International Transpersonal Association is holding their conference in Manaus, Brazil in May of 1996.
Baldus, Herbert.
Supernatural Relations with Animals Among Indians of Eastern and Southern Brazil.
30th ICA, Proceedings, pp. 195-98. (1952)
de C Bechelli, Luiz P; Giubilei, Mauricio; Martins, Ronaldo; Addor, Manoel C
Avaliacao do potencial de dependencia da fencamfamina em alcoolatras recem-tratados: Estudo duplo-cego e cruzado com placebo. (Evaluation of the potential for dependence on fencamfamine in recently-treated alcoholics: A double-blind, crossover, placebo-con
Jornal Brasileiro de Psiquiatria; 1989 Mar-Apr Vol 38(2) 91-94
Studied the potential drug dependency effects of fencamfamine and caffeine in former chronic alcoholic patients. Human subjects: 40 Brazilian adults (alcoholism). All Ss were former chronic alcoholics who had completed abstinence treatment. Ss were given capsules containing 10 mg fencamfamine, 200 mg caffeine, or placebo, once a day, for 6 days. The reinforcing properties and positive subjective effects of the drugs were evaluated daily, using the Profile of Mood States by D. M. McNair et al (1971/1981) and several Addiction Research Center Inventory subscales (e.g., the Amphetamine Significant Scale and the Marginally Significant Scale by H. E. Hill et al (1963)), the Benzedrine Group Variability Scale by C. A. Haertzen (1966), and the short forms of the MBG-10 and the LSD-21 scales by D. R. Jasinski et al (1968). Clinical and biochemical tests were also used. The results were analyzed statistically, using an analysis of variance (ANOVA). (English abstract)
FORSYTH, DONALD W
The Beginnings of Brazilian Anthropology: Jesuits and Tupinamba Cannibalism
Journal of Anthropological Research; 1983, 39, 2, summer, 147-178.
Jesuit missionaries who lived & worked among the Tupian-speaking Indians of sixteenth-century costal Brazil have provided valuable information on the customs & practices of these Indians. The contributions to Brazilian ethnography of such Jesuits as Nobrega, Anchieta, Cardim, Soares, & others is illustrated by translations from their writings, most of which are unavailable in English. In particular, William Arens's thesis (The Man-Eating Myth: Anthropology and Anthropophagy, New York: Oxford University Press, 1979) that Brazilian Indians really did not practice cannibalism as reported by French & German sources is reexamined. The Jesuit sources strongly support the argument that anthropophagy was an integral part of Tupian cultural practice.
Henry, Jules.
Jungle People: A Kaingang Tribe of the Highlands of Brazil.
Rpt. New York: Random House, 1964. (1941)
JUNIPER; ROBBINS; JOEL
The Carnivorous Plants. Part IV: Phytochemical Aspects
The Carnivorous Plants; 1989 Academic Press, ISBN 0-12-392170-8
NEPENTHES: Linnaeus gave the plant it's present name in 1753, in allusion to the story in Homer's Odyssey where Helen mixed wine with the drug 'Nepenthe' (Greek. literally 'No Mind') so that by drinking it man might be freed from care and grief. The shape of the pitchers in some species resembles the Greek rhincton or drinking horn. [Genera & distribution of pitcher plants] Heliamphora: British Guiana, Venezuela, Brazil. Darlingtonia: Northern California, Southern Oregon. Sarracenia: North America. Cephalotus: Western Australia. Nepenthes: Madagascar, Borneo, Indonesia, Southeast Asia, Seychelles, Sri Lanka, Queensland Australia, Malaysia. AMINES: Histamine has been detected in the leaf tissues of a number of genera (Werle 1955). In both Nepenthes and Drosera the level appears to be higher in those parts of the leaf associated with the traps, though the level is variable. In these cases, as well as in Sarracenia and Pinguicula, the concentration is in the range 2-13 ug/g fresh weight. Acetylcholine-like compounds were also detected in Nepenthes (Morrisey 1963)... ALKALOIDS: Alkaloids, while not unknown, are relatively uncommon amongst the carnivorous plants. In view of their requirements for nitrogen in the molecules it is perhaps not suprising that these plants, living in nitrogen-limited environments, use other types of compounds as protective agents. Porcher (1849) was unable to detect morphine, nicotine or quinine in either Sarracenia flava or S. minor although Shepard (in Porcher 1849) reported a new alkaloid, possibly related to chinchonine. Sarracenia purpurea plants yielded veratrine (Hetet 1879), which possibly was Sheperd's alkaloid. Bjorklund (1864) isolated coniine from roots of S. purpurea but not leaves, though Lambert(1902) subsequently identified coniine as a volatile base produced by fresh leaves of this species. Romeo et al. (1977) could not, however isolate any alkaloid from all 10 species of Sarracenia but Mody et al. (1976) using large amounts of S. flava leaves (4.5 kg), showed that the unknown (1.9% total oil) C8H17N extracted by Miles et al.(1975) is again coniine. The other unknown C5H11NO (0.5%) may also be an alkaloid, but awaits identification. Recent work has not been able to confirm the presence of veratrine in Sarracenia. The variability in these reports may indicate seasonal and/or regional differences in alkaloid production, possibly related to carnivorous activity. Pinguicula vulgaris does not appear to contain any alkaloids (Christen 1961): nor does Nepenthes rafflesiana (Cannon et al. 1980).
SCHULTES R E; HOFMANN A
Epena, Nyakwana, Yakee
Plants of the Gods: Origins of hallucinogenic use; p 68
COMMON NAMES: Epena, Nyakwana, Yakee. BOTANICAL NAME: Virola calophylla, V. elongata, V. theiodora. USAGE HISTORY AND ETHNOGRAPY: In Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela and Peru a number of species of Virola are used, the most important of which appears to be V. theiodora. The hallucinogenic snuff has vairious names depending on the locality or tribe, with the most commonly recognized terms being Parica, Epena, and Nyakwana in Brazil, Yakee and Yato in Colombia. USAGE CONTEXT AND PURPOSE: Epena or Nyakwana may be snuffed cermonially by all adult males, occasionally even without any ritual connection. The medicine men use the drug in diagnosis and treatment of illnesses. The use of Yakee or Parica is restricted to shamans. PREPARATION: Some Indians scrape the inner layer of the bark and dry the shavings over a fire. When pulverizedm powdered leaves of Justicia, the ashes of Amasita, the bark of Elizabetha princeps, my be added. Other Indians fell the tree, collect the resin, boil it to a paste, sun-dry the paste, crush and sift it. Ashes of several barks and the leaf powder of Justicia may be added. A further method is to knead the inner shavings of freshly stripped bark and to squeeze out resin and boil it to a paste which is sun-dried and prepared into snuff with ashes added. A group of very primitive Maku Indians in the Colombian Vaupes ingest the unprepared resin as it is collected form the bark. CHEMICAL COMPONENTS AND EFFECTS: Tryptamine and beta-carboline alkaloids, 5-methoxy-dimethyltryptamine and dimethyltryptamine, being the main constituents, are repsonsible for the hallucinogenic activity. Effects of the intoxication vary. They usually include intial excitability, setting in within several minutes from the first stuffing. Then follows numbness of the limbs, twitching of the facial muscles, inability to coordinate muscular activity, nausea, visual hallucinations, and finally, a deep, undisturbed sleep.
SCHULTES, RICHARD EVANS; HOFMANN A
Caapi-pinima
Plants of The Gods: Origins of hallucinogenic use. (1979) p 66
COMMON NAME: Caapi-Pinima. BOTANICAL NAME: Tetrapteris methystica R. E. Schult.; T. mucronata Cav. USAGE HISTORY AND ETHNOGRAPHY: Caapi-pinima is employed by the nomadic Maku' Indians of the Rio Tikie' in the northwestern Amazon of Brazil. They call it Caapi, the same as Banisteriopsis. Several writers have mentioned 'more than one kind' of Caapi in the Rio Vaupe's area of Brazil and adjacent Colombia. USAGE CONTEXT AND PURPOSE: Hallucinogenic intoxication. PREPARATION: A drink is prepared from the bark of T. methystica in cold water. The infusion is yellowish, unlike the brownish color of the beverage prepared from Banisteriopsis. CHEMICAL COMPONENTS AND EFFECTS: It has not been possible as yet to carry out chemical examination of T. methystica, but reports of the effects of the drug would suggest that the same or similar beta-carboline alkaloids are present as in Banisteriopsis.
SCHULTES, RICHARD EVANS; HOFMANN A
Tetrapteris methystica
Plants of The Gods: Origins of hallucinogenic use. (1979) p 58
Tetrapteris methystica: Malphigiaceae. Tropical zones of South America, Mexico, West Indies. THe nomadic Maku' Indians of the Rio Tikie' in the northwestermost Amazonas of Brazil prepare an hallucinogenic drink from the bark of Tetrapteris methystica. Reports of the effects would suggest that beta-carboline alkaloids are present. Tetrapteris methystica is a scandent bush with black bark. The leaves are characeous, ovate, 2 1/4 - 3 3/8 inches (6-8.5 cm) long, 1-2 inches (2.5-5 cm) wide, bright green above, ashy green beneath. The inflorescence is few-flowered, shorter than the leaves. The sepals are thick, hairy without, ovate-lanceolate, with 8 black oval-shaped glands; the petals, spreading, membranaceous, yellow with red or brown in the center, elongate-orbicular, 1/2 inch (1 cm) wide. The fruit or samara is ovoid, 1/8 x 1/8 x 1/16 inch (4 x 4 x 2 mm), with brownish wings about 1/2 x 1/16 inch (10 x 2 mm).
SCHULTES, RICHARD EVANS; HOFMANN A
Caapi-pinima
Plants of The Gods: Origins of hallucinogenic use. (1979) p 66
COMMON NAME: Caapi-Pinima. BOTANICAL NAME: Tetrapteris methystica R. E. Schult.; T. mucronata Cav. USAGE HISTORY AND ETHNOGRAPHY: Caapi-pinima is employed by the nomadic Maku' Indians of the Rio Tikie' in the northwestern Amazon of Brazil. They call it Caapi, the same as Banisteriopsis. Several writers have mentioned 'more than one kind' of Caapi in the Rio Vaupe's area of Brazil and adjacent Colombia. USAGE CONTEXT AND PURPOSE: Hallucinogenic intoxication. PREPARATION: A drink is prepared from the bark of T. methystica in cold water. The infusion is yellowish, unlike the brownish color of the beverage prepared from Banisteriopsis. CHEMICAL COMPONENTS AND EFFECTS: It has not been possible as yet to carry out chemical examination of T. methystica, but reports of the effects of the drug would suggest that the same or similar beta-carboline alkaloids are present as in Banisteriopsis.
SCHULTES; HOFMANN
Indole alkaloids in plant hallucinogens.
Journal of Psychedelic Drugs Jan-Mar 1976 p 17
Anadenanthera peregrina, PHOTO:seeds collected in Puerto Rico; PHOTO:tree in Boa Vista, Territorio de Roraima, Brazil. Yopo Snuff:Orinoco basin, Colombia & Venezuela, possibly isolated areas in the southern part of the Brazilian Amazon. The tree grows in open plain areas, not in tropical forests. It was early taken by invading Indians to the West Indies, where even today its distribution indicates its adventitious nature. Hispaniola. Mimosa hostilis: 'dry parts of Pernambuco, Brazil'.
SCHULTES; HOFMANN
Seeds of the Hekula Spirit.
Plants of the Gods. p 116
PHOTO:Boa Vista, Rio Branco. Open grasslands or 'campos' of the northern Amazon of Brazil 'Colombian Andes, east across the 'llanos' or plains to the upper Orinoco. Parts of southernmost Venezuela, northernmost Brazil. 'Anandenanthera peregrina occurs naturally and sometimes apparently cultivated in the plains or grassland areas of the Orinoco basin of Colombia and Venezuela, in light forests in southern British Guiana, and in the Rio Branco area of the northern Amazonia of Brazil. It may also occur in isolated savanna areas in the Rio Madiera region.
SILVERMAN M; LYDECKER M; LEE PR
The drug swindlers.
Int J Health Serv. 1990; 20(4): 561-72
In a number of important developing nations--among them Indonesia, India, and Brazil--clinical pharmacologists and other drug experts are revealing mounting concern over the marketing of fraudulent drug products. These are shaped, colored, flavored, marked, and packaged to mimic the real product. They may contain the actual antibiotic or other drug indicated on the label, but so 'cut' that the product provides only a small fraction of the labeled amount, or they may contain only useless flour or starch. At best, they are worthless. At the worst, they can kill. In most instances, it is believed that these 'drugs' are produced and marketed by local or domestic fly-by-night groups and not by multinational pharmaceutical firms. Blame for these practices is placed on inadequate or unenforced laws, only trivial punishments, bribery and corruption, and the fact that generally 'nobody inspects the inspectors.'
SMYTHIES, J R
The biochemical basis of schizophrenia.
Jornal Brasileiro de Psiquiatria; 1972 Jan Vol 21(1) 5-8
Proposes that 'real' schizophrenia must have some genetic biochemical abnormality or, more probably, a collection of different inborn errors of metabolism, since 'schizophrenia' is probably a group of diseases with different etiologies. 2 'established facts' are discussed: (a) the acutely psychotic reaction, experienced by 40% of chronic schizophrenics, to 20 g/day levomethionine-involving a transmethylation effect of levomethionine on dimethyltryptamine; and (b) the antipsychotic action of the phenothiazines and pimozide suggesting overactivity of adrenergic or dopamine systems in schizophrenia.
VICTORA CG; MUNOZ N; HORTA BL; RAMOS EO
Patterns of mate drinking in a Brazilian city.
Cancer Res. 1990 Nov 15; 50(22): 7112-5
Mate drinking, a hot infusion of Ilex paraguayensis commonly drunk in parts of South America, has been associated with increased risks of upper digestive cancers. In a population-based survey, we have studied the patterns of mate drinking in a sample of 1400 adults living in a southern Brazilian city. Approximately one third of the population drank mate less than once a month or not at all; another third drank mate at least once a month, but less than once a day; while the remaining third drank mate daily. Daily drinking was most common among individuals aged under 60, those who migrated from rural areas, and among cigarette smokers. Drinkers ingested on average about 1800 ml/day at a mean temperature of 69.5 degrees C. Individuals who had never attended school tended to ingest larger quantities. The temperature of the drink was higher for males and for drinkers of alcoholic beverages. This information may contribute to the design of preventive interventions, since a large proportion of upper digestive cancer cases in those regions might be due to mate drinking.
Wagley, Charles.
Welcome of Tears: The Tapirape Indians of Central Brazil.
New York: Oxford University Press. (1977)
| ? Ayahuasca admixture plants (notes) | |||
| Admixture Plant | People | Location | (Notes) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Banisteriopsis caapi | [THIS IS YAJE/AYAHUASCA] | (Harmine, Harmaline) | |
| Banisteriopsis inebrians | (beta-Carbolines) | ||
| Banisteriopsis quitensis | (beta-Carbolines) | ||
| Banistereopsis rusbyana | [COMMON ADMIXTURE PLANT] | (DMT & beta-Carbolines OCO-YAJE) | |
| Psychotria viridis | [COMMON ADMIXTURE PLANT] | (DMT, tryptamines) | |
| Psychotria carthaginensis | |||
| Psychotria nitida | ? | ? | (DMT, tryptamines) |
| Prestonia amazonica | [COMMON ADMIXTURE PLANT] | (DMT) | |
| Tetrapteris mucronata | |||
| Tetrapteris methystica | Maku' | N Brazil Amazon | (Cold water infusion no admixtures CAAPI-PINIMA) |
| Diplopteris cabarena | Amazon | [Dennis McKenna] | |
| Justicia pectoralis | (flavorant only) | ||
| Mascagnia glandulifera | |||
| Mascagnia psilophylla | (var antifebrilis) | ||
| 6 unidentified vines | Tukano | Rio Vaupes(Colombia) | |
| (vines) | Kahi-ria'ma: | strongest/auditory hallucinations, announces future events said cause death if improperly employed | |
| Mene-kahi-ma: | 2nd strongest/visions of green snakes/bark is used said to cause death unless cautiously taken | ||
| Sauana-kahi-ma: | 'Kahi of the Red Jaguar'/produces visions in red | ||
| Kahi-vai Bucura-rijoma: | 'Kahi of the monkey head' causes monkeys to halluinate and howl | ||
| Ajuwri-kahi-ma: | weakest/little effect used in drink to help Mene-kahi-ma | ||
| Kahi-somoma/Kahi-uco: | 'Kahi that makes you vomit' Banisteriopsis rusbyana | ||
| ? Ayahuasca admixture plants (notes) | ||
| SYNONYMS: | Ayahuasca, Caapi, Yaje'; Pinde, Nate'ma, oco-yaje, Da'pa; Mihi, Kahi | |
| Regions where caapi is used: | AMAZON RIVER: | Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru |
| ORINOCO RIVER: | Venezuela, Pacific Coast of Brazil | |
| NORTHWESTERN AMAZON: | caapi snuff | |
| COLOMBIA/VENEZUELA: | dried stem bark chewed | |
 Base de Dados Tropical (BDT) isa web site in Brazil with extensive information and searchable databases concerning Amazonia, tropical ecosystems, rainforest biodiversity, and botany. Links to most Brazilian herbariums are also available. Accessible in both English and Portuguese. |