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Ayahuasca: Etnomedicina y Mitologia. Plutarco Naranjo. Ediciones Libri Mundi. Quito Ecuador. 1983. velobound photocopy. 222 pages. [box v4]

Bischof, Henning.
The Origins of Pottery in South America -- Recent Radiocarbon dates from Southwest Ecuador.
40th ICA 1:269-280. (1972)

Evans, Clifford & Meggers, Betty J.
Transpacific Origin of Valdivia Phase Pottery on Coastal Ecuador.
36th ICA 1:63-67. (1964)

SCHULTES, RICHARD EVANS; HOFMANN A
Ayahuasca, Caapi, Yaje
Plants of The Gods: Origins of hallucinogenic use. (1979) p 66
COMMON NAME: Ayahuasca, Caapi, Yaje'. BOTANICAL NAME: Banisteriopsis caapi, B. inebrians, B. rusbyana. USAGE HISTORY AND ETHNOGRAPHY: Used in the western half of the Amazon Valley and by isolated tribes on the Pacific Slopes of the Colombian and Ecuadorian Andes. USAGE CONTEXT AND PURPOSE: Usually drunk in religious ceremonies. In the famous Tukanoan Yurupari ceremony in Colombia - an adolescent initiation for boys. The Jivaro believe that Ayahuasca makes possible communication with ancestors and that, under its influence, a man's soul may leave the body and wander free. PREPARATION: The bark, prepared in cold or boiling water, may be taken alone or with additives - especially the leaves of B. rusbyana and of Psychotria viridis - which alter the effects. The bark can also be chewed. Recent evidence from the northwestern Amazon suggests that the plants are also used in the form of snuff. CHEMICAL COMPONENTS AND EFFECTS: The hallucinogenic activity is primarily due to harmine, the major beta-carboline alkaloid in the plants. Effects of taking the bitter and nauseating drink range from pleasant intoxication with no hangover to violent reactions with sickening after-effects. Usually, visual hallucinations in color occur. The intoxication ends with a deep sleep and dreams.

SCHULTES, RICHARD EVANS; HOFMANN A
Banisteriopsis
Plants of The Gods: Origins of hallucinogenic use. (1979) p 35
BANISTERIOPSIS C.B. Robinson et Small., B. caapi (Spruce exGriseb.) Morton., Malphigiaceae. Tropical zones of N-S America, West Indies. These giant forest lianas are the basis of an important hallucinogenic drink ceremonially consumed in the western half of the Amazon Valley and by isolated tribes on the Pacific slopes of the Colombian and Ecuadorian Andes. The bark of Banisteriopsis caapi and B. inebrians, prepared in cold water or after long boiling, may be taken alone, but various plant additives - especially the leaves of B. rusbyana, known as Oco-Yaje, and of Psychotria viridis - are often used to alter the effects of the hallucinogenic drink. Both species are lianas with smooth, brown bark and dark green, chartaceous, ovate-lanceolate leaves up to about 7 inches (18 cm) in length, 2-3 inches (5-8 cm) wide. The inflorescence is many-flowered. The small flowers are pink or rose-colored. The fruit is a samara with wings about 1 3/8 inch (3.5 cm) long. Bansiteriopsis inebrians differs from B. caapi mainly in its thicker ovate, more attenuate leaves and in the shape of the samara wings.

STAMETS, PAUL; CHILTON, J S
Growing Parameters for Psilocybe cubensis (1)
The Mushroom Cultivator: A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home; Agarikon Press, Olympia WA; Chapter IX, p 196-203
Growing Parameters for Psilocybe Cubensis
SPECIES: Psilocybe cubensis (Earle) Singer
= Stropharia cubensis Earle
= Stropharia cyanescens Murr
= Stroparia caerulescens (Pat.) Sing
= Naematoloma caerulescens Pat
= Hypholoma caerulescens (Pat.) Sacc. & Trott
STRAINS: Strains of Psilocybe cubensis are available from private and commercial stocks. The American Type Culture Collection, which sells cultures to educational organizations and research facilities, has stock cultures of several wild strains. Note that the strains listed below are only some of those that are presently circulating. There are many more. Some strains may originate from the same region but have features not in agreement with those described here
Amazonian: Medium to large mushrooms on rye grain; thick whitish stems; tenaciously attached to the casing
Ecuadorian: Medium sized mushrooms on rye grain; hemispheric caps; abundant primordia former; high yielding on compost; thin whitish stems; easily picked
Matias Romero: Medium to large mushrooms on rye grain; early fruiter; thick whitish stems and tenaciously attached
Misantla: Medium sized mushrooms on rye grain; thin yellowish stems; tall standing and easily picked
Palenque: Large mushrooms on rye grain; high yielding; and easily picked
COMMON NAMES: San Isidro; Cubensis
GREEK ROOT: Psilocybe comes from the Greek root 'psilos' meaning bald head and cubensis, a name Earle assigned to this mushroom because it was first recognized as a new species from specimens collected in Cuba.

Yachaj Sami Yachachina. Alfonso Chango, edited by Norman and Sibby Whitten 1983. translated by Dahlia Miller 1991. six pages of Engllish and 47 pages in Spanish. Ediciones Abya-Yala. 1984. Quito, Ecuador. velobound in Ethnobotany and Shamanism in South America. [box v4]

? Ayahuasca admixture plants (notes)
SYNONYMS:	Ayahuasca, Caapi, Yaje'; Pinde, Nate'ma, oco-yaje, Da'pa; Mihi, Kahi
Regions where caapi is used:	AMAZON RIVER:	Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru
	ORINOCO RIVER:	Venezuela, Pacific Coast of Brazil
	NORTHWESTERN AMAZON:	caapi snuff
	COLOMBIA/VENEZUELA:	dried stem bark chewed