![[ZEFF LIBRARY]](zefftag.gif)
"Explorations au Mexique: de 1894 a 1897" Carl Lumholtz. a French article from Societe des Americanistes de Paris. (velobound in anthology "The Writings of Carl Lumholtz on Mexican Peyote Religion"). [box v2]
"The Huichol Indians of Mexico". Carl Lumholtz. Vol.X. 1898. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 10 pages. (velobound in anthology "The Writings of Carl Lumholtz on Mexican Peyote Religion"). [box v2]
"The Huicholes: Mexico's People of Myth and Magic" National Geographic vol 151. No. 6. June 1977, pages 832-853. Article by James Norman, photos by Guillermo Aldana E. [large box 2m]
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Colorado River Toad - Bufo alvarius
Peterson's Field Guide to Western Reptiles & Amphibians
COLORADO RIVER TOAD Bufo alvarius: IDENTIFICATION: 3-6 inches. Our largest western toad. Dark brown or olive above, with smooth skin, long kidney-shaped parotoids, and prominent cranial crests. Several large warts on the hind legs stand out conspicuously against the smooth skin. An enlarged whitish wart near angle of the jaw. Below cream. YOUNG: Warts, light-colored, set in dark spots. Male: Throat pale like female's. Ranges from arid mesquite-creosote bush lowlands into the oak-sycamore-walnut association in mountain springs, reservoirs, and streams, but occasionally frequents temporary pools and has been reported miles from water. Nocturnal; activity stimulated by rainfall. When molested, assumes a butting pose with its parotoid glands directed toward the intruder. A dog may be temporarily paralysed (rarely, killed) if it mouths one of these toads. VOICE: Weak, low-pitched, resembling a ferryboat whistle. Hoots last 1/2 to 1 second. Vocal sac absent or inconspicuous. Most active May to July. RANGE: Lower Colorado and Gila Rivers of Arizona and extreme sw. New Mexico, south to nw. Sinaloa; extreme se. California. Sea level to above 4000 ft. CAPTION: Skin relatively smooth; large warts on hind legs; adult 6 inches. (Dark Phase, Santa Cruz County, Arizona)
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Colorado River Toad - Bufo alvarius
The Audubon Nature Guides: DESERTS
Colorado River Toad - Bufo alvarius: 3-7 inches (7.7-17.9 cm) Largest native toad in the United States. Olive to dark brown, with a relatively smooth, shiny skin. Elongate parotoid glands touch prominent bony ridges on head. 1 or 2 white warts at corner of mouth. Other large warty glands on hind legs. Belly is cream-colored. VOICE: A weak low-pitched toot, lasting less than a second. BREEDING: May-July. HABITAT: Desert. Prefers damp areas near permanent springs or man-made watering holes but may be found in arid grasslands and woodlands. From sea level to 5300' (1600m). RANGE: Extreme SE. of California to extreme SW. New Mexico, south into Mexico. COMMENTS: Nocturnal. The Colorado River Toad sometimes appears before seasonal rains fill breeding pools. When the rains finally arrive, breeding commences. It eats insects, spiders, and lizards.
Adovasio, J. M. & Fry, G. F.
Prehistoric Psychotropic Drug Use in Northeastern Mexico and Trans-Pecos Texas.
Economic Botany 30(1):94-96. (1976)
America Indigena. Ano XLVI. Num. 1. Volumen XLVI. Enero-Marzo. 1986. Instituto Indigenista Interamericano. Mexico, D.F. 257 pages, with 13 pages of close-up photos. velobound in Ethnobotany and Shamanism in South America. [box v4]
ARON, WILLIAM S; ALGER, NORMAN; GONZALEZ, RICARDO T
Chicanoizing the therapeutic community.
Journal of Psychedelic Drugs; 1974 Jul-Sep Vol 6(3) 321-327
Describes a drug-free therapeutic community oriented to the cultural values of a Chicano population. The need for separate treatment programs for Chicanos is stressed, and the characteristics of Mexican-American drug addiction in La Colonia, California, are discussed. 13 specific Chicano-oriented treatment concepts are presented and a 4-phase program is outlined. The importance of the integration of the program's graduates into the social structure of the larger Chicano community is highlighted as a method to discourage the use of drugs by youth.
BARRETT, MARK E; SIMPSON, D DWAYNE; LEHMAN, WAYNE E K
Behavioral Changes of Adolescents in Drug Abuse Intervention Programs
Journal of Clinical Psychology; 1988, 44, 3, May, 461-473.
Analysis of intake & during-program measures reveals that reduction of problem behaviors (drug & alcohol use, school problems, & legal involvement) by Mexican-American youth (N = 326) during their first 3 months in drug abuse intervention programs was related negatively to peer drug use during the program & was related positively to the amount of family support available during the program, participation in program activities, & a background of religious involvement. These findings support previous research that has shown the importance of peer influences & commitment to conventional structures of family & religion in relation to adolescent problem behaviors. Results suggest that adolescent drug abuse programs should stress the development of positive peer relations & family support while they encourage disassociation from deviant friends.
BECKER TM; SAMET JM; WIGGINS CL; KEY CR
Violent death in the West: suicide and homicide in New Mexico, 1958-1987.
Suicide Life Threat Behav. 1990 Winter; 20(4): 324-34
We examined New Mexico vital statistics data for suicides and homicides among the state's Hispanics, Native Americans, and non-Hispanic whites collected from 1958 to 1987. We found high age-adjusted rates for both suicides and homicides among Hispanic and Native American males, in comparison with rates for non-Hispanic white males. Suicide rates among Native American women were comparatively low, contrasting with their high homicide rates. Homicide rates for males in all three ethnic groups increased substantially over the 30-year study period. We conclude that death from violent causes, both suicide and homicide, is a major public health problem in New Mexico, and disproportionately affects minority males.
BENKE, RICHARD
JUDGE RIPS DRUG WAR, DISMISSES PEYOTE CHARGE
Associated Press, Wisconsin State Journal, Madison, WI, Friday, Sept 6, 1991
ALBUQUERQUE, N.M. Calling the drug war a 'menacing attack' on constitutional liberty, New Mexico's chief federal judge dismissed peyote importation charges against a white member of the Native American Church. U.S. District Judge Juan Burciaga said Wednesday the fight against drug trafficking is 'a wildfire that threatens to consume those fundamental rights of the individual deliberately enshrined in our Constitution.' Lawrence R. 'Bob' Boyll, 56, of Mill Valley, Calif., was accused of mailing about eight pounds of peyote, a hallucinogenic cactus, from Mexico last May to his own post office box in San Cristobal, N.M., north of Taos. He was arrested near Taos by U.S. Customs agents. Boyll, the son of a Methodist minister, said be has used peyote only as a religious sacrament since becoming a member of the Native American Church in Taos nearly 10 years ago. He said the peyote obtained in May would have lasted church members at least a year. Congress exempted religious usage of peyote in 1965, but the prosecution argued that it never authorized importation. On Wednesday night he said he was glad the ordeal was at least partly over, although prosecutors say they would like to appeal. They said the decision ultimately would be made in Washington, D.C. 'It wasn't easy for me to go through this,' Boyll said in a telephone interview from Mill Valley. 'It was very humbling.' Boyll defended his use of peyote. 'It's used in conjunction with prayer,' he said. 'It's used in a very careful way ... as a remedy. And I have seen it, along with prayer, heal people who were at death's door.' 'Not only does it not do anyone any harm, I believe that when it's used in a proper way, through prayer, it can be very helpful for life.... It's something that's for life. It's not just a roller-coaster ride.' The government argued that some church chapters required that members be at least one-fourth Indian. Boyll said he's part Indian, although not one-fourth.; Several Indian witnesses testified that Boyll is a legitimate church member. Boyll said nobody in the church sought to exclude him and the government shouldn't either.
Burland, C. A.
The Gods of Mexico.
New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. (1967)
CAILLEUX R
Trois essais d'ingestion avec les Psilocybes hallucinogenes. (Three experiments on the ingestion of hallucinogenic mushrooms of the Psilocybe genus.)
IN: HEIM R, WASSON R G, Les champignons hallucinogiques du Mexique, ed., Museum nation.hist.natur., Paris; (1958) p 283
Description of personal experiments in which fruit bodies of hallucinogenic mushrooms were taken by mouth: 0.25 and 0.5 Gm. of fruit bodies from Psilocybe mexicana Heim; 2 Gm. of fruit bodies from Psilocybe semperviva.
Castaneda,Carlos
The power of silence : further lessons of Don Juan
New York : Simon and Schuster, 1987. 265 P. ; 18 cm.
Keywords:
Anthropologists--Mexico--Biography.
Awareness.
Castaneda, Carlos, 1931-
Hallucinogenic drugs.
Hallucinogenic drugs and religious experience.
Indians of Mexico--Religion and mythology.
Juan, Don, 1891-
Knowledge, Sociology of.
Yaqui Indians--Religion and mythology.
CERLETTI A
Teonanacatl und Psilocybin (Teonanacatl and Psilocybin)
Deutsche med.Wchnschr. 84:2317 (1959)
The introductory part of this study reviews the history of the Mexican hallucinogenic fungi from the first description of Psilocybe mexicana by an European (Bernardine de Shagin) in the 16th century to the most recent research of the Americans V.P. and R.G. Wasson and the French mycologis, Heim. The next part deals with the chemistry of the substances contained in Psilocybe mexicana. These were isolated and their structure elucidated in our laboratories. The relation of Psilocybin and Psilocin to other 'psychopharmaca' with an indole structure (LSD, serotonin, bufotenin) is shown by means of formulae. In the third part of the study, the pharmacology of Psilocybin is discussed. In the last part, the effect on human beings is described. At the end of this part, therapeutic use of LSD is also mentioned and similarities and differences between Psilocybin and LSD are sketched.
Clark, Walter Houston.
Art and Psychotherapy in Mexico.
Art Psychother. 4:41-44. (1977)
COCHRAN, DORIS M
Colorado River Toad - Bufo alvarius
Living Amphibians of the World, p 12, p 96, p 103
In the southwest of the US, the Colorado River Toad, Bufo alvarius, is attracted to cattle troughs, and its numbers may actually be in the increase since man began to make these reservoirs. ... One of the large species with an especially potent poison, the Colorado River Toad, Bufo alvarius, has been known to exude enough poison to cause the death of a police dog that was unlucky enough to seize the animal in it's mouth. ... In addition to a pair of large bean-shaped parotoid glands behind his eyes, he had another long gland running the full length of the calf of each leg. Only one other kind of toad, Bufo alvarius, from the southwestern United States and adjoining Mexico. The lethal qualities of its secreted poison has already been mentioned.
Curandero del Peyote. Carlos Riccardo. Ediciones Ultimo Reino, Buenos Aires. 1988. 86 pages. photocopy velobound in anthology Mescaline Cactus: Mexico, San Pedro, and Pharmacology. [box v2]
Díaz, J.L. 1979.
Ethnopharmacology and taxonomy of Mexican Psychodysleptic plants.
Journal of Psychedelic Drugs 11 (1-2):71-101.
DE RIOS, MARLENE D; FELDMAN, DANIEL J
Southern Californian Mexican American drinking patterns: Some preliminary observations.
Journal of Psychedelic Drugs; 1977 Apr-Jun Vol 9(2) 151-158
Interviewed mental health workers, bartenders, and alcoholic patients to determine drinking patterns. Notable variations were found in the drinking patterns and life-styles of different groups of Mexican Americans, and all were different from those of Anglo and Black Americans. The general problem of all alcoholics is that to them the benefits of drinking are more satisfying than the benefits of sobriety.
Decorative Art of the Huichol Indians. Carl Lumholtz. Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History Vol. III, Dec. 1904. (velobound in anthology "The Writings of Carl Lumholtz on Mexican Peyote Religion") 52 pages. [box v2]
Diaz, Jose Luis.
Ethnopharmacology and Taxonomy of Mexican Psychodysleptic Plants.
Journal of Psychedelic Drugs 11(1-2):71-101. (1979)
DIAZ, JOSE LUIS
Ethnopharmacology and Taxonomy of Mexican Psychodysleptic Plants
Journal of Psychedelic Drugs Vol. 11(1-2) Jan-Jun 1979
Seeds of various Morning Glories contain Ergolines: ergine,isoergine,ergonovine Glucosides: turbicoryn [apparently in Rivea corymbosa only]. Ipomoea violacea seeds called Tlitlitzen (Aztec word for 'The Divine Black One') to the Aztecs, Black is a 'hot' color, a property of psychotropics associated with light...
DIAZ,JL:
Ethnopharmacology of Sacred Psychoactive Plants Used by the Indians of Mexico.
Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 17 : 647- (1977) English (cent Invest Interdisciplin Inst Invest Biomed Univ Nac Auton
Dobkin de Rios, Marlene.
Hallucinogens: Cross-Cultural Perspectives.
University of New Mexico Press; rpt. Bridport, UK: Prism Press, 1990. (1984)
DOBKIN DE RIOS, MARLENE
Hallucinogens: cross-cultural perspectives
Hallucinogens: cross-cultural perspectives. University of New Mexico Press, 1984 GN472.4.D465
SUBJECTS: Hallucinogenic plants and religious experience
Epling, C. & Jávita-M., C. 1962.
A new species of Salvia from Mexico.
Botanical Museum Leaflets, Harvard University 20:75-76.
Ethnofarmacologia de Plantas Alucinogenas Latinamericanas. editor invitado: Jose Luis Diaz. Mexico. 1975. cuadernos cientificos CEMEF 4 publicacion de trabajos de investigacion centro mexicano de estudios en farmacodependencia.
EVERETT
Desmanthus
The New York Botanical Garden Illustrated Encyclopedia of Horticulture. rSB317.58
DESMANTHUS (Des-man'thus): Chiefly natives of tropical and subtropical America, but with some in North America, the thirty species of Desmanthus belong in the section of the pea family, LEGUMINOSAE, that includes the sensitive plant (Mimosa), the silk tree (Albizia), and Acacia. Accordingly, the flowers are not pea-like, but are in fuzzy heads or spikes, a characteristic accounted for in the name which comes from the Greek 'desme', a bundle, and 'anthos', a flower, and alludes to the heads of bloom. Of minor garden importance, the members of this genus are herbaceous, perennials and shrubs with twice-pinnate, mimosa-like foliage. The tiny white or greenish flowers, clustered in tight heads, have five-lobed calyxes, five petals, and five or ten usually much-protruding stamens. A hardy herbaceous perennial, D. ILLINOENSIS, is 3 to 6 feet tall and has conspicuously angled, hairless, or minutely hairy stems. Its leaves, 2 to 4 inches long, have six to twelve pairs of major divisions, each divided into twenty or thirty pairs of oblong leaflets up to 1/5 inch long and often hairy along their margins. The flower stalks, up to 1 1/4 inches long, terminate in solitary small heads of bloom, succeeded by short, strongly curved pods up to 1 inch long, in dense, nearly spherical heads. A succession of flowers is produced through the summer. This species ranges in the wild from Ohio to Colorado, Florida, Texas, and New Mexico. Very similar, but with more rigid seed pods up to 2 3/4 inches long, D. leptolobus is indigenous from Missouri to Kansas and Texas. GARDEN USES AND CULTIVATION: These plants have little to recommend them except for inclusion in collections of native plants and for occasional use in naturalistic plantings. They grow without difficulty in ordinary garden soil, moist or dry, in sunny places, and are raised from seed.
GNIRSS F
Untersuchungen mit Psilocybin, einem Phantasticum aus dem mexicanishen Rauschpilz Psilocybe mexicana. (Investigation of Psilocybin, a fantasticum from the Mexican hallucinogenic fungus Psilocybe mexicana.)
Schweiz.Arch.Neurol.u.Psychiat. 84:346 (1959)
18 normal subjects were given 3 mg. Psilocybin orally or 3-10 mg. s.c. In doses of 6 mg. orally or 3 mg. s.c., Psilocybin has a predominantly psychotropic effect. In doses of 5 or 6 mg. s.c. (personal studies of Gnirss), Psilocybin exerts both somatotropic and psychotropic effect. In doses of 10 mg. s.c. (personal studies of Gnirss), Psilocybin has a psychotropic effect which gives the clinical picture of an acute intoxication. The author concludes that Psilocybin is a psychotropic substance of great theoretical and possibly also of therapeutic importance.
GUINN, ROBERT
The phenomenology of marijuana use among Mexican-American youth.
Journal of Psychedelic Drugs; 1977 Oct-Dec Vol 9(4) 341-343
Surveyed marihuana use among 937 Mexican-American students of Grades 9-12 in Texas. Marihuana had been used at least once by about 30% of Ss, more by males than by females. Heavy users were among the students with low school grades and higher rates of school absence. The use was related to alcohol and tobacco habits of Ss' fathers, but not to their socioeconomic status.
GUZMAN, GASTON; OTT, JONATHAN; BOYDSTON, JERRY; POLLOCK, STEVEN H
Psychotropic mycoflora of Washington, Idaho, Oregon, California and British Colombia.
Mycologia; Vol. 68, 1976 p 1267-1272
During the fall of 1975, Pollock, Boydston and Ott collected hallucinogenic mushrooms in Washington and British Colombia. Specimens of hallucinogenic mushrooms were also obtained from Oregon, Idaho and California. All of this material was deposited in the herbarium of Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biologicas (ENCB) in Mexico City, and identified by Guzman and Ott. Valuable specimens were obtained on loan from the herbaria of San Francisco State University (SFSU), the University of Washington (WTU) and Oregon State University (OSU). Psychoactive species studied are listed by state in Table 1.
Hallucinogens: Cross Cultural Perspectives. Marlene Dobkin de Rios. University of New Mexico Press. Albuquerque. 1984. hardcover. 255 pages. $16.50. two copies. [box 10m]
Happy People: The Huichol Indians. Bertha P. Dutton. Museum of New Mexico Press. Santa Fe, NM. 1962. (velobound in anthology "Huichol Peyotism Anthology"). 56 pages. [box v2]
HARRINGTON HD
Manual of the Flora of Colorado.
QK150.H3 (1954)
5. Desmanthus Willd. BUNDLE FLOWER. Perennial herbaceous or somewhat shrubby plants, no spines or prickles present; leaves bipinnate with numerous, entire leaflets and usually with small stipules; flowers regular, perfect or lower staminate, sessile in peduncled heads or spikes, greenish or whitish; calyx 5-lobed; petals 5, alike, distinct or slightly united at very base; stamens 5 or 10, distinct or nearly so; fruit elongated, straight or curved, several-seeded, dehiscent. [1.] Desmanthus illinoensis (Michx.) MacM., Metasperm. Minn. 388, 1892. Acuan illinoensis (Michx.) Kuntze --- Stems erect or ascending, glabrous or nearly so; leaves with 14-30 pairs of pinnae; leaflets 2.5-4mm long, many, linear or linear-oblong, glabrous or ciliate; stipules setaceous, to 4 or 8 mm long; calyx campanulate, about 1mm long with very short lobes; petals about 2mm long; stamens 5; fruit in compact heads, each about 1.5-2.5 cm long and about 4-6mm wide, strongly falcate and slightly spirally twisted. --- Banks, roadsides and plains. Ohio to South Dakota, south to Florida and New Mexico. Our records from eastern Colorado at 3500-4000 feet.
Hedrick, Basil C., Kelley, J. Charles & Riley, Carroll L.
The North Mexican Frontier: Readings in Archaeology, Ethnohistory, and Ethnography.
Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. (1971)
Heffern, Richard.
Secrets of the Mind-Altering Plants of Mexico.
New York: Pyramid Communications. (1974)
HEIM R, BRACK A, KOBEL H, HOFMAN A, CAILLEUX R
Determinisme de la formation des carpophores et des sclerotes dans la culture du 'psilocybe mexicana' Heim, agaric hallucinogene du Mexique, et mise en evidence de la psilocybine et de la psilocine. (Pre-requisites for the formation of fruit bodies and scl
Compt.redn.Acad.sc, Paris 246:1346, 1958
A description of the methods for isolating the pure active principals of the fungus, Psilocybe mexicana. They are two in number: Psilocybin, a crystalline hallucinogenic substance and Psilocin which has only been isolated in small amounts. Both occur in the sporophores, sclerota, and mycelium. Regarding the psychic effects, these are revealed in personal experiences and reported by Hofmann et al (Experientia 14:107 (1958)). This paper contains certain supplementary data: a feeling of general relaxation with a pleasant tickling sensation throughout the body, particularly in the extremities, whcih feel as heavy as lead; a feeling of complete internal harmony. Some effort is required to observe what is going on outside one, and it seems of little consequence.
HEIM R, HOFMANN A
Isolement de las Psilocybine a partir du Stropharia cubensis Earle et d'autres especes de champignons hallucinogenes mexicains appertenant su genre Psilocybe. (Isolation of Psilocybin from Stropharia cubensis Earle and other species hallucinogenic fungus f
Compt.rend.Acad.sc., Paris 247:557, 1958
Psilocybin was first isolated from Psilocybe mexicana Heim. The same method of extraction has since been employed to isolate Psilocybin from the dried carpophores of the following fungi: Psilocybe caerulescens Murr. var Mazatecorum Heim, Psilocybe Zapotecorum Heim, Psilocybe Aztecorum Heim, Psilocybe semperviva Heim and Cailleux; Stropharia cubensis Earle, of Mexican, Siamese and Cambodian origin. Thus, Psilocybin has been found not only in all Mexican species of Psilocybe studied but also in Stropharia cubensis from Mexico and South-East Asia. The hallucinogenic effect of Stropharia cubensis has been previously reported.
HOFFMAN A, HEIM R, BRACK A, KOBEL H, FREY A, OTT H, PETRZILKA T, TROXLER F
Psilocybin und Psilocin, zwei psychotrope Wirkstoffe aus mexikanischen Rauschpilzen. (Psilocybin and Psilocin, two psychotropic substances from hallucinogenic Mexican fungi.)
Helv.chim.Acta 42:1557 (1959)
The psychotropically active principles of the Mexican hallucinogenic fungus Psilocybe mexicana Heim have been isolated and obtained in crystalline form. The two new substances, which have been called Psilocybin and Psilocin, are present in the fruit bodies, the artificially cultivated mycelium and in the sclerotia. The dried mushroom contains 0.2 to 0.4 per cent Psilocybin. Psilocin is present, at the most, in trace smounts only. The same active principles were also found in other mushrooms of the genus Psilocybe and Stropharia which are used to produces states of intoxication. Oral doses of 4 to [6? 8?] mg Psilocybin and Psilocin elicit vegetative symptoms and mental changes lasting several hours. These effects are identical with those elicited by the fresh or dried mushrooms. The structural formulae of the two substances have been elucidated and confirmed by synthesis. Psilocybin is o-phosphoryl-4-hydroxy-[omega]-N,N-dimethyl-tryptamine. Psilocin is dephosphorylated Psilocybin, i.e. 4-hydroxy-[omega]-N,N-dimethyl-tryptamine. Psilocybin and Psilocin are the first natural indole derivatives found which possess a hydroxyl group in position 4. In addition, Psilocybin is the first natural indole derivative found to contain phosphorus.
HOFMANN A, FREY A, OTT H, PETRZILKA T, TROXLER F
Konstitutionsaufklarung und Synthese von Psilocybin. (Elucidation of structure and synthesis of Psilocybin.)
Experientia 14:397, 1958
The structure of Psilocybin, the active principle of Psilocybe mexicana Heim, has been elucidated. Psilocybin is the phosphoric acid ester of 4-hydroxy-dimethyltryptamine. This structure was confirmed by total synthesis. Psilocybin is the first natural indole derivative found to contain phosphorous. It is also the first natural tryptamine derivative substituted in position 4.
HOFMANN A, HEIM R, BRACK A, KOBBEL H
Psilocybin, ein psychotropiker Wirkstoff aus dem mexikanen Rauschpilz Psilocybe mexicana Heim. (Psilocybin, a psychotropic principle from the Mexican hallucinogenic fungus Psilocybe mexicana Heim.)
Experientia, 14:107, 1958
The active principle (Psilocybin) from a Mexican fungus was first isolated in crystalline form and chemically elucidated in the Sandoz laboratories by A. Hofmann. Psilocybin, taken orally, has the same action on the psyche as the fungus in man: 45 minutes after ingestion of 4-8 mg. Psilocybin, the subject goes into an hallucinatory state involving bodily relaxation and pronounced psychic changes; the condition passes off leaving no further after-effects. The symptoms vary from individual to individual and in some respects resemble those produced by mescaline and LSD. The authors describe the method of isolation and the chemical properties of Psilocybin and of another substance (Psilocin) which is related to Psilocybin and occurs in trace amounts.
HOFMANN A, TROXLER P
Identifizierung von Psilocybin. (Identification of Psilocybin.)
Experientia; 15:101 (1959)
Earlier reports from the Sandoz laboratories and Professor Heim's institute in Paris showed that Mexican hallucinogenic mushrooms contained not only Psilocybin, the main active principle, but also small amounts of Psilocin, a related substance. Using large amounts of mushrooms, it was found possivle to isolate Psilocin in the Sandoz laboratories and to elucidate its structure. Psilocin is 4-hydroxy-dimethyltryptamine or dephosphorylated Psilocybin. It has since been found to be a product of hydrolysis of Psilocybin and has been prepared synthetically. Preliminary unpublished studies at the University Psychiatric Clinic in Basle showed that Psilocin given orally has effects similar to Psilocybin on mental and autonomic functions in man. There is no significant quantitative difference in effect between the two substances. The phosphoric acid residue is therefore not of importance for the effects of Psilocybin.
HOFMANN A
Rapport sur une auto-experience avec le Psilocybe mexicana Heim. (Report on a personal experiment with Psilocybe mexicana Heim.)
IN: HEIM R, WASSON R G, Les champignons hallucinogiques du Mexique, ed., Museum nation.hist.natur., Paris; (1958) p 278
Ingestion of 32 dried specimens of the myshroom Psilocybe mexicana Heim. elicited physical and psychical symptoms analogous to those observed by Heim after ingestion of the fresh mushrooms. This personal experiment by Hofmann, therefore, indicates 'that the active principle is preserved on drying the Psilocybe mushrooms and that the fractions obtained on extracting the dry mushroom with chemical agents can be tested without danger on man.' In further experiments, a test was developed by means of which extracts containing the active substance can be differentiated from inactive extracts. This human test was the starting point in the isolation of the pure active principle in crystalline form - a substance which was given the name Psilocybin.
Hofmann, Albert.
Chemical Aspects of Psilocybin, the Psychotropic Principle from the Mexican Fungus, Psilocybe Mexicana Heim.
In Bradley et al 1959:446-448. (1959)
HOFMANN; WASSON; RUCK
The Road to Eleusis
The Road to Eleusis
Summary: A secret religion existed for 2,000 years in Greece (until the christians displaced it around 400 AD). The initiation was open to anyone who spoke Greek and hadn't committed murder, once in their life. After 6 month long preporatory rituals, members walked to Eleusius whereupon they underwent secret rituals. The rituals remained secret until the 1970's. Wasson, an ethnomycological scholar and former banker (and the first white to trip on shrooms with the mexican indians) proposed the following explanation of the Eleusian mysteries to Hoffman, an ergot-alkaloid expert chemist, and Ruck, a greek scholar: The Secret of the ritual involved the personal visions induced by drinking the grain decoction administered to the inititiates. The domestication of grains permitted the development of greek civilization; it also brought ergot fungus (of St. Anthony's fire infamy). The thin book contains their argument for the use of the ergot fungus in Eleusian rites, Wasson providing some backround on the use of mushrooms and grains and their role in the culture; Hoffman on the psychoactivity of ergot strains; and Ruck on the mythological and cultural backround of the sect. Evidence includes: Hoffman dosed himself with large (ergot-derived) doses of obstestric compounds to assay their hallucinogenic potential, and found them to possess such activity. The Eleusian temple site still remains, but there is no room to view theatric performances, just rows of tripping initiates, further supporting their argument. An interesting read, and its neat to think that the culture that more or less lead to the western industrial one had psychedelic rites. (Various greek prominant figures attended the rituals, including Plato).
In Search of the Magic Mushroom: A Journey Through Mexico. Jeremy Sandford. Clarkson N. Potter, Inc. Publisher. NY. 1973. paperback. 176 pages. [box 12m]
Jairazbhoy, R. A.
Asians in Pre-Columbian Mexico.
Northwood, UK: privately published, 1976. (1976)
JIMENEZ OLIVARES, ERNESTINA
Pre-Columbian indigenous psychopharmacology.
Neurologia, Neurocirugia, Psiquiatria; 1978 Vol 19(1) 40-52
Reviewed texts on Mexican medicine plants, especially texts obtained directly from 16th century Indian reports. The plants utilized for psychiatric purposes were separated from the 1,500 medicine plants found to be used by the prehispanic Indians, and about 150 plants were found that can be classified in modern medicine as antipsychotic, antidepressant, minor tranquilizer, hallucinogen, sedative, hypnotic, brain tonic, stimulant, and anticonvulsant. Experimental research on these medicines is recommended.
KINGSBURG
Peganum harmala
Poisonous Plants of the United States and Canada
Peganum harmala L., African rue. DESCRIPTION: Bright green, succulent, much-branched perennial herb bushy in habitat, about 1 ft tall when fully grown. Leaves alternate, pinnate or twice pinnately divided; ultimate segments linear, fleshy, glabrous. Flowers single, white, consipicuous; petals 5. Fruit a 2- to 4- cavitied many-seeded leathery capsule, about 3/8 inch in diameter. DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT: This species is native to the deserts of Africa and southern Asia. It was first recognized in the United States on a section of land near Deming, New Mexico in 1935 and has since spread on dry range land into Arizona and western Texas. POISONOUS PRINCIPLE: Alkaloids extracted from African rue have proven toxic to laboratory animals, producing the same symptoms as observed when the whole seed was fed. The seeds of the plant have been shown to contain at least 4 alkaloids, of which three have the indole configuration. TOXICITY, SYMPTOMS AND LESIONS: Cattle loss on the range where this plant was first recognized prompted its investigation as a poisonous plant. Experimental studies have been performed at the Texas and New Mexico Agricultural Experiment Stations and by the United States Department of Agriculture. The ground seed is almost always lethal to guinea pigs at 0.15 percent of the animal's weight. young leaves were toxic at 1 per cent, dry-weight basis, but older leaves seemed to lack toxicity. In guinea pigs the symptoms consisted of posterior paralysis and weakness of back muscles, appearing within half an hour of feeding, and lasting for several hours. No lesions of significance were found. African rue is highly unpalatable to cattle, but if force-fed, it is lethal. Sheep have been observed to eat the plant after it had dried under range conditions, but experimentally they could not be forced voluntarily to consume hay made from it.
KINGSLEY
Plants of the United States and Canada. R581.69 K55
Stipa robusta Scribn. (= S. vaseyi Scribn.). Sleepygrass
DESCRIPTION: Stout, perennial grass, forming erect clumps mostly 2 to 4 feet tall. Leaves flat 5/16 inch wide, up to 2 feet long. Inflorescence a green or greenish-yellow terminal panicle, to 1 foot long; branches several at each node, variable in length, bearing several spikelets, strongly directed upward, hence panicle compact and narrow; spikelets narrow, about 1/2 inch long, tipped by a long, dry, twisted awn; awns about 1 inch long.
DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT: Dry plains, hills, and open woods, Colorado to Texas, Arizona and Mexico.
POISONOUS PRINCIPLE. Unknown. Some attempts to extract the active principle have been reported [922].
TOXICITY, SYMPTOMS AND LESIONS. Reports of the toxicity of sleepygrass to horses in New Mexico date back to 1887. Ingestion of a moderate amount produces a profound, but not lethal, somnolent or stuporous condition sometimes lasting several days. In times when the horse was the principal means of travel, serious delay and inconvenience occasionally befell those unaware of the danger in this plant [55,69,735].
Following a number of field reports and correspondence concerning the toxicity of sleepygrass to horses, the United States Department of Agriculture undertook feeding experiments at the Salina (Utah) experiment station and in the field [998]. It was found that 0.6 per cent of an animal's weight of plant (green-weight basis) was the least toxic dose for the horse and produced transitory depression or drowsiness. One percent was the average effective single dose. Larger amounts provokes somewhat, but not proportionately, greater symptoms. Symptoms appear in 6 to 24 hours and lasted 24 to 48 hours. Field cases have been reported in which as much as a week elapsed before all signs of poisoning had disappeared. Great variation in degree of sleepiness was found. Mildly poisoned animals were dejected, inactive and withdrawn. With greater dose animals became somnolent, presenting symptoms of drooping head, closed eyes, and irregularity of gait if forced to move. Severely poisoned animals lie on the sternum or flat on the side with head resting on the ground. These horses are in profound slumber from which they can be raised only momentarily with great difficulty. In such animals the pulse and respiration become weak and irregular. A definite rise in temperature has been recorded in many instances.
Despite field reports of toxicity to cattle, doses of active material up to 3.4 percent of an animal's weight in a single day failed to bring out symptoms. In sheep, doses of about 2 percent of an animal's weight provoked depression and a rise in temperature, but not sleepiness.
CONDITIONS OF POISONING: Reports of poisoning have come from only a portion of the area in which Stipa robusta is found, namely the Sacramento and Sierra Blanca Mountains of New Mexico. Material collected from several other areas failed to bring on poisoning although given in more than adequate amount in feeding experiments [998]. The plant retains full toxicity on drying. Sleepygrass was readily and repeatedly taken by horses during feeding experiments, bit it is generally believed among ranchers that horses once poisoned will refuse subsequently to graze the plant.
Kirchoff, Paul.
The Diffusion of a Great Religious System from India to Mexico.
35th ICA 1:73-100. (1964)
Knight, Edward H.
The Deformed Leg in Pre-Columbian Mexican Mythology.
International Review of Psycho-Analysis 9:473-481. (1982)
LOWY, BERNARD
Hallucinogenic mushrooms in Guatemala.
Journal of Psychedelic Drugs; 1977 Apr-Jun Vol 9(2) 123-125
Discusses the diverse and extensive evidence that the hallucinogenic mushrooms Psilocybe mexicana and Amantia muscaria have been used by the inhabitants of Guatemala for many centuries. Recent identification of these plants in Guatemala increases the possibility that a still undiscovered mushroom cult may eventually be found there.
Madsen, William.
Shamanism in Mexico.
SWJA 11:48-57. (1955)
NATIONAL CLEARINGHOUSE FOR DRUG ABUSE INFORMATION
Psilocybin.
National Clearinghouse for Drug Abuse Information, Report Series; 1973 May Ser 16(1) 13 p
Describes the history, chemistry, pharmacology, and effects of psilocybin which is an hallucinogen found in the mushroom family of Psilocybe mexicana. Articles are reviewed to show potential benefits and dangers of the drug.
Nutall, Zelia.
The Periodical Adjustments of the Ancient Mexican Calendar.
AA 6:486-500. (1904)
O'BRIEN; COHEN S
Dona Ana
The Encyclopedia of Drug Abuse. (1989)
Dona Ana: A cactus, Coryphanta micromeris, native to Texas and Mexico, which contains the psychedelic alkaloid micromerine. It is eaten or brewed into a tea and has about 1/5 the potency of mescaline.
Parsons, Elsie Clews.
Mitla, Town of the Souls: And Other Zapotec-Speaking Pueblos of Oaxaca, Mexico.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press. (1936)
Peterson, Frederik.
Ancient Mexico: An Introduction to the Pre-Hispanic Cultures.
Rpt. New York: Capricorn Books, 1962. (1959)
Plantas Alucinogenas. Richard Evans Schultes. editiones cientificas La Prensa Medica Mexicana, S.A. c 1982. Spanish version of Golden Guide Hallucinogenic Plants. paperback. 161 pages. [box 7m]
REPKE DB; LESLIE DT; GUZMAN
Baeocystin in psilocybe, conocybe and panaeolus.
Lloydia. 1977 Nov-Dec. 40(6). P 566-78.
Sixty collections of ten species referred to three families of the Agaricales have been analyzed for the presence of baeocystin by thin-layer chromatography. Baeocystin was detected in collections of Psilocybe, Conocybe, and Panaeolus from the U.S.A., Canada, Mexico, and Peru. Laboratory cultivated fruitbodies of Psilocybe cubensis, P.semilanceata, and P. cyanescens were also studied. Intra-species variation in the presence of decay rate of baeocystin, psilocybin and psilocin are discussed in terms of age and storage factors. In addition, evidence is presented to support the presence of 4-hydroxytryptamine in collections of P. baeocystis and P. cyanescens. The possible significance of baeocystin and 4-hydroxytryptamine in the biosynthesis of psilocybin in these organisms is discussed.
Rojas, Alfonso Villa
Kinship and Nagualism in a Tzeltal Community, Southeastern Mexico.
AA 49:578-587. (1947)
Sandford, Jeremy.
In Search of the Magic Mushroom: A Journey through Mexico.
New York: Clarkson N. Potter. (1973)
SANDFORD, JEREMY
In search of the magic mushroom: a journey through Mexico
In search of the magic mushroom: a journey through Mexico. 1972 F1216.S27
SUBJECTS: Mushrooms religion Mexico
SCHULTES R E
Plantae Mexicanae II. The identification of Teonanacatl, the Narcotic Basidiomycete of the Aztecs.
Botanical Museum Leaflets, Harvard University. Vol 7 pg 37-54 (1939)
[NO ABSTRACT] Schultes suggests that Teonanacatl is Panaeolus sphinctrinus, a hallucinogenic mushroom.
Schultes, Richard Evans.
Mexico and Columbia: Two Major Centers of Aboriginal Use of Hallucinogens.
Journal of Psychedelic Drugs 9(2):173-176. (1977)
SCHULTES, RICHARD EVANS; HOFMANN A
Tetrapteris methystica
Plants of The Gods: Origins of hallucinogenic use. (1979) p 58
Tetrapteris methystica: Malphigiaceae. Tropical zones of South America, Mexico, West Indies. THe nomadic Maku' Indians of the Rio Tikie' in the northwestermost Amazonas of Brazil prepare an hallucinogenic drink from the bark of Tetrapteris methystica. Reports of the effects would suggest that beta-carboline alkaloids are present. Tetrapteris methystica is a scandent bush with black bark. The leaves are characeous, ovate, 2 1/4 - 3 3/8 inches (6-8.5 cm) long, 1-2 inches (2.5-5 cm) wide, bright green above, ashy green beneath. The inflorescence is few-flowered, shorter than the leaves. The sepals are thick, hairy without, ovate-lanceolate, with 8 black oval-shaped glands; the petals, spreading, membranaceous, yellow with red or brown in the center, elongate-orbicular, 1/2 inch (1 cm) wide. The fruit or samara is ovoid, 1/8 x 1/8 x 1/16 inch (4 x 4 x 2 mm), with brownish wings about 1/2 x 1/16 inch (10 x 2 mm).
Sejourne, Laurette.
Burning Water: Thought and Religion in Ancient Mexico.
Rpt. Berkeley: Shambhala, 1976. (1956)
SINGER R; SMITH A H
Mycological investigations on teonanacatl, the Mexican hallucinogenic mushroom. Part II. A taxonomic monograph of Psilocybe, section Caerulescentes.
Mycologia; Vol. 50, 1958 p 262-303
[NO ABSTRACT] Teonanacatl, the magic mushrooms of Mexico.
Singer, Rolf.
Mycological Investigations on Teonanacatl, the Mexican Hallucinogenic Mushroom.
Part I. The History of Teonanacatl, Field Work and Culture Work. Mycologia 50:239-261. (1958)
SINGER, ROLF
Mycological investigations on teonanacatl, the Mexican hallucinogenic mushroom. Part I. The history of teonanacatl, field work and culture work.
Mycologia; Vol. 50, 1958 p 239-261
[NO ABSTRACT] Teonanacatl, the magic mushrooms of Mexico.
STAMETS, PAUL; CHILTON, J S
Growing Parameters for Psilocybe cubensis (2)
The Mushroom Cultivator: A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home; Agarikon Press, Olympia WA; Chapter IX, p 196-203
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: A medium to large size mushroom having a cap that becomes convex to plane in age and is usually pigmented chestnut brown to deep yellowish or golden brown. The cap surface is finely fibrillose, sometimes covered with scattered, fugacious, cottony scales that soon disappear. The partial veil is membranous, well developed and typically leaving a persistent annulus on the upper regions of the stem. The stem is often longitudinally striate, powdered above the annulus and often covered with dense fibrils below. Flesh bruising bluish or bluish green Its spores purplish brown in mass.
NATURAL HABITAT: Naturally found in horse or cow pastures, in dung or in soil enriched with manure. Psilocybe cubensis is a widely distributed species that is found throughout tropical and subtropical zones of the world and is common in the pasturelands of the gulf coast of the southern United States and eastern Mexico.
STROMBOM,J: BRUHN,JG
Cactaceae Alkaloids. 29. Alkaloids of Pachycereus Pecten-aboriginum, A Mexican Cactus of Ethnopharmacologic Interest.
Acta Pharm Suecica 15 : 127-132 (1978) English
Symbolism of the Huichol Indians. Carl Lumholtz. (4 color plates expertly photocopied to precisely match the hand-tinted originals). Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History. vol III, 1900-1907. 1907. (velobound in anthology "The Writings of Carl Lumholtz on Mexican Peyote Religion"). 238 pages. [box v2]
TIDESTROM & KITTELL
Flora of Arizona and New Mexico.
QK147.T5 (1941)
Desmanthus illinoensis (Michx.) MacM. Metasperm. Minn. 388. 1892; Mimosa illinoensis Michx. Fl Bor. Amer. 2:254. 1803; Acacia brachyloba Willd. Sp. Pl. 4:1701. 1806; Plant glabrous or puberulent with ascending stems 0.3 to 1 meter long; leaflets about 15 pairs, linear, glabrous or ciliate; pods curved, capitate. Larrea and Grass belts. Minnesota and South Dakota, southward to Florida, Texas and New Mexico. In fields about St. Thomas, Nevada, where it was probably introduced.
Unknown Mexico, A Record of Five Years' Exploration Among the Tribes of the Western Sierra Madre; in the Tierra Caliente of Tepic and Jalisco; and Among the Tarascos of Michoacan. AMS Press Inc. New York. 1973. vol. I: excerpts: Introduction, Contents, Chapter XIX "Hikuli Cults". This chapter on the Tarahumara is th only section on peyote in vol. I. vol. II. entire volume, which is mostly about the Huichol. (velobound in anthology "The Writings of Carl Lumholz on Mexican Peyote Religion" ). ~550 pages. [box v2]
Valdés, L.J. III; Butler, W.M.; Hatfield, G.M.;Paul, A.G. & Koreeda, M. 1984.
Divinorin A, a psychotropic terpenoid, and divinorin B from the Mexican hallucinogenic mint Salvia divinorum.
Journal of Organic Chemistry 49:4716-20.
Valdés,L.J.III; Hatfield, G.M.; Koreeda,M. & Paul, A.G. 1987.
Studies of Salvia divinorum (Lamiaceae), a hallucinogenic mint from the Sierra Mazateca in Oaxaca, Central Mexico.
Economic Botany 41:283-91.
WASSON RG
The Role of 'Flowers' in Nahuatl Culture: A Suggested Interpretation.
Botanical Museum Leaflets, Harvard University (1973) Vol.23 No.8 p305-324
SUBJECTS: Statue of Xochipilli in Museo Nacional de Anthropologia in Mexico City, psychedelic plants, Mesoamerica, Aztecs, Mushrooms.
WASSON, R GORDON
The wondrous mushroom : mycolatry in Mesoamerica
The wondrous mushroom : mycolatry in Mesoamerica. McGraw-Hill, 1980.
SUBJECTS: Mexico, Mushroom Ritual
Wasson, R. Gordon.
The Hallucinogenic Fungi of Mexico: An Inquiry Into the Origins of the Religious Idea Among Primitive Peoples.
Psychedelic Review 1(1):27-42. (1963)
Wasson, R. Gordon.
The Hallucinogenic Mushrooms of Mexico: An Adventure in Ethnomycological Exploration.
Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciennces 21:325-339. (1959)
Wasson, R. Gordon.
The Mushroom Rites of Mexico.
Harvard Review 1:7-17. (1963)
WATTS WD; WRIGHT LS
The drug use-violent delinquency link among adolescent Mexican-Americans.
NIDA Res Monogr. 1990; 103: 136-59
[NO ABSTRACT]
WEIDMANN H, TAESCHLER M, KONZETT H
Zur Pharmakologie von Psilocybin, einem Wirkstoff aus Psilocybe mexicana Heim. (Pharmacology of Psilocybin, an active principle from Psilocybe mexicana Heim.)
Experientia 14:378, 1958
Psilocybin, the active principle of Psilocybe mexicana Heim, exerts no typical effects in vitro, but exerts characteristic effects in vivo: mydriasis, piloerection, tachycardia, tachypnea, hyperthermia, hyperglycemia, and increase in blood pressure and contraction of the nictitating membrane. These effects are mostly due to central stimulation of sympathetic structures. Direct evidence of a central action is offered by the alerting effect in the EEG and the enhancement of spinal reflexes. In contrast to these stimulating effects, motor activity tends to be slightly depressed.
| All About Salvia divinorum is a hypertext document by Bill White covering Salvia divinorum, a member of the mint family with hallucinogenic properties. Salvia divinorum is a member of the mint family (Lamiaceae), which includes around 700 New World species. S. divinorum has been used by curanderos (healers) of the Mazatec Indians in Oaxaca, Mexico, as a ritual hallucinogen. It has white flowers with purplish calyces and spikes (occurring for about a week). It closely resembles many other mints. It is extremely bitter. Its active principle is the diterpene salvinorin A. Traditionally, S. divinorum leaves are chewed, smoked, or taken as an infusion; the result is a hallucinogen classified (by the curanderos) as somewhat weaker than morning glory seeds and psychedelic mushrooms. Salvinorin A, on the other hand, is extremely potent (200 to 500 micrograms) when vaporized and inhaled. S. divinorum was first introduced into the United States in the early 1960's by Hofmann and Wasson, who were researching Mexican hallucinogens at the time (morning glories and mushrooms). It was identified as a new species. Considerable effort was made to extract the active principle; however, it proved difficult. In the 1980's the active principle, salvanorin A, was identified. It is unique among plant-derived hallucinogens due to its very high potency and its nature (most psychoactive principles of plants are alkaloids). Experimentation with S. divinorum is often not successful for a variety of reasons. Because of this, its status as a hallucinogen is occasionally questioned. However, since the extraction of the active principle, and experiments with the same, its potency has been firmly established.
|
 Flora of North America North of Mexico is a synoptic floristic account of the plants of North America north of Mexico: the continental United States of America (including the Florida Keys and Aleutian Islands), Canada, Greenland (Kalâtdlit-Nunât), and St. Pierre and Miquelon. The flora is intended to serve both as a means of identifying plants within the region and as a systematic conspectus of the North American flora. Taxa and geographical areas in need of further study also are identified in the flora.Complete text of all the introductory essays in volume 1 are available on the Missouri Botanical Garden's gopher server. |