztecs.
American Anthropologist; Vol 42 pp 429-443 (1940)
[NO ABSTRACT] Schultes suggests that Teonanacatl is a mushroom.

Schultes, Richard Evans.
Teonanacatl: The Narcotic Mushroom of the Aztecs.
AA 42:429-443. (1940)

SCHWARTZ RH; SMITH DE
Hallucinogenic mushrooms.
Clin Pediatr (Phila). 1988 Feb. 27(2). P 70-3.
Ingestion of mushrooms containing psilocybin produces hallucinogenic effects and has become a popular form of substance abuse among some adolescents and young adults. We have reviewed the medical literature on psilocybin mushrooms and describe current patterns of use, provide background material on the botony and pharmacology of these crude drugs, and report results of a small study on usage patterns among identified adolescent drug abusers. Among 174 adolescents already identified as substance abusers, 45 (26%) reported having used hallucinogenic mushrooms, frequently in conjunction with alcohol or other drugs. An average intake of 2-4 mushrooms was obtained for about +8, and led to intoxication for 5-6 hours. Mixing of intoxicants such as alcohol, marijuana, and psilocybin mushrooms was the rule. The acute adverse reactions may have been the result of drug synergy. Pediatricians should become aware of the specific patterns of the use of hallucinogenic drugs by adolescents and consider the possibility of such use when evaluating a delirious or psychotic adolescent.

Schwartz T; Kusnan MB; Fock HP
The involvement of glutamate dehydrogenase and glutamine synthetase/glut mate synthase in ammonia assimilation by the basidiomycete fungus Stropharia semiglobata.
J.Gen.Microbiol; 1991; 137(9); P 2253-8
[No Abstract]

SCHWARTZ, RICHARD H; SMITH, DEBORAH E
Hallucinogenic mushrooms.
Clinical Pediatrics; 1988 Feb Vol 27(2) 70-73
Surveyed adolescent drug use patterns involving mushrooms containing psilocybin. Among 174 adolescents (aged 14-18 yrs) already identified as substance abusers, 45 (26%) reported having used hallucinogenic mushrooms, frequently in conjunction with alcohol or other drugs. An average intake of 2-4 mushrooms was obtained for about $8, and led to intoxication for 5-6 hrs. Mixing of intoxicants such as alcohol, marihuana, and psilocybin mushrooms was the rule. Serious adverse effects during mushroom intoxication were reported by 6 of the Ss. These adverse reactions might have been the result of drug synergy. It is suggested that pediatricians become aware of specific patterns of hallucinogenic drug use by adolescents and consider the possibility of such use when evaluating a delirious or psychotic adolescent.

Shachter, Burt
Growing up under the mushroom cloud.
Social Work; 1986 May-Jun Vol 31(3) 187-192
Examines research on the awareness among children and youths of a possible nuclear catastrophe. Studies indicate a growing fear of nuclear war among both USSR and US children. It is suggested that the nuclear threat adversely affects children in identity formation, confidence in adults, developing inner resources for coping with death, and the willingness to invest in family relationships and other personal commitments. Implications for mental health professionals include becoming more attuned to clues related to nuclear anxieties and despair. Professionals should also gain a better understanding of the interplay between developmental experience, intrapsychic life, and family processes and a potentially catastrophic nuclear confrontation. It is also noted that the child's developmental stage should be considered in selecting the mode of reassurance (e.g., simpler, more direct modes of reassurance are appropriate for younger children).

Shelley, William Scott.
The Elixir: An Alchemical Study of the Ergot Mushrooms.
Notre Dame, IN: Cross Cultural Publications, Inc. (1995)

SIEGEL RK
Intoxication
Intoxication. page 283 ISBN 0-525-24764-5
Marijuana, coca, and poppies can be grown indoors, thus escaping most methods of visual detection. Law-enforcement agents have had to resort to new tactics such as monitoring the electricity utilized by suspected growers, who need enormous amounts of power to run the lights and temperature-control systems. None of these monitoring tactics, however, is effective when the drugs need only a dark cellar in which to grow. Accordingly, hallucinogenic mushrooms have become the second most popular and widespread homegrown drug in America.

SINGER R; SMITH A H
Mycological investigations on teonanacatl, the Mexican hallucinogenic mushroom. Part II. A taxonomic monograph of Psilocybe, section Caerulescentes.
Mycologia; Vol. 50, 1958 p 262-303
[NO ABSTRACT] Teonanacatl, the magic mushrooms of Mexico.

Singer, Rolf.
Mycological Investigations on Teonanacatl, the Mexican Hallucinogenic Mushroom.
Part I. The History of Teonanacatl, Field Work and Culture Work. Mycologia 50:239-261. (1958)

SINGER, ROLF
Mycological investigations on teonanacatl, the Mexican hallucinogenic mushroom. Part I. The history of teonanacatl, field work and culture work.
Mycologia; Vol. 50, 1958 p 239-261
[NO ABSTRACT] Teonanacatl, the magic mushrooms of Mexico.

Smith, Patricia; Goulding, Sue
The Mushroom Syndrome: Towards a definition of a core curriculum for EP training courses.
Educational Psychology in Practice; 1986 Jan Vol 1(4) 166-171
Surveyed 54 students of educational psychology and 28 tutors to examine the extent of a Mushroom Syndrome (i.e., students are kept in the dark as to their tutors' aims in choosing one type of course material over another). Data indicate that the mushroom cultivation occurred in pure form in the more traditional course offerings of developmental psychology and psychometrics. It is concluded that to absolve the mushroom practices a curriculum is needed that contains a large proportion of practically based professional skills, both in theory and in the field. (8 ref)

Soma: Divine Mushroom of Immortality. R. Gordon Wasson. Ethno-mychological Studies 1. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc. paper edition. no date of publication. 380 pages with color plates. paperback [box 3m]
hardcover-smells strongly of mold.

Sommer, Robert
The mushroom curriculum: Using natural history to teach psychology.
Teaching of Psychology; 1989 Apr Vol 16(2) 84-85
Describes a course on the 'Psychology of Mushrooms.' Part of a freshman seminar program, the course used a natural history approach. The seminar provided an opportunity to proceed from concrete experience to general principles of perception, learning, social, and abnormal psychology. Aspects of the course most valued by students were the field trip and the informality of sessions held in the author's home.

SPOERKE DG; HALL AH
Plants and mushrooms of abuse.
Emerg Med Clin North Am. 1990 Aug; 8(3): 579-93
The plants described earlier are only a few of those that can be misused. Most have effects similar to those of more popular synthetic drugs but can cause unpleasant side effects and unpredictable results. Identification of the offending botanic agent can be problematic. These plants are still used because most are legal to possess, and they do produce desired hallucinogenic and stimulant effects. Because the active ingredients are similar pharmacologically to agents such as LSD and amphetamine, required treatment is often similar. The challenge for the Emergency Department physician is to recognize the potential for abuse of these botanic agents, their probable side effects, and the need for appropriate, usually supportive, treatment. There are many more plants with abuse potential than can be discussed in detail in an article of this size. Table 1 lists a number of other agents that might be misused. Phenylamine hallucinogens occur in several species and include N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), N-monomethyltryptamine (MMT), 5-methoxy-N-N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT), 5-methoxy-N-monomethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT), 5-methoxy-N-monomethyltryptamine (5-MeO-MMT), 5-hydroxy-N-N-dimethyltryptamine (bufotenine or 5-H-DMT), and N,N-dimethyltryptamine-N-oxide (DMT-N-oxide).

Stabell-Kulo, Arnt.
Amanita Muscaria (the Fly-Agaric): A Positivistic Approach.
Temenos 16:122-131. (1980)

STAMETS, PAUL; CHILTON, J S
Growing Parameters for Psilocybe cubensis (1)
The Mushroom Cultivator: A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home; Agarikon Press, Olympia WA; Chapter IX, p 196-203
Growing Parameters for Psilocybe Cubensis
SPECIES: Psilocybe cubensis (Earle) Singer
= Stropharia cubensis Earle
= Stropharia cyanescens Murr
= Stroparia caerulescens (Pat.) Sing
= Naematoloma caerulescens Pat
= Hypholoma caerulescens (Pat.) Sacc. & Trott
STRAINS: Strains of Psilocybe cubensis are available from private and commercial stocks. The American Type Culture Collection, which sells cultures to educational organizations and research facilities, has stock cultures of several wild strains. Note that the strains listed below are only some of those that are presently circulating. There are many more. Some strains may originate from the same region but have features not in agreement with those described here
Amazonian: Medium to large mushrooms on rye grain; thick whitish stems; tenaciously attached to the casing
Ecuadorian: Medium sized mushrooms on rye grain; hemispheric caps; abundant primordia former; high yielding on compost; thin whitish stems; easily picked
Matias Romero: Medium to large mushrooms on rye grain; early fruiter; thick whitish stems and tenaciously attached
Misantla: Medium sized mushrooms on rye grain; thin yellowish stems; tall standing and easily picked
Palenque: Large mushrooms on rye grain; high yielding; and easily picked
COMMON NAMES: San Isidro; Cubensis
GREEK ROOT: Psilocybe comes from the Greek root 'psilos' meaning bald head and cubensis, a name Earle assigned to this mushroom because it was first recognized as a new species from specimens collected in Cuba.

STAMETS, PAUL; CHILTON, J S
Growing Parameters for Psilocybe cubensis (2)
The Mushroom Cultivator: A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home; Agarikon Press, Olympia WA; Chapter IX, p 196-203
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: A medium to large size mushroom having a cap that becomes convex to plane in age and is usually pigmented chestnut brown to deep yellowish or golden brown. The cap surface is finely fibrillose, sometimes covered with scattered, fugacious, cottony scales that soon disappear. The partial veil is membranous, well developed and typically leaving a persistent annulus on the upper regions of the stem. The stem is often longitudinally striate, powdered above the annulus and often covered with dense fibrils below. Flesh bruising bluish or bluish green Its spores purplish brown in mass.
NATURAL HABITAT: Naturally found in horse or cow pastures, in dung or in soil enriched with manure. Psilocybe cubensis is a widely distributed species that is found throughout tropical and subtropical zones of the world and is common in the pasturelands of the gulf coast of the southern United States and eastern Mexico.

STAMETS, PAUL; CHILTON, J S
Growing Parameters for Psilocybe cubensis (4)
The Mushroom Cultivator: A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home; Agarikon Press, Olympia WA; Chapter IX, p 196-203
Type of Casing: After fully run, cover with the standard casing whose preparation is described in Chapter VII. Layer to a depth of 1-2 inches The casing should be balanced to an initial pH of 6.8-7.2