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Carnivorous Plant Database includes over 3000 entries giving an exhaustive nomenclatural and taxonomical synopsis of all Carnivorous Plants. For some entries, pictures or other information is available.

The Council on Spiritual Practices is a transdenominational religious,educational, and scientific organization. Our mission is to assist churches and other groups in cultivating spiritual practices and discussing their safety, efficacy, and long-term consequences. We bring together scholars, scientists, and practitioners so they can share knowledge, develop and refine methods, identify and overcome barriers, and learn from their progress. Among its first areas of inquiry, the Council is studying the spiritual applications of entheogenic substances. Historically, psychoactive plants have played a major and likely formative role in many of the world's religions. Currently, the Native American Church and other spiritual groups around the world incorporate entheogens in their practices. Their experience suggests that the careful use of entheogens can bring rich returns with minimal risks. We will explore how others may benefit similarly. In addition, the Council will monitor developments in psychology, pharmacology, holistic studies, biomedical engineering, the neurosciences, computer arts and sciences, and telecommunications. We will encourage the investigation and application of those that offer potential for increasing the effectiveness of spiritual practices in the service of personal transformation and social evolution.

The Entheogen Law Reporter

4 Youths Poisoned by Jimson Weed Tea
Stacy Wong, Times Staff Writer
Los Angeles Times 14-May-93
ORANGE -- Three teen-agers lost consciousness and another suffered spasms Thursday morning after they tried to get high by drinking a tea made with jimson weed, a poisonous plant, police said.
The youths, ages 15 to 17, were taken to hospitals and are expected to recover. One remains in intensive care.
Poison control officials said several dozen Southern California teen-agers become ill each year after smoking, drinking or eating parts of the jimson weed, a member of the poisonous nightshade family. Although no fatalities have been recorded, ingesting the plant can cause seizures and severe nerve and muscle damage.
"We have not had any patients die from it, but the potential is there," said Kathy Karlheim, assistant director of the Regional Poison Center at UC Irvine Medical Center in Orange.
Helen Burke, whose 17-year-old son, Travis, is in intensive care after drinking the tea, warned other parents to get rid of the plant if it grows near their homes or if they see their children bring it home.
Burke said the four teen-agers apparently brewed a pot of the jimson weed tea at her house sometime after midnight.

High Times Interview with Andrew Weil, MD
High Times - January 1996
The interview touches on Spontaneous Healing, the dark potential of mushrooms, hemp seed oil as a dietary supplement, beneficial plants, coca leaf, toad venom, lung care for marijuana smokers, ayahuasca and 2-CB.

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Desmanthus illinoensis
Wildflowers of Texas [a field guide]
ILLINOIS BUNDLEFLOWER (Desmanthus illinoensis) Legume Family (Fabaceae): BLOOM PERIOD: June-September. DESCRIPTION: Stiffly upright to spreading bushy perennial 12-40 inches (3-10 decimeters) high stems striped, solitary or several from woody base. FLOWER minute, white, creamy or greenish; petals 5; stamens 5, conspicuously protruding. Flowers numerous and congested in ball-like cluster; clusters 1/2 - 1 inch (13-23 mm) across, on long stalks from leaf axils. LEAVES 2-4 inches (15-10 cm) long, twice divided into 20-30 pairs of small leaflets; ultimate leaflets narrow, about 1/8 inch (3 mm) long. HABITAT: Clay or calcareous soils of prairies, plains, riverbanks and shell deposits. In all except southern Texas. NOTE: The interesting fruit of Illinois bundleflower is a round, dense, rough cluster of curved pods, each pod about 1 - 1 1/2 inches (25-38 mm) long. These clusters are much sought for use in dried arrangements. High in protein, this plant is considered one of our most important native legumes for livestock and wildlife. Readily eaten by them, it is an excellent range-condition indicator.

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Hash nursery wrapped up
De Telegraaf; 25-May-91
DUTCH: Hasj-kwekerij opgerold. Van onze correspondent. TJUCHEM, zaterdag. In het Noordgroningse gehucht Tjuchem heeft de politie gisteren een grote hennep-kwekerij opgerold. De illegale kwekerij was gevestigd in een boerderij aan de Hoofdweg waar dag en nacht het licht brandde om de hasj-planten sneller te laten groeien. De kwekerij liep tegen de lamp nadat elektriciens van het Energiebedrijf Groningen en Drenthe (EGD) deze week ontdeketen dat de eigenaar illegaal stroom van het hoofnet aftapte. TRANSLATION: Hash nursery wrapped up. By our correspondent. Tjuchem, Saturday. In the North-Groning hamlet Tjuchem have the police yesterday a large Cannabis-nursery wrapped up. The illegal nursery was established in a farm by the main road where day and night the light blazed round the hash-plants faster to make grow. The nursery was run in by the lamp after electricians from the Energy concern of Groningen and Drenthe (EGD) this week detected that the proprietor illegal current from the main line tapped.

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Make That... 1002 Uses for Fungi
SCIENCE Vol.257 pg 1049 21-aug-92
MAKE THAT... 1002 USES FOR FUNGI. Various cultures have employed 'magic' mushrooms as medicines or as substances to induce hallucinations for religious rites. But the shaman of the Tlingit, Haida, and other indigenous peoples who lived in the US's Northwest Coast appear to have used one kind of fungus to induce magic less directly: They carved them into spiritual figurines to cure the sick and protect the dead. This novel mystical use of mushrooms was discovered when a team of botanists recently noted a peculiar piece of 'wood' in a routine evaluation of wood deterioration in objects at the American Museum of Natural History. Plant pathologist Robert A. Blanchette of the University of Minnesota subsequently identified the material as a species of fungus called Fomitopsis officinalis that had been treated with a brownish grease. After the first find, Blanchette and several colleagues tracked down another 10 fungal figurines at museums throughout the nation. They describe their results in a recent issue of Mycologia. The figurines adorned the graves of shamans and were meant to 'relay a clear message to the people that the area was occupied by spirits and should never be approached,' the researchers write. And these weren't the only supernatural powers attributed to the fungi: According to a Haida myth, the only way that the myustical hero Raven could paddle his canoe close to shore (in order to 'capture female genitalia') was if Fungus Man paddled in the stern. According to the researchers, 'only the Fungus Man had the supernatural powers to successfully bring Raven to his destination.'

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Soma
[Xeroxed item from a mythology dictionary]
SOMA: The name of a plant said to have been first cultivated in Indra's heaven. Indra performed all his heroic deeds while under the influence of the juice extracted from the leaves and stems of this divine herb. It was referred to as 'the King of Plants', and conferred vitality, immortality and inspiration. Originally grown only in the celestial kingdom it was brought to earth by an eagle (syena) and thereafter grew on Mount Mujavat (Mujavant or Mujavanta). The plant was also known to the ancient Persians and is related to the haoma of the Avesta. Soma was raised to the position of a diety and sung of as 'everlasting, omipotent, all-healing, the bestower of riches and giver of immortality.'. In later mythology Soma became a diety of the moon. The whole of the Ninth Book of the Rig-Veda is devoted to praise of Soma. 'Where there is eternal radiance, where life is free, where there is desire and delight, where joy and pleasure abide, there O Soma, make me immortal.' The Soma rite was the basis of the Rig-vedic sacrificial system, and was chiefly concerned with the extracting and preparation of the sacred soma juice, followed by libations to the gods and the ritual drinking of the juice by the priests. The juice was described as sweet, delicious, pure and purifying, inspiring confidence, courage, faith and eloquence. Nothing shows more clearly how far the modern Hindus are removed from the ancient milieu than that fact that today the plant around which so much ritualism had grown up is unidentifiable. ...

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Epena, Yopo
(notes)
Yopo is also known as Cohoba Snuff. It comes from the beans of a tree legume, Anadenanthera peregrina, and Anadenanthera columbrina. Anadenanthera is frequently referred to as Piptadenia in the literature. Epena comes from the bark sap of a plant in the nutmeg family, Virola calophylla.

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Soma
Putnam's Concise Mythological Dictionary.
SOMA: in Hindu myth, the personified diety of the fermented juice of a legendary plant which was drunk by gods and men to produce a state of intoxicating ecstasy. The soma juice was believed to confer inward fire and immortality, and was also associated with the moon. In the hymns of the Zend Avesta it is called 'Haoma'.

ADACHI J; MIZOI Y; NAITO T; OGAWA Y; UETANI Y; NINOMIYA I
Identification of tetrahydro-beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid in foodstuffs, human urine and human milk.
J Nutr. 1991 May; 121(5): 646-52
1-Methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid (MTCA) and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid (TCCA), both precursors of mutagenic N-nitroso compounds (N-nitrosamines, 1-methyl-2-nitroso-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid and 2-nitroso-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid), were detected in various food-stuffs, urine from healthy human subjects and human milk. A purification procedure, involving a chemically-bonded material followed by HPLC combined with fluorometric detection, was used for the quantitative determination of these compounds, allowing the separation of two diastereoisomers of MTCA. An HPLC and mass spectrometry method was also developed for their identification. Comparing the concentration of MTCA and TCCA in fermented products and raw materials suggested that tetrahydro-beta-carbolines may have been produced through fermentation or by condensation of tryptophan and acetaldehyde formed from ethanol added as a food preservative. This is the first report of excretion of tetrahydro-beta-carbolines in human urine and human milk. A comparison of the concentrations of tetrahydro-beta-carbolines in urine from human infants and human milk indicates that tetrahydro-beta-carbolines may be synthesized endogenously in humans. A possible pathway of tryptophan metabolism in plants and animals is presented.

Africa packet
collection of articles on psychoactive plants of Africa, including Voaconga and Katha edulis, with particular emphasis on Tabernanthe iboga, sociology of the Bwiti cult, and synthesis of iboga alkaloids.

AGURELL,S: HOLMSTEDT,B: LINDGREN,JE: SCHULTES,RE
Alkaloids in Certain Species of Virola and Other South American Plants of Ethnopharmacologic Interest.
Acta Chem Scand 23:903-916 (1969)

AGWU IE; AKAH PA
Tabernaemontana crassa as a traditional local anesthetic agent.
J Ethnopharmacol. 1990 Aug; 30(1): 115-9
[NO ABSTRACT] Tabernaemontana - traditional anaesthetic plant

AL-SHAMMA,A: DRAKE,S: FLYNN,DL: MITSCHER,LA: PARK,YH: RAO,GSR: SIMPSON,A: SWAYZE,JK: VEYSOGLU,T: WU,STS:
Antimicrobial Agents from Higher Plants. Antimicrobial Agents from Peganum Harmala Seeds.
J Nat Prod 446:745-747 (1981)

AL-SHAMMA,A: DRAKE,S: FLYNN,DL: MITSCHER,LA: PARK,YH: RAO,GSR: SIMPSON,A: SWAYZE,JK: VEYSOGLU,T: WU,STS:
Antimicrobial Agents from Higher Plants. Antimicrobial Agents from Peganum Harmala Seeds.
J Nat Prod 44:745-747 (1981)

ARDILA A; MORENO C
Scopolamine intoxication as a model of transient global amnesia.
Brain Cogn. 1991 Mar; 15(2): 236-45
In Colombia (South America) during recent decades the administration of scopolamine, extracted from plants belonging to the Datura or Brugmansia genus, has become an important neurologic and toxicologic phenomenon. These extracts have been popularly known as 'Burundanga.' Chemical characteristics and clinical features of scopolamine intoxication are described. Anterograde amnesia and submissive behavior found in patients intoxicated with scopolamine are analyzed. Burundanga intoxication is related to other toxic phenomena found in different countries and similitudes with transient global amnesia are emphasized.

ATTA-UR-RAHMAN: FATIMA,T: CRANK,G: WASTI,S:
Alkaloids from Trachelospermum Jasminoides.
Planta Med 544:364-. (1988)

BARBEAU H; ROSSIGNOL S
The effects of serotonergic drugs on the locomotor pattern and on cutaneous reflexes of the adult chronic spinal cat.
Brain Res. 1990 Apr 23; 514(1): 55-67
The effects of serotonergic substances on the locomotor pattern and cutaneous reflexes were studied in 3 adult chronic spinal cats trained for 1-3 months to walk with their hindlimbs on a treadmill. The 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) precursor, 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), and two 5-HT agonists, 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine and quipazine, were found to generally increase the step length and augment the amplitude of hindlimb extensors and flexors as well as axial muscles. Correspondingly, the excursion of the hip, the knee and the ankle joints was increased, mainly in the flexion direction. Cyproheptadine, a 5-HT antagonist, partially or completely antagonised these effects. The threshold current needed to elicit a flexion reflex by stimulating the dorsum of the paw through implanted wires, was lower after the injection of 5-HT agonists than in the immediately preceding control period. Fast paw shaking initiated by dipping the paw in water was unchanged after quipazine and was not abolished by cyproheptadine. In accordance with others, our results suggest that serotonergic drugs may increase the excitability of several types of spinal neurones, including motoneurones, and consequently influence the locomotor pattern as well as the reflex responsiveness. The changes observed with serotonergic agonists were different in many respects from those obtained with noradrenergic agonists and these differences are discussed. This may indicate specific roles for these classes of substances on locomotor function and reflex activity and also provide a basis for further clinical investigations.

BENKRIEF R; BRUM BOUSQUET M; TILLEQUIN F; KOCH M
Alcaloides et flavonoide des parties aeriennes de Hammada articulata ssp. scoparia. [Alkaloids and flavonoid from aerial parts of Hammada articulata ssp. scoparia]
Ann Pharm Fr. 1990; 48(4): 219-24
Two alkaloids (N-methylisosalsoline and carnegine) had been previously described from the aerial parts of Hammada articulata ssp. scoparia. A thorough study of this plant material has now led to the isolation of eight minor alkaloids and one flavonoid. The alkaloids include four isoquinolines (isosalsoline, salsolidine, dehydrosalsolidine and isosalsolidine), one isoquinolone (N-methylcorydaldine), tryptamine, N-omega-methyltryptamine and one beta-carboline (tetrahydroharman). The flavonoid has been identified as isorhamnetin-3-O-beta-D-robinobioside. The structures have been elucidated on the basis of spectral data, mainly mass spectrometry (D-IC) and 1H NMR.

BERT,M: MARCY,R: QUERMONNE,MA: COTELLE,M: KOCH,M:
Non-amphetaminic Central Stimulation by Alkaloids from the Ibogane and Vobasine Series.
Planta Med 543:191-192 (1988)

BIODYNAMIC APOCYNACEOUS PLANTS OF THE NORTHWEST AMAZON.
De Plantis Toxicariie E Mundo Novo Tropicale Commentationes. Xix.
Schultes,re: J Ethnopharmacol 1 2: 165-192 (1979) English

BLUM, KENNETH; FUTTERMAN, SANFORD L; PASCAROSA, PAUL
Peyote, a potential ethnopharmacologic agent for alcoholism and other drug dependencies: Possible biochemical rationale.
Clinical Toxicology; 1977 Vol 11(4) 459-472
Examines folk psychiatry among Native American Church members from an ethnopharmacologic viewpoint. Alcohol and opiate abuse among Indians and non-Indians are presented in 3 case histories proving to be asymptomatic under Indian guidance and through participation in the peyote ritual. The biochemical alkaloids common in the peyote cactus, rather than just the psychoactive substances (mescaline), are purported to be pharmacologically similar to the neuroamine-derived alkaloids found in the brain during alcohol intoxication. Evidence is reviewed that points out possible common features of alcohol and opiate dependence, leading to the speculation that a common mode of treatment may reside in plants rich in isoquinoline alkaloids.

BOITEAU,P
On Two Autochthonous Plants(lycopodium Gnidioides,myrothamnus Moschatus) from Madagascar Used in the Manner of Hemp As A Narcotic.
C R Acad Sci Ser D 264 : 41-42 (1967) French

Botanical Preservation Corps Field Training Manual: Practical Field Techiniques for Collecting, Documenting, Processing and Shipping Seeds, Plants, Propagules and Dried Voucher Specimines of Tropical Plants for Preservation in Botanical Gardens and Herbarium Archives Worldwide. Draft version- 1st Feb. 1991- by Robert Montgomery. Botanical Preservation Corps. Box 1368 Sebastopol, CA. 95473.

BOURKE,CA: CARRIGAN,MJ: DIXON,RJ:
Upper Motor Neurone Effects in Sheep of Some Beta-carboline Alkaloids Identified in Zygophyllaceous Plants.
Aust Vet J 677:248-251 (1990)

BOUYER, JEAN JACQUES; DEDET, LAURE; VERDEAUX, JAQUELINE; ROUGEUL, ARLETTE
Selective modification of spontaneous ECoG rhythms of the cat somesthetic cortex by psychoactive drugs: Behavioral correlates.
Psychopharmacology; 1977 Vol 55(3) 237-242
Administered dextroamphetamine (2 mg/kg, ip), LSD (0.1 mg/kg, ip), and Ditran (1 mg/kg, ip) to 30 implanted freely moving cats to study the drugs' actions on spontaneous rhythmic activities recorded from the primary somesthetic cortex; these activities are analogous to the rolandic mu rhythm in man. The electrocorticogram (ECoG) patterns obtained were qualitatively identical to those of the normal S, but their temporal organization was profoundly disturbed by the action of the drugs. The normal ECoG consisted of 3 rhythmic systems with distinct frequencies; they also displayed a considerable time variability. In contrast, psychoactive drugs induced a stabilized pattern with only 1 type (or at most 2 types) of rhythm prevailing for 1 or several hours, which never occurred under normal conditions. These ECoG rhythms underlay various behavioral states. Under amphetamine, correspondence remained excellent between behavior and ECoG; under Ditran, complete dissociation occurred. LSD represented a borderline case in which ECoG and behavior were partially correlated and partially dissociated.

BRUNETON,J: BOUQUET,A: CAVE,A
Alkaloids of Daturicarpa Elliptica.
Plant Med Phytother 10:20- (1976)

BURGER, ALFRED
Hallucinogenic Agents
Medicinal Chemistry. Third edition; Part II
The investigation of a third magic drug, ololiuqui, took an unexpected turn. Ololiuqui [also called coaxihuitl (Aztec), badoh (Zapotec), yucu-yaha (Mixtec), xtabentum (Maya), flor de la Virgen, yerba del las serpientes (Spanish), snake plant, etc.] is a green twining herb of three species of the wild American morning glory, with long white blossoms and round brown (badoh) or black (badoh negro) seeds. The priests ate this plant to induce visions and satanic hallucinations, believed to have been messages from the gods. The patients of professional soothsayers (piuleros) drank alcoholic beverages (pulque, aguardiente, etc.) containing the crushed seeds; in the ensuing sleepy-narcotic state they revealed information about themselves that the piulero could use to forecast the client's future or prescribe for his illness. The brown seeds have been identified as Rivea corymbosa; the black seeds, as Ipomoea violacea.

BURGER, ALFRED
Hallucinogenic Agents
Medicinal Chemistry. Third edition; Part II
The investigation of a third magic drug, ololiuqui, took an unexpected turn. Ololiuqui [also called coaxihuitl (Aztec), badoh (Zapotec), yucu-yaha (Mixtec), xtabentum (Maya), flor de la Virgen, yerba del las serpientes (Spanish), snake plant, etc.] is a green twining herb of three species of the wild American morning glory, with long white blossoms and round brown (badoh) or black (badoh negro) seeds. The priests ate this plant to induce visions and satanic hallucinations, believed to have been messages from the gods. The patients of professional soothsayers (piuleros) drank alcoholic beverages (pulque, aguardiente, etc.) containing the crushed seeds; in the ensuing sleepy-narcotic state they revealed information about themselves that the piulero could use to forecast the client's future or prescribe for his illness. The brown seeds have been identified as Rivea corymbosa; the black seeds, as Ipomoea violacea.

Cactus, Cactii, Cactaceae
See: Peyote, cactus, Trichocereus, Lophophora, plant database, Hyperreal, FAQ

CALLAHAN,R: PICCOLA,F: GENSHEIMER,K: PARKIN,WE: PRUSAKOWSKI,J: SCHEIBER,G: HENRY,S
Plant Poisonings-new Jersey.
Morbidity Mortality Weekly Rept 30 6: 65-67 (1981) English

Carter, George F.
Movement of People and Ideas Across the Pacific. In: Jacques Barrau (ed.), Plants and the Migrations of Pacific Peoples: A Symposium.
Honolulu: Bishop Museum Press, 1963, 7-22. (1963)

Cassella, James V; Harty, T Patrick; Davis, Michael
Fear conditioning, pre-pulse inhibition and drug modulation of a short latency startle response measured electromyographically from neck muscles in the rat.
Physiology and Behavior; 1986 Vol 36(6) 1187-1191
15 male Sprague-Dawley rats were implanted with bilateral electromyogram (EMG) electrodes in the dorsal neck muscles and subsequently exposed to a variety of manipulations known to affect the whole-body startle response. The peak-to-peak EMG response that occurred within 10 msec of startle stimulus onset displayed prepulse inhibition, enhancement by prior fear conditioning, inhibition by clonidine, and enhancement by strychnine.

CAVIN,JC: KRASSNER,SM: RODRIGUEZ,E:
Plant-derived Alkaloids Active Against Trypanosoma Cruzi.
J Ethnopharmacol 191:89-94 (1987)

COHEN, SIDNEY
The witches' brews.
Drug Abuse and Alcoholism Newsletter; 1978 Feb Vol 7(2) 1-3
Since antiquity, 4 plants and related members of the nightshade family (components of the witches' brews of ancient times) have caused numerous instances of deliberate or accidental poisoning: belladonna, strammonium, henbane, and Angel's Trumpet. These plants contain related alkaloids--atropine, scopolamine, and hyocyamine--that are powerful inhibitors of acetylcholine. The pharmacology, physical effects, diagnosis of poisoning, mental symptoms, and treatments of choice (most importantly, the cholinergic drug physostigmine) are described.

Companion Plants catalog #9. 1991. [box 5m]

CONTRERAS, CARLOS M; ET AL
Spike and wave complexes produced by four hallucinogenic compounds in the cat.
Physiology and Behavior; 1984 Dec Vol 33(6) 981-984
Studied the ability of 4 hallucinogenic compounds--ketamine (6 and 15 mg/kg, im), phencyclidine (450 and 750 mug/kg, im), quipazine (10 and 15 mg/kg, iv), and SKF-10,047 (1 and 3 mg/kg, im)--to produce spike and wave activity in the limbic system of 18 cats with permanently implanted electrodes. Electronic frequency integrators were used to analyze the results, and the percent of change in electrographic alterations was calculated. All the compounds studied produced trains of 6/sec spike-and-wave complexes in the cingulum, rapid synchronous discharges in the amygdaloid complex, and slow-wave synchronous activity and spiking in the septal areas. At low but hallucinatory concentrations of these drugs, the cortical EEG was not affected. Exploratory movements directed toward nonexistent objects, classified as hallucinatorylike behavior, appeared simultaneous with these changes in the EEG recordings. It is concluded that there could exist a relationship between the appearance of 6/sec spike-and-wave complexes in the cingulum and the presence of hallucinations produced by some synthetic drugs in the cat. This activity could be interpreted as the spreading of alterated function of limbic and nonlimbic nuclei related with this bundle, which explains the unspecificity of action.

COSTA,C: BERTAZZO,A: ALLEGRI,G: CURCURUTO,O: TRALDI,P:
Indole Alkaloids from the Roots of an African Plant Securidaca Longipedunculata. I. Isolation by Column Chromatography and Preliminary Structural Characterization by Mass Spectrometry.
J Heterocycl Chem 29 6: 1641-1647 (1992) English

Díaz, J.L. 1979.
Ethnopharmacology and taxonomy of Mexican Psychodysleptic plants.
Journal of Psychedelic Drugs 11 (1-2):71-101.

DE RIOS, MARLENE D; SMITH, DAVID E
Using or abusing? An anthropological approach to the study of psychoactive drugs.
Journal of Psychedelic Drugs; 1976 Jul-Sep Vol 8(3) 263-266
Reviews the ritual use of psychoactive plants in 12 traditional cultures throughout the world. Generally, the use is controlled and supervised by experienced elders (elite group), and the users attending the rite are well informed about what to expect. Adoption of ritualism might resolve some of the problems in contemporary American counterculture.

DE RIOS, MARLENE D
A modern-day shamanistic healer in the Peruvian Amazon: Pharmacopoeia and trance. Special Issue: Shamanism and altered states of consciousness.
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs; 1989 Jan-Mar Vol 21(1) 91-99
Addresses the functions and successes of shamanistic healers in the context of psychoneuroimmunology. Background information on Amazonian urban healing, and on a contemporary healer, is presented. In the case of the healer, who uses powerful hallucinogenic plant potentiators, the influence of traditional shamanic roots in the region is integrated with new beliefs. The combination of biologically potent resources represented in the healer's plant pharmacopoeia and his shamanistic-mystical, psychospiritual strategies create a powerful healing milieu.

DEKA,L: MAJUMDAR,R: DUTTA,AM:
Some Ayurvedic Important Plants from District Kamrup (assam).
Ancient Sci Life 3 2: 108-115 (1983) English

DEWEY, SARAH E; HEYWOOD, JOHN S
Spatial genetic structure in a population of Psychotria nervosa: distribution of genotypes.
Evolution, July 1988 Vol 42 pg 834-838
[No Abstract] Subjects: Plant Population Genetics, Plant Genes, Plant Biological Variation, Psychotria

Diaz, Jose Luis.
Ethnopharmacology and Taxonomy of Mexican Psychodysleptic Plants.
Journal of Psychedelic Drugs 11(1-2):71-101. (1979)

DIAZ, JOSE LUIS
Ethnopharmacology and Taxonomy of Mexican Psychodysleptic Plants
Journal of Psychedelic Drugs Vol. 11(1-2) Jan-Jun 1979
Seeds of various Morning Glories contain Ergolines: ergine,isoergine,ergonovine Glucosides: turbicoryn [apparently in Rivea corymbosa only]. Ipomoea violacea seeds called Tlitlitzen (Aztec word for 'The Divine Black One') to the Aztecs, Black is a 'hot' color, a property of psychotropics associated with light...

DIAZ,JL:
Ethnopharmacology of Sacred Psychoactive Plants Used by the Indians of Mexico.
Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 17 : 647- (1977) English (cent Invest Interdisciplin Inst Invest Biomed Univ Nac Auton

Discover, December 1992
Plants - Oh, Wilbur
Stipa robusta, "Sleepy Grass" to its friends, is a tough plant. Not only does it survive in the rugged terrain of the southwestern Rocky Mountains, but it has also evolved a unique defense against animals that graze on its feathery plumes. It harbors a fungus called Acremonium, which produces a powerful poison that can knock a horse cold for up to a week. The fungus gets passed on to future generations through the plant's seeds. "The fungus gets a home and gets fed, and the grass gets protection from critters that want to eat it," says Indiana University biologist Keith Clay. "So it's a mutually beneficial association, not a disease." In pastures where every other type of vegetation has been nibbled to the ground, one can easily spot the sleepy grass - tall, proud, and untouched.
Clay and his co-workers Richard Petroski and Richard Powell from the US Department of Agriculture have now isolated the chemical that gives the sleepy grass fungus its potent punch. It is an alkaloid called lysergic acid amide. Alkaloids are the poisons in hundreds of poisonous plants, and lysergic acid amide has been found before in a few of them, but never in such high concentrations as in sleepy grass.
Lysergic acid amide is a potent sedative in humans as well; Central American Indians are said to quiet crying infants by feeding them a single sleepy-grass seed. In fact, in the 1950s American pharmaceutical manufacturers (who didn't know about the sleepy grass connection) considered marketing the compound as a prescription sleeping aid. Bu the idea ran aground on a public relations problem. Lysergic Acid amide has a close chemical relative called lysergic acid diethylamide, which is more commonly known as LSD. "When the pharmaceutical industry discovered the compound's link to LSD and all the problems associated with that," says Clay, "they essentially dropped it."

Dobkin de Rios, Marlene.
The Wilderness of Mind: Sacred Plants in Cross-Cultural Perspective.
Beverly Hills: Sage Publications. (1976)

DOBKIN DE RIOS, MARLENE
Hallucinogens: cross-cultural perspectives
Hallucinogens: cross-cultural perspectives. University of New Mexico Press, 1984 GN472.4.D465
SUBJECTS: Hallucinogenic plants and religious experience

DOBKIN DE RIOS, MARLENE
The wilderness of mind: sacred plants in cross-cultural perspective
The wilderness of mind: sacred plants in cross-cultural perspective. Sage Publications, 1976 GN472.4.D47
SUBJECTS: Hallucinogenic plants and religious experience.

Dream Gardens.1989 catalog of enthnobotanical plants, with 1990 update. [box 5m]

Elferink, Jan G. R.
Some Little-Known Hallucinogenic Plants of the Aztecs.
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 20/4:427- 435. (1988)

ELISABETSKY,E: FIGUEIREDO,W: OLIVERIA,G:
Traditional Amazonian Nerve Tonics As Antidepressant Agents: Chauno Chiton Kappleri: A Case Study.
J Herbs Spices Med Plants 1 1/2: 125-162 (1992) English

ELLISON, GAYLORD; RING, MICHAEL; ROSS, DAVIS; AXELROOD, BYRANT
Cumulative alterations in rat behavior during continuous administration of LSD or mescaline: Absence of tolerance?
Biological Psychiatry; 1980 Feb Vol 15(1) 95-102
Male hooded rats were observed for 6 days following implantation with slow-release sc pellets containing LSD, mescaline, or control vehicle solution. In 24 Ss housed in isolation cages, continuous hallucinogen administration resulted in a gradual increase in head twitches and catatonic postures that peaked 3-4 days after pellet implantation and then declined. In 27 Ss housed in social colonies, there were also delayed increases in behavior following hallucinogen-pellet implantation, but these principally involved social behaviors such as fighting by mescaline-treated Ss and social grooming by LSD-treated Ss. This finding of gradual and cumulative effects of continuous hallucinogen administration contrasts with the usual finding of a rapid tolerance to hallucinogens following repeated injections.

ELMI AS; AHMED YH; SAMATAR MS
Experience in the control of khat-chewing in Somalia.
Bull Narc. 1987. 39(2). P 51-7.
The chewing of the leaves of the plant called khat (Catha edulis Forsk) is a common habit in some countries of East Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. Khat-chewing has a stimulating effect on the central nervous system, which is the reason for the widespread abuse of this plant. From the mid-1960s to the early 1980s, khat-chewing spread from the limited area of the north-western part of Somalia to the whole country, assuming epidemic proportions. Khat-chewing was recognized as a real national problem with adverse consequences for the health and socio-economic development of the country. A law prohibiting the use, importation, cultivation and trade of khat was enacted in 1983, and it has been strongly enforced by a comprehensive national programme that has mobilized the whole country to achieve its objectives. Committees to co-ordinate action on khat control were established at the national, regional and local levels. An information and education campaign through the use of the mass media has been carried out to support the national programme. After the successes achieved in the enforcement of the prohibition law, the national autorities, hampered by a shortage of financial resources, have had major difficulties in providing farmers with adequate compensation for damage caused to them by the destruction of khat plantations. Difficulties were also experienced in coping with the unemployment of those who were involved in the khat business and in establishing the recreational facilities needed to provide healthy social alternatives to khat-chewing sessions. These difficulties have only been partly solved.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

ELMI AS
The chewing of khat in Somalia.
J Ethnopharmacol. 1983 Aug. 8(2). P 163-76.
Khat (Catha edulis Forsk.), known in Somalia as 'qaad' or 'jaad', is a plant whose leaves and stem tips are chewed for their stimulating effect. From the Harar area, khathas been introduced at different times into the present day territories of Somalia, Djibouti, South and North Yemen, Kenya, Madagascar, Tanzania and down to south eastern Africa. The plant, which belongs to the Celestraceae family, grows wild at altitudes of 1500-2000 m above sea level. Among the various compounds present in the plant (more than forty alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, terpenoids,etc.), two phenylalkylamines, namely cathine [+)-norpseudoephedrine) and cathinone [-)S-o-aminopropiophenone) seem to account mostly for the effect. The consumers get a feeling of well-being, mental alertness and excitement. The after effects are usually insomnia, numbness and concentration. The excessive use of khat may create considerable problems of social, health and economic nature. These problems have been summarily reviewed. Khat chewing started at different times in different parts of Somalia. Since World War II, the prevalence of the practice has continuously increased and no social group is excluded. An epidemiological research to compare Northern and Southern regions of Somalia and to obtain a rough estimate of prevalence, definition of social characteristics of the groups of consumers, specification of the motivations, patterns of use and effects during and after consumption has been conducted. Consumers and non-consumers (7485 people) were randomly interviewed in the two regions. Khat consumption in relation to sex, age, occupation and grade of education is presented.

EMBODEN WILLIAM
Peganum harmala, Syrian Rue
Narcotic Plants
Syrian rue is a name used to describe a woody perennial shrub found growing in dry areas of the Mediterranean, in northern India, Mongolia, and Manchuria. Known to botanists as Peganum harmala of the family Zygophyllaceae, it is famous for its use in producing the dye called 'Turkish Red,' which is obtained from the abundant seed. It is used to produce color characteristic of all the Iranian and Turkish carpets. Dioscorides spoke of this plant in his famous codex (Codex Vindobonensis) of the first century. The written history of this plant extends over a thousand years. In Egypt the oil from this seed is sold as 'zit-el-harmel' and has the reputation of being an aphrodisiac. Medicinal uses extend to its use in treating diseases of the eyes, as a vermifuge, soporific, lactogogue, etc. The seed is widely known as a narcotic, and analyses reveal harmaline, harmalol, and harmine. Harmine is now in use in research on mental disease, encephalitis, and inflammation of the brain. Small doses are stimulating to the brain and reportedly are therapeutic, but in excess harmine depresses the central nervous system. During the Second World War, Nazi 'scientists' used harmaline to advantage as a truth serum. In reality there is no truth serum, but an alteration in thresholds of consciousness may make a person loquacious. A crude preparation of the seed is more effective than any extract because of the presence of related indoles. The Douvans of Bokhara used to inhale the smoke of burning Peganum harmala seed and became quite exuberant, much in the manner of the people of South America using caapi, which has the same class of chemicals. This is one of the few clues as to possible historical uses in a shamanic context, and at this time no one has done any thorough research on it.

EMBODEN, WILLIAM A
'Natural highs' in an historical and biological context.
Journal of Drug Education; 1988 Vol 18(1) 33-47
Discusses historical and contemporary patterns of substance use and abuse and suggests that it is an error to regard psychoactive natural substances (e.g., psilocybin-containing mushrooms) as reasonably safe. The literature on drug-induced ecstasies among diverse peoples produces overconfidence in the safety of inducing altered states by means of natural chemicals. Given the current level of experimentation, the lack of a context for use, and the lack of knowledge of the toxicity of many plant sources, it is argued that the use of these substances presents serious problems. Evidence of recent changes in patterns of experimentation with natural drugs suggests that the naive user may experience an unwarranted level of confidence. Genera and species of plants that produce psychoactive effects are presented.

Emboden, William.
Narcotic Plants, 2nd ed.
New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. 1980. (1979)

Ethnofarmacologia de Plantas Alucinogenas Latinamericanas. editor invitado: Jose Luis Diaz. Mexico. 1975. cuadernos cientificos CEMEF 4 publicacion de trabajos de investigacion centro mexicano de estudios en farmacodependencia.

EVERETT
Desfontainia spinosa
The New York Botanical Garden Illustrated Encyclopedia of Horticulture; rSB317.58
DESFONTAINIA (desfont-ainia): One of the handsomest of temperate South American flowering shrubs. the only cultivated Desfontainia is one of possibly five species of the Andes of Chile and Peru. It belongs in the logania family, Loganiaceae. Its name, often spelled Desfontainea, commemorates the French botanist Rene Louiche Desfontaines, who died in 1833. Hardy only in mild climates, such as that of California, Desfontainia spinosa when out of bloom looks much like an evergreen English holly (Ilex aquifolium), but is immediately distinguishable because its leaves are opposite instead of alternate. The shrub is bushy and attains a maximum height of about 10 feet, but is often smaller. It has pale, glossy branches and broad-elliptic to ovate, lustrous, spiny leaves 1 inch to 2 1/2 inches long. The flowers, which come in summer and fall, are quite astonishing on such a holly-like plant. They are in terminal clusters and because of their shape and striking colors have a decided fire-cracker or decorative candy appearance. They are tubular-funnel-shaped, about 1 1/2 inches long, bright crimson-scarlet, and tipped with five small yellow corolla lobes (petals). Each has a five-lobed, green calyx with its margins fringed with hairs. There are five stamens. The fruits are egg-shaped, many-seeded berries. GARDEN AND LANDSCAPE USES: This choice evergreen is admirable for displaying prominently in shrub borders, foundation plantings, and other landscape settings, and as an individual specimen. When well placed and thriving it is a splendid addition to almost any garden. For its best satisfaction it needs a little broken shade as protection from the hottest sun, and deep, moderately fertile, encouraging soil, never excessively dry. CULTIVATION: Desfontainias can be raised from cuttings, about 3 inches long, taken in summer and rooted under mist or in a greenhouse propagating bed, but the best results are had from seeds sown in sandy peaty soil kept moderately moist. The seedlings should be shaded lightly from strong sun. Established specimens are grateful for an organic mulch maintained around them and for watering thoroughly and regularly during dry weather. They need no pruning, except the occasional shortening of an unruly shoot to keep them shapely, and any cutting necessary to limit their size. Spring is the season to attend to this.

EVERETT
Desmanthus
The New York Botanical Garden Illustrated Encyclopedia of Horticulture. rSB317.58
DESMANTHUS (Des-man'thus): Chiefly natives of tropical and subtropical America, but with some in North America, the thirty species of Desmanthus belong in the section of the pea family, LEGUMINOSAE, that includes the sensitive plant (Mimosa), the silk tree (Albizia), and Acacia. Accordingly, the flowers are not pea-like, but are in fuzzy heads or spikes, a characteristic accounted for in the name which comes from the Greek 'desme', a bundle, and 'anthos', a flower, and alludes to the heads of bloom. Of minor garden importance, the members of this genus are herbaceous, perennials and shrubs with twice-pinnate, mimosa-like foliage. The tiny white or greenish flowers, clustered in tight heads, have five-lobed calyxes, five petals, and five or ten usually much-protruding stamens. A hardy herbaceous perennial, D. ILLINOENSIS, is 3 to 6 feet tall and has conspicuously angled, hairless, or minutely hairy stems. Its leaves, 2 to 4 inches long, have six to twelve pairs of major divisions, each divided into twenty or thirty pairs of oblong leaflets up to 1/5 inch long and often hairy along their margins. The flower stalks, up to 1 1/4 inches long, terminate in solitary small heads of bloom, succeeded by short, strongly curved pods up to 1 inch long, in dense, nearly spherical heads. A succession of flowers is produced through the summer. This species ranges in the wild from Ohio to Colorado, Florida, Texas, and New Mexico. Very similar, but with more rigid seed pods up to 2 3/4 inches long, D. leptolobus is indigenous from Missouri to Kansas and Texas. GARDEN USES AND CULTIVATION: These plants have little to recommend them except for inclusion in collections of native plants and for occasional use in naturalistic plantings. They grow without difficulty in ordinary garden soil, moist or dry, in sunny places, and are raised from seed.

FARNSWORTH, NORMAN R
Psychotomimetic and related higher plants.
Journal of Psychedelic Drugs; 1972 Fal Vol. 5(1) 67-74
Presents an alphabetical list of 174 species of higher (i.e., seed) plants which have been reported to produce euphoria in man.

FARNSWORTH, NORMAN R
Psychotomimetic plants: II.
Journal of Psychedelic Drugs; 1974 Jan Vol 6(1) 83-84
Presents a list of 43 new species of psychotomimetic plants. Family, genus, species and literature references are indicated. This updates the author's initial listing of 174 such plants (see PA, Vol 51:8695).

FARNSWORTH,NR: BINGEL,AS: CORDELL,GA: CRANE,FA: FONG,HHS
Potential Value of Plants As Sources of New Antifertility Agents I.
J Pharm Sci 644:535-598 (1975)

Fehri B; Aiache JM; Boukef K; Memmi A; Hizaoui B
[Valeriana officinalis and Crataegus oxyacantha: toxicity from repeated administration and pharmacologic investigations]
J.Pharm.Belg; 1991 May-Jun; 46(3); P 165-76
The aim of this work is to study the toxicity of Valeriana officinalis and Crataegus oxyacantha after reiterated administrations. The study has been carried on the rat which received 300 and 600 mg/kg/24 h of the drugs for 30 days. During the period of the treatment, animals weight and blood pressure have been measured. On the end of the treatment the animals have been sacrificed. The principal organs have been weighed and in blood samples collected hematological and biochemical parameters have been determined. This work is concerned by pharmacological properties which are related to the two plants. The influence of the drugs on the behaviour, the pain, the intestinal peristalsis and strychnine convulsions are reported.

FERNEX M; JAQUET C; MITTELHOLZER ML; REBER R; STURCHLER D
Neue Medikamente fur die Behandlung der Malaria tropica. [Current drugs for the treatment of tropical malaria]
Schweiz Rundsch Med Prax. 1991 Jan 22; 80(4): 67-71
The occurrence in the early 60's of stable resistance to chloroquine among Plasmodium falciparum strains in the Amazonas and on the Thai-Cambodian border has been a shock for all malariologists. This led to the search for new antimalarials without cross resistance with chloroquine. For each new drug, one of the major concerns was to define how rapidly parasites would develop resistance to this compound. Drug combinations were taken into consideration so as to achieve a delay in the appearance of resistance. The decision to test a triple combination has led to the development of Fansimef, a fixed combination with tablets containing 250 mg mefloquine, 500 mg sulfadoxine and 25 mg pyrimethamine. A very relevant delay in the development of resistance was found both in-vivo--in the P. berghei model--and in-vitro using P. falciparum. Fansimef has also been under investigations for malaria. Controlled clinical trials were performed in Africa, South America and South East Asia. The documentation for this new indication will be submitted to registration authorities in 1991. A preference alternative to continuous chemoprophylaxis is stand-by malaria treatment for travellers to regions where the malaria risk is relatively low. Stand-by treatment is under investigations in France and in Switzerland. In the search for alternative remedies against drug resistant P. falciparum malaria our attention was directed to Yingzhaosu, a new sesquiterpene peroxide of plant origin from traditional Chinese medicine. A short and convenient synthesis of this ring system gave access to a variety of structural analogues of Yingzhaosu. ...

FISH; JOHNSON; HORNING
Piptadenia Alkaloids. Indole Bases of P.peregrina and Related Species.
American Journal of Chemistry; Vol.77 pp 5982-5895 (November 1955)
ISOLATION OF ORGANIC BASES: A 450-g. sample of seed pods and seeds of Piptadenia macrocarpa (Florida, 1955) was ground in a Wiley mill, and the powder was stirred with a mixture of 1950ml. of chloroform, 1050ml. of tetrahydrofuran and 225ml. of ammonium hydroxide for 1 hour at 40ø. Aftrer removal of th solids, the organic solution was separated and washed well with 8N ammonium hydroxide solution. The total volume was reduced to about 50ml. by distillation under reduced pressure; this was diluted with chloroform, and the organic solution was washed well with 2N hydrochloric acid solution. The aqueous extracts were combined, made basic with solid sodium carbonate solution, and extracted repeatedly with chloroform until a negative Ehrlich reagent test occurred for the aqueous solution. The chloroform solutions were combined and dried with magnesium sulfate. Removal of the solvent provided 1.4g. of a crude, black gum which gave strong positive tests with Ehrlich reagent and with a nitrous acid-alpha-nitroso-beta-naphthol reagent. In the case of this plant material, the seeds were found to average 15% by weight of the total, and since the alkaloid preciptitation tests for the pods were weak, it may be concluded that the organic base content of the seeds is approximately 1.5-2.0%. This is similar to the 1.6% estimate made for P.peregrina seeds.

Food of the Gods: The Search for the Original Tree of Knowledge: A Radical History of Plants, Drugs, and Human Evolution. Terence McKenna. Bantum Books. New York, Toronto, London, Sydney, Auckland. 1992. hardcover. 313 pages. $21.50. [box 2]

FOSTER; DUKE
Desmanthus illinoensis
Peterson's Field Guides: Eastern/Central Medicinal Plants. Houghton Mifflin, 581.634 F757f
STIFF-STEMMED LEGUMES WITH 15 OR MORE LEAFLETS. PRAIRIE MIMOSA (Leaves, Seeds) Desmanthus illinoensis (Michx.) MacM. Pea Family. Smooth-stemmed, erect perennial; 1-4 ft. Leaves twice-divided, leaflets 20-30, tiny. Flowers greenish white, in globlar heads; June-August. Pods curved, in loose globular heads. Where Found: Prairies, fields. Ohio to Alabama; Texas, Colorado to North Dakota. USES: Pawnees used leaf tea as a wash for itching. A single report states that a Paiute Indian placed 5 seeds in the eye at night (washed out in morning) for chronic conjunctivitis. The leaves are reportedly high in protein. [Note: Item accompanied by INACCURATE sketch of plant. The pinnae of the compound leaf are shown as alternating instead of opposite.]

FULLER T C; MCLINTOCK E
Peganum harmala
Poisonous Plants of California University of California Press, Berkeley R58169
Peganum harmala African Rue, Syrian Rue, Common Harmel. Shrub native to the Mediterranean region and eastward to northern India, Mongolia, and Manchuria, where it is sold as a commercial spice and used in folk medicine The seeds contain several beta-carboline or indole alkaloids: harmine, harmaline, and tetrahydroharmine Reports regarding its use as a hallucinogen are vague, and there is some question whether it actually induces visions Peganum harmala is a serious agricultural weed and very difficult to control; it is illegal to grow it in California

GARCIA,GH: CAMPOS,R: DE TORRES,RA: BROUSSALIS,A: FERRARO,G: MARTINO,V: COUSSIO,J:
Antiherpetic Activity of Some Argentine Medicinal Plants.
Fitoterapia 61 6: 542-546 (1990) English (cat Microbiol Fac Farm Bioquim Univ Buenos Aires

Gateway to Inner Space: Sacred Plants, Mysticism and Psychotherapy. edited by Christian Ratsch. Prism Press/ Unity Press. Dorset, New York, Lindfield, 1989. paperback. 258 pages. $10.95. [box 1]

GHOSAL,S: BHATTACHARYA,SK
Desmodium Alkaloids. Part Ii. Chenical and Pharmacological Evaluation of D.gangeticum.
Planta Med 22:434- (1972)

GHOSAL,S: CHAUDHURI,RK: DUTTA,SK: BHATTACHRAYA,SK
Occurrence of Curarimimetic Indoles in the Flower of Arundo Donax.
Planta Med 21:22- (1972)

GHOSAL,S: SINGH,S: BHATTACHARYA,SK
Alkaloids of Mucuna Pruriens. Chemistry and Pharmacology.
Planta Med 19:279- (1971)

GLEYE,J: MOULIS,CI: DOAZAN,MN:
Chemical Constituents of Evodia Madagascariensis.
Plant Med Phytother 17 2: 92-95 (1983) French

GOEL,RK: CHAKRABARTI,A: SANYAL,AK:
The Effect of Biological Variables on the Anti-ulcerogenic Effect of Vegetable Plantain Banana.
Planta Med 1985 2 85-89 (1985)

GONCALVES DE LIMA,O: MARINI-BETTOLA,GB: SOUSA,M: DE MELLO,JF: DA SILVA,EC: DE OLIVEIRA,LL: COTIAS,CT:
Antimicrobial Substances from Higher Plants.xlvi.initial Observations on Biological Effects of Extracts from the Stembark and Rootbark of Lonchocarpus Violaceus(=l.longistyllus),a Mexcian Mayan, Guatemalan and Honduran Plant.
Rev Inst Antibiot Univ Fed Pernambuco Recife 15 : 3-15 (1975) Portuguese

GOODMAN,SM: HOBBS,JJ:
The Ethnobotany of the Egyptian Eastern Desert: A Comparison of Common Plant Usage Between Two Culturally Distinct Bedouin Groups.
J Ethnopharmacol 23 1: 73-89 (1988) English

GOTO,M: NOGUCHI,T: WATANABE,T
Useful Components in Natural Sources. Xvii. Uterus Contracting Ingredients in Plants. 2. Uterus Contracting Ingredients in Lespediza Bicolor Var Japonica.
Yakugaku Zasshi 78:464-467 (1958)

GRANEK M; SHALEV A; WEINGARTEN AM
Khat-induced hypnagogic hallucinations.
Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1988 Oct. 78(4). P 458-61.
Khat is a plant whose leaves are chewed for their stimulating effect. This effect is attributed to cathinone, an alkaloid identical to dextroamphetamine. Khat chewing is widespread among eastern African and Yemenite populations and is believed to be innocuous. Our experience shows, however, that a substantial number of chronic khat chewers experience persistent hypnagogic hallucinations - a symptom that has not yet been described. Three vignettes illustrates this phenomena, which often interferes with psychiatric diagnosis. Different explanatory models are discussed, among them chronic suppression of REM sleep.

Growing the Hallucinogens: How to Cultivate and Harvest Legal Psychoactive Plants. Hudson Grubber. Twentieth Century Alchemist. 1973. paperback. $3.95. [box 9m]

GUI,L: XIN,L: FENG,XZ:
Ervayunine: A New Indole Alkaloid from Ervatamia Yunnanensis.
Planta Med 546:519-521 (1988)

HALL, RICHARD C; POPKIN, MICHAEL K; MCHENRY, LAUDIE E
Angel's Trumpet psychosis: A central nervous system anticholinergic syndrome.
American Journal of Psychiatry; 1977 Mar Vol 134(3) 312-314
Warns physicians that intoxication by Angel's Trumpet ( Datura sauveolens ) is becoming more frequent due to its use by adolescents and young adults as a legal, readily available hallucinogen. The case report is presented of 2 15-yr-old boys who were brought to a hospital by police after they were found wandering naked and delirious following ingestion of the plant. Ingestion of the flowers or a tea brewed from them results in an alkaloid-induced CNS anticholinergic syndrome characterized by symptoms such as fever, delirium, hallucinations, agitation, and persistent memory disturbances. Severe intoxication may cause flaccid paralysis, convulsions, and death. Treatment with iv physostigmine reverses the toxic effects of Angel's Trumpet.

Hallucinogenic Plants of North America. Jonathan Ott. Wingbow Press, Berkeley. 1976 (revised edition 1979). $8.50. paperback. 161 pages. [box 2m]

Hallucinogenic Plants: A Golden Guide. Richard Evans Schultes. illustrated by Elmer W. Smith. Golden Press, New York. 1976. for spanish version see Plantas Alucinogenas.

HARRINGTON HD
Manual of the Flora of Colorado.
QK150.H3 (1954)
5. Desmanthus Willd. BUNDLE FLOWER. Perennial herbaceous or somewhat shrubby plants, no spines or prickles present; leaves bipinnate with numerous, entire leaflets and usually with small stipules; flowers regular, perfect or lower staminate, sessile in peduncled heads or spikes, greenish or whitish; calyx 5-lobed; petals 5, alike, distinct or slightly united at very base; stamens 5 or 10, distinct or nearly so; fruit elongated, straight or curved, several-seeded, dehiscent. [1.] Desmanthus illinoensis (Michx.) MacM., Metasperm. Minn. 388, 1892. Acuan illinoensis (Michx.) Kuntze --- Stems erect or ascending, glabrous or nearly so; leaves with 14-30 pairs of pinnae; leaflets 2.5-4mm long, many, linear or linear-oblong, glabrous or ciliate; stipules setaceous, to 4 or 8 mm long; calyx campanulate, about 1mm long with very short lobes; petals about 2mm long; stamens 5; fruit in compact heads, each about 1.5-2.5 cm long and about 4-6mm wide, strongly falcate and slightly spirally twisted. --- Banks, roadsides and plains. Ohio to South Dakota, south to Florida and New Mexico. Our records from eastern Colorado at 3500-4000 feet.

HEDBERG,I: HEDBRERG,O: MADATI,PJ: MSHIGENI,KE: MSHIU,EN: SAMUELSSON,G:
Inventory of Plants Used in Traditional Medicine in Tanzania. Ii. Plants of the Families Dilleniaceae-opiliaceae.
J Ethnopharmacol 9 1: 105-127 (1983) English

Heffern, Richard.
Secrets of the Mind-Altering Plants of Mexico.
New York: Pyramid Communications. (1974)

HIFNAWY,MS: VAQUETTE,J: SEVENET,T: POUSSET,JL: CAVE,A
Plants of New Caledonia. Part 45. Neutral Principles and Alkaloids from Myrtopsis Macrocarpa,m.myrtoidea, M.novae-caledoniae and M.sellingii.
Phytochemistry 16:1035-1039 (1977)

Hodgin, Deanna
Seeking cures in the jungle. (rain forests as sources of medicinal plants for the pharmaceutical industry)
Insight. v7 Oct 7 '91 p30(2)
Shaman Pharmaceuticals focuses its biotechnological research on developing drugs from medicinal plants found in rain forests in South America, Asia and Africa. Company president Lisa Conte advocates the role ethnobotany in the pharmaceutical industry.

Hofmann, A. 1990.
Ride Through the Sierra Mazateca in Search of the Magic Plant Ska María Pastora.
In: T. Riedlinger (Ed.) The Sacred Mushroom Seeker: Essays for R. Gorden Wasson.
Portland, Oregon: Dioscorides Press.

HYNDMAN,DC:
Ethnobotany of Wopkaimin Pandanus: Significant Papua New Guinea Plant Resource.
Econ Bot 38 3: 287-303 (1984) English (dept of Anthropology & Sociology University of Queensland St.lucia

ISLAM MW; TARIQ M; AGEEL AM; EL-FERALY FS; AL-MESHAL IA; ASHRAF I
An evaluation of the male reproductive toxicity of cathinone.
Toxicology. 1990 Mar 16. 60(3). P 223-34.
(-)-Cathinone is the major psychoactive component of khat plant (Catha edulis Forssk.). Khat has been shown to produce reproductive toxicity in human beings and experimental animals. However, the chemical constituents of khat leaves responsible for sexual dysfunction are not known. In the present study cathinone enantiomers have been investigated for their reproductive toxicity in rats. Cathinone produced a dose-dependent decrease in food consumption and suppressed the gain in body weight. There was a significant decrease in sperm count and motility and increase in the number of abnormal sperms in cathinone treated animals. Histopathological examination of testes revealed degeneration of interstitial tissue, cellular infiltration and atrophy of Sertoli and Leydig's cells in cathinone treated animals. Cathinone also produced a significant decrease in plasma testosterone levels of the rats. Although both enantiomers of cathinone produced deleterious effects on male reproductive system, (-)-cathinone was found to be more toxic. From this study it may be concluded that the cathinone content in khat may be partially or totally responsible for the reproductive toxicity in khat chewers.

IVINS KJ; MOLINOFF PB
Serotonin-2 receptors coupled to phosphoinositide hydrolysis in a clonal cell line.
Mol Pharmacol. 1990 May; 37(5): 622-30
A permanent line of cells has been established from the transplantable rat pituitary tumor 7315a. P11 cells have been cloned repeatedly, and after more than 60 passages their growth and characteristics are stable. Results of radioligand binding studies with 125I-lysergic acid diethylamide (125I-LSD) indicate that P11 cells express serotonin-2 (5-HT2) receptors. Analysis of the binding of 125I-LSD to membranes prepared from P11 cells revealed the presence of a single class of high affinity sites (Kd = 1.6 nM; Bmax = 211 fmol/mg of protein). The pharmacological profile of the inhibition of the binding of 125I-LSD by a panel of drugs was consistent with the expected profile of these drugs at 5-HT2 receptors. The affinity of the site for serotonin was in the low micromolar range and was decreased by GTP. Phosphoinositide hydrolysis in P11 cells, measured in the presence of lithium, was stimulated by serotonin. Increasing concentrations of the 5-HT2-selective antagonist ketanserin blocked phosphoinositide hydrolysis stimulated by serotonin, and Schild analysis was consistent with a simple competitive interaction. The Ki for ketanserin derived from Schild analysis was comparable to the Ki for ketanserin at the binding site for 125I-LSD. These results suggest that stimulation of phosphoinositide hydrolysis in P11 cells by serotonin is mediated by 5-HT2 receptors. Pretreatment of P11 cells with pertussis toxin caused ADP-ribosylation of Gi and Go, but did not affect the ability of serotonin to stimulate phosphoinositide hydrolysis. Therefore, the guaninine nucleotide-binding protein involved in the coupling of 5-HT2 receptors to phospholipase C in P11 cells is unlikely to be either Gi or Go. P11 cells expressing 5-HT2 receptors coupled to phosphoinositide hydrolysis will be a useful model system for future studies of the regulation and function of 5-HT2 receptors on cultured cells.

JIMENEZ OLIVARES, ERNESTINA
Pre-Columbian indigenous psychopharmacology.
Neurologia, Neurocirugia, Psiquiatria; 1978 Vol 19(1) 40-52
Reviewed texts on Mexican medicine plants, especially texts obtained directly from 16th century Indian reports. The plants utilized for psychiatric purposes were separated from the 1,500 medicine plants found to be used by the prehispanic Indians, and about 150 plants were found that can be classified in modern medicine as antipsychotic, antidepressant, minor tranquilizer, hallucinogen, sedative, hypnotic, brain tonic, stimulant, and anticonvulsant. Experimental research on these medicines is recommended.

JOLY,LG: GUERRA,S: SEPTIMO,R: SOLIS,PN: CORREA,M: GUPTA,M: LEVY,S:SANDBERG,F:
Ethnobotanical Inventory of Medicinal Plants Used by the Guaymi Indians in Western Panama. Part I.
J Ethnopharmacol 20 2: 145-171 (1987) English

JONATHAN OTT: Hallucinogenic Plants of North America (out of print) Presents objective data on current scientific research, in order to restore rationality to the increasingly polarized discussion on the social value of hallucinogens. Inquire about this book and we will consider getting a photocopy of the original if there are no plans for republishing. Pharmacotheon by the same author contains much of the same information.
(1)Publication-P44-90,

JUNIPER; ROBBINS; JOEL
The Carnivorous Plants. Part IV: Phytochemical Aspects
The Carnivorous Plants; 1989 Academic Press, ISBN 0-12-392170-8
NEPENTHES: Linnaeus gave the plant it's present name in 1753, in allusion to the story in Homer's Odyssey where Helen mixed wine with the drug 'Nepenthe' (Greek. literally 'No Mind') so that by drinking it man might be freed from care and grief. The shape of the pitchers in some species resembles the Greek rhincton or drinking horn. [Genera & distribution of pitcher plants] Heliamphora: British Guiana, Venezuela, Brazil. Darlingtonia: Northern California, Southern Oregon. Sarracenia: North America. Cephalotus: Western Australia. Nepenthes: Madagascar, Borneo, Indonesia, Southeast Asia, Seychelles, Sri Lanka, Queensland Australia, Malaysia. AMINES: Histamine has been detected in the leaf tissues of a number of genera (Werle 1955). In both Nepenthes and Drosera the level appears to be higher in those parts of the leaf associated with the traps, though the level is variable. In these cases, as well as in Sarracenia and Pinguicula, the concentration is in the range 2-13 ug/g fresh weight. Acetylcholine-like compounds were also detected in Nepenthes (Morrisey 1963)... ALKALOIDS: Alkaloids, while not unknown, are relatively uncommon amongst the carnivorous plants. In view of their requirements for nitrogen in the molecules it is perhaps not suprising that these plants, living in nitrogen-limited environments, use other types of compounds as protective agents. Porcher (1849) was unable to detect morphine, nicotine or quinine in either Sarracenia flava or S. minor although Shepard (in Porcher 1849) reported a new alkaloid, possibly related to chinchonine. Sarracenia purpurea plants yielded veratrine (Hetet 1879), which possibly was Sheperd's alkaloid. Bjorklund (1864) isolated coniine from roots of S. purpurea but not leaves, though Lambert(1902) subsequently identified coniine as a volatile base produced by fresh leaves of this species. Romeo et al. (1977) could not, however isolate any alkaloid from all 10 species of Sarracenia but Mody et al. (1976) using large amounts of S. flava leaves (4.5 kg), showed that the unknown (1.9% total oil) C8H17N extracted by Miles et al.(1975) is again coniine. The other unknown C5H11NO (0.5%) may also be an alkaloid, but awaits identification. Recent work has not been able to confirm the presence of veratrine in Sarracenia. The variability in these reports may indicate seasonal and/or regional differences in alkaloid production, possibly related to carnivorous activity. Pinguicula vulgaris does not appear to contain any alkaloids (Christen 1961): nor does Nepenthes rafflesiana (Cannon et al. 1980).

KALIX P
Cathinone, a natural amphetamine.
Pharmacol Toxicol. 1992 Feb. 70(2). P 77-86.
Cathinone is an alkaloid that has been discovered some fifteen years ago in the leaves of the khat bush. This plant grows in East Africa and in southern Arabia, and the inhabitants of these regions frequently chew khat because of its stimulating properties. Cathinone, which is S(-)-alpha-aminopropiophenone, was soon found to have a pharmacological profile closely resembling that of amphetamine; indeed, in a wide variety of in vitro and in vivo experiments it was demonstrated that cathinone shares the action of amphetamine on CNS as well as its sympathomimetic effects; thus, for example, drug-conditioned animals will not distinguish between cathinone and amphetamine. These various observations were confirmed by a clinical experiment showing that cathinone also in humans produces amphetamine-like objective and subjective effects. Finally, it was demonstrated that cathinone operates through the same mechanism as amphetamine, i.e. it acts by releasing catecholamines from presynaptic storage sites. Thus, much experimental evidence indicates that cathinone is the main psychoactive constituent of the khat leaf and that, in fact, this alkaloid is a natural amphetamine. Refs: 70.

KALIX P
The pharmacology of psychoactive alkaloids from ephedra and catha.
J Ethnopharmacol. 1991 Apr. 32(1-3). P 201-8.
Ever since the introduction of the alkaloid ephedrine as an anti-asthmatic, the CNS stimulatory effects of this sympathomimetic have been a problem in therapy. Indeed, the use of ephedrine is not only limited by its cardiovascular effects, but also by the occurrence of insomnia, restlessness and anxiety. Exceptionally, ephedrine may even induce toxic psychosis, and the possibility of this side effect has recently received renewed attention. Besides ephedrine, the ephedra plant contains some norpseudoephedrine. This substance is also called cathine, because it is a major alkaloid of Catha edulis or khat, a plant that is widely used as a stimulant in certain countries of East Africa and of the Arab Peninsula. The effects of khat have been explained formerly by those of cathine; some time ago, however, the labile alkaloid cathinone was discovered in khat. This substance is the keto-analog of cathine; it is therefore more lipophilic and penetrates easily to its sites of action in the central nervous system. Indeed, cathinone has been found to be a highly potent CNS stimulant and it is now known to be the main psychoactive constituent of khat; the results of various in vitro and in vivo studies indicate that cathinone must be considered a natural amphetamine. In confirmation of this view, it has recently been demonstrated that cathinone has in humans marked anti-asthmatic, the CNS stimulatory effects of this sympathomimetic have euphorigenic and psychostimulant effects. As the case may be, these findings may lead, together with epidemiological data, to a reconsideration of the use of khat as a stimulant and social drug. Refs:55.

KALIX P
Khat: a plant with amphetamine effects [see comments]
J Subst Abuse Treat. 1988. 5(3). P 163-9.
The chewing of leaves of the khat shrub is common in certain countries of East Africa and the Arabian peninsula, and some khat users are subject to psychic dependence on this stimulant. Recently, important progress has been made in understanding the pharmacological basis for the effects of khat. It is now known that the CNS stimulation is mainly due to the presence of the alkaloid cathinone in the leaves, and the results of various in vitro and in vivo experiments indicate that this substance must be considered a 'natural amphetamine.' In recent years, several cases of khat intoxication observed in the USA and in Great Britain have been described in the literature. In view of these developments, the khat habit and its health effects are described, and the possibilities for the treatment of acute khat intoxication are discussed. Refs: 50.

KALIX, PETER
Cathinone, an alkaloid from khat leaves with an amphetamine-like releasing effect.
Psychopharmacology; 1981 Jul Vol 74(3) 269-270
Leaves of the khat plant, widely used as a stimulant in East Africa and the Arab Peninsula, contain the alkaloid levocathinone (LC). The effects of LC on the efflux of radioactivity from rabbit striatal slices prelabeled with 3H-dopamine were examined. Low concentrations of LC enhanced the release of radioactivity in a dose-dependent manner and were capable of sustaining the enhanced release induced by dextroamphetamine (DA). Pretreatment of the tissue with cocaine, which is known to prevent the induction of release by DA, inhibited the efflux increase caused by LC. These observations suggest that amphetamine and the active principle of khat leaves have an analogous mechanism of action.

KANATANI,H: KOHDA,H: YAMASAKI,K: HOTTA,I: NAKATA,Y: SEGAWA,T:
Studies on Active Constituents in Medicinal Plants Using the Receptor Binding Assay - on Active Principles of Uncariae Ramulus Et Uncus on Serotonin Binding.
Yamanaka,e: Aimi,n: Sakai,s: J Pharmacobio Dyn 8 3 50-. (1985)

KANATANI,H: KOHDA,H: YAMASAKI,K: HOTTA,I: NAKATA,Y: SEGAWA,T:
Studies on Active Constituents in Medicinal Plants Using the Receptor Binding Assay-on Active Principles of Uncaries Ramulus Et Uncus on Serotonin Binding.
Yamanaka,e: Aimi,n: Sakai,s: Abstr 5th Symposium on Development and Application of Naturally Occurring Drug Materials 1-3 (1984)

KASONIA, K.; ANSAY, M.; GUSTIN, P.; PLUME, C.
Plants used in ethnomedicine for asthma in Kivu
Belgian Journal of Botany, v 126 pp. 20-28 ( 1993), Tanzania
Medicine, African Traditional / Medicinal plants / Allergy and immunology, Asthma
. African Index Medicus

KASONIA, K.; BASEGERE, N.; KABA, S.; MATAMBA, M.; KATSONGERI, M.
Vulnerary and anti-inflammatory plants used in traditional veterinary medicine in eastern Zaire
Belgian Journal of Botany, v 124 pp. 40-46 ( 1991), Zaire, Kivu
Medicine, African Traditional / Veterinary medicine / Plants, Medicinal
. African Index Medicus

Kava Kava: Famous Drug Plant of the South Sea Islands. Dr. E.F. Steinmetz. Twentieth Century Alchemist. Level Press. San Francisco. 1973 edition of 1960 original) $2. [box 5m]

KAWANISHI,K: UHARA,Y: HASHIMOTO,Y:
Alkaloids from the Hallucinogenic Plant Virola Sebifera.
Phytochemistry 246:1373-1375 (1985)

KHENKIN,EV
Effect of Gamma Radiation and Vinblastine on Transplanted Leukosis Cells in Mice.
Vopr Onkol 20 (8):90- (1974) ( Nauchno Issled Inst Med Radiol Obninsk Ussr)

KIATYINGUNGSUREE,N: WANGMAT,M: SAWASDIMONGKOL,K: MOKKHASAMIT,M:
Pharmacological Activity of Zingiber Cassumunar Roxb.
Abstr Seminar on the Development of Drugs from Medicinal Plants Organized by the Department of Medical Science Department At Thai Farmer Bank Bangko K Thailand 1982 ():119-. (1982)

KINGSBURG
Peganum harmala
Poisonous Plants of the United States and Canada
Peganum harmala L., African rue. DESCRIPTION: Bright green, succulent, much-branched perennial herb bushy in habitat, about 1 ft tall when fully grown. Leaves alternate, pinnate or twice pinnately divided; ultimate segments linear, fleshy, glabrous. Flowers single, white, consipicuous; petals 5. Fruit a 2- to 4- cavitied many-seeded leathery capsule, about 3/8 inch in diameter. DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT: This species is native to the deserts of Africa and southern Asia. It was first recognized in the United States on a section of land near Deming, New Mexico in 1935 and has since spread on dry range land into Arizona and western Texas. POISONOUS PRINCIPLE: Alkaloids extracted from African rue have proven toxic to laboratory animals, producing the same symptoms as observed when the whole seed was fed. The seeds of the plant have been shown to contain at least 4 alkaloids, of which three have the indole configuration. TOXICITY, SYMPTOMS AND LESIONS: Cattle loss on the range where this plant was first recognized prompted its investigation as a poisonous plant. Experimental studies have been performed at the Texas and New Mexico Agricultural Experiment Stations and by the United States Department of Agriculture. The ground seed is almost always lethal to guinea pigs at 0.15 percent of the animal's weight. young leaves were toxic at 1 per cent, dry-weight basis, but older leaves seemed to lack toxicity. In guinea pigs the symptoms consisted of posterior paralysis and weakness of back muscles, appearing within half an hour of feeding, and lasting for several hours. No lesions of significance were found. African rue is highly unpalatable to cattle, but if force-fed, it is lethal. Sheep have been observed to eat the plant after it had dried under range conditions, but experimentally they could not be forced voluntarily to consume hay made from it.

KINGSLEY
Plants of the United States and Canada. R581.69 K55
Stipa robusta Scribn. (= S. vaseyi Scribn.). Sleepygrass
DESCRIPTION: Stout, perennial grass, forming erect clumps mostly 2 to 4 feet tall. Leaves flat 5/16 inch wide, up to 2 feet long. Inflorescence a green or greenish-yellow terminal panicle, to 1 foot long; branches several at each node, variable in length, bearing several spikelets, strongly directed upward, hence panicle compact and narrow; spikelets narrow, about 1/2 inch long, tipped by a long, dry, twisted awn; awns about 1 inch long.
DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT: Dry plains, hills, and open woods, Colorado to Texas, Arizona and Mexico.
POISONOUS PRINCIPLE. Unknown. Some attempts to extract the active principle have been reported [922].
TOXICITY, SYMPTOMS AND LESIONS. Reports of the toxicity of sleepygrass to horses in New Mexico date back to 1887. Ingestion of a moderate amount produces a profound, but not lethal, somnolent or stuporous condition sometimes lasting several days. In times when the horse was the principal means of travel, serious delay and inconvenience occasionally befell those unaware of the danger in this plant [55,69,735].
Following a number of field reports and correspondence concerning the toxicity of sleepygrass to horses, the United States Department of Agriculture undertook feeding experiments at the Salina (Utah) experiment station and in the field [998]. It was found that 0.6 per cent of an animal's weight of plant (green-weight basis) was the least toxic dose for the horse and produced transitory depression or drowsiness. One percent was the average effective single dose. Larger amounts provokes somewhat, but not proportionately, greater symptoms. Symptoms appear in 6 to 24 hours and lasted 24 to 48 hours. Field cases have been reported in which as much as a week elapsed before all signs of poisoning had disappeared. Great variation in degree of sleepiness was found. Mildly poisoned animals were dejected, inactive and withdrawn. With greater dose animals became somnolent, presenting symptoms of drooping head, closed eyes, and irregularity of gait if forced to move. Severely poisoned animals lie on the sternum or flat on the side with head resting on the ground. These horses are in profound slumber from which they can be raised only momentarily with great difficulty. In such animals the pulse and respiration become weak and irregular. A definite rise in temperature has been recorded in many instances.
Despite field reports of toxicity to cattle, doses of active material up to 3.4 percent of an animal's weight in a single day failed to bring out symptoms. In sheep, doses of about 2 percent of an animal's weight provoked depression and a rise in temperature, but not sleepiness.
CONDITIONS OF POISONING: Reports of poisoning have come from only a portion of the area in which Stipa robusta is found, namely the Sacramento and Sierra Blanca Mountains of New Mexico. Material collected from several other areas failed to bring on poisoning although given in more than adequate amount in feeding experiments [998]. The plant retains full toxicity on drying. Sleepygrass was readily and repeatedly taken by horses during feeding experiments, bit it is generally believed among ranchers that horses once poisoned will refuse subsequently to graze the plant.

Kozikowski, Alan P.; Wu, Jiang-Ping; Shibuya, Masaaki
Probing ergot alkaloid biosynthesis: identification of advanced intermediates along the biosynthetic pathway
Journal of the American Chemical Society v110 p1970-1 March 16 1988
SUBJECTS: Plants/Metabolism Alkaloids/Synthesis Ergot

KUCZKA, SUSAN
Mushroom Poisoning Victim Recovering
Chicago Tribune, Sep 7 1990; sec 2C, p 6 col 3
Mushroom poisoning may have been the catalyst that caused Roberta Rigali of Wheaton IL to have to undergo an emergency liver transplant Sep 6, 1990.

LAI,A: TIN-WA,M: MIKA,ES: PERSINOS,GJ: FARNSWORTH,NR
Phytochemical Investigation of Virola Peruviana, A New Hallucinogenic Plant.
J Pharm Sci 62:1561-1563 (1973)

LAI,A: TIN-WA,M: MIKA,ES: PERSINOS,GJ: FARNSWORTH,NR
Virola Peruviana, A New Hallucinogenic Plant: Phytochemical Investigation.
Lloydia 36:437-438 (1973)

LE GUIN, URSULA K
Vaster Than Empires and More Slow
Buffalo Gals and other animal presences. 1987, (short story first published in 1971)
An 'Extreme Survey Team' of neurotic misfits lands on a planet covered by plant life. The individual plants are actually the 'neurons' of a vast planetary intelligence capable of telepathy. An empathic member of the survey team known as 'The Sensor' makes contact with the planetary intelligence and is healed of his pathological alienation.

LEBOEUF,M: CAVE,A: MANGENEY,P: BOUQUET,A
Alkaloids and Triterpenes of Testulea Gabonensis.
Plant Med Phytother 11:230- (1977)

Li, Hui-Lin.
Hallucinogenic Plants in Chinese Herbals.
Journal of Psychedelic Drugs 10(1):17-26. (1978)

LLOYD,HA: FALES,HM: GOLDMAN,ME: JERINA,DM: PLOWMAN,T: SCHULTES,RE:
Brunfelsamidine: A Novel Convulsant from the Medicinal Plant Brunfelsia Grandiflora.
Tetrahedron Lett 26 22: 2623-2624 (1985) English

LOWY, BERNARD
Hallucinogenic mushrooms in Guatemala.
Journal of Psychedelic Drugs; 1977 Apr-Jun Vol 9(2) 123-125
Discusses the diverse and extensive evidence that the hallucinogenic mushrooms Psilocybe mexicana and Amantia muscaria have been used by the inhabitants of Guatemala for many centuries. Recent identification of these plants in Guatemala increases the possibility that a still undiscovered mushroom cult may eventually be found there.

LUNA,LE:
The Concept of Plants As Teachers Among Four Mestizo Shamans of Iquitos, Northeastern Peru.
J Ethnopharmacol 11 2: 135-156 (1984) English

Lyons, Philip C.; Plattner, Ronald D.; Bacon, Charles W.
Occurrence of peptide and clavine ergot alkaloids in tall fescue grass
Science v232 p487-9 April 25 1986
SUBJECTS: Ergotism Fescue Alkaloids Plants, Chemical analysis of

MAC RAE,WD: TOWERS,GHN:
Ethnobiological and Chemical Investigations of Selected Amazonian Plants.
Diss Abstr Int B 45 12: 3704-. (1985) English

Mack, J. P. G, D. P. Mulvena, and M. Slaytor.
N,N-dimethyltryptamine production in Phalaris aquatica seedlings: a mathematical model for its synthesis.
Plant Physiology 88:315-320. (1988)
[no abstract]

MAHDIHASSAN,S:
Identifying the Soma Plant As Ephedra from Rig-veda and Avesta.
Hamdard 26 3: 51-65 (1983) English

MAHYAR UW; BURLEY JS; GYLLENHAAL C; SOEJARTO DD
Medicinal plants of Seberida (Riau Province, Sumatra, Indonesia).
J Ethnopharmacol. 1991 Feb; 31(2): 217-37
Field enquiries on the plants used to treat diseases in villages of Seberida Municipality indicated that a large number of plant species (at least 100) are being used in therapy. Many of the uses, however, are magical in nature. Those in which a cause-effect relationship may be established (56) are presented in this paper. A review of the ethnomedical and experimental literature showed that medicinal plant uses in Seberida fall into three categories: those for which uses are corroborated by similar medicinal uses for the same plant or different species of the same genus in other cultures, those for which uses of the plant or species of the same genus are corroborated by evidence of relevant pharmacological activity in the experimental literature and those for which the medicinal uses are not corroborated. A discussion of these categories is presented. Taken as a whole, the medicinal uses of plants in Seberida are characterized by a remarkably high proportion of plants used to treat fevers and malaria and by a high proportion of species of which the leaves are used (externally or internally) for medicinal purposes. Comparison with other studies reported in the literature seems to indicate that a high frequency of the use of leaves in therapy may be a part of a larger cultural phenomenon among the tropical forest tribes of Southeast Asia and the southern Pacific Islands. Possible rationales for this type of use are offered.

MARQUIS, KAREN L; GUSSIO, RICHARD P; WEBB, M G; MORETON, J EDWARD
Cortical EEG changes during the self-administration of phencyclinoids.
Neuropharmacology; 1989 Nov Vol 28(11) 1193-1198
Four female rats implanted with cerebrocortical EEG recording electrodes were trained to self-administer cocaine and then ketamine under an FR-10 schedule of reinforcement. Periodically, a single unit dose of either phencyclidine, ketamine (4.0 mg/kg), or 1-(1-phenylcyclohexyl)morphine was substituted for the maintenance dose (3.0 mg/kg) of ketamine, while the cortical EEG was recorded. For each drug, the preinjection state of the EEG could be classified separately from the postinjection state, using specific EEG spectrum quantities from the global frequency range. Furthermore, the relevant EEG parameters were unique for each drug. Data serve to model the EEG changes that occur during the self-administration of 3 phencyclinoids.

Marten, G. C., A. B. Simons, and J. R. Frelich.
Alkaloids of reed canarygrass as influenced by nutrient supply.
Agronomy Journal 66: 363-368. (1974)
"Because total alkaloid concentration in this grass [Phalaris arundinacea] is highly heritable,plant breeders should be able to develop low-alkaloid cultivars."

MAYAGOITIA,L: DIAZ,JL: CONTRERAS,CM:
Psychopharmacologic Analysis of an Alleged Oneirogenic Plant: Calea Zacatechichi.
J Ethnopharmacol 18 3: 229-243 (1986) English

MC KENNA,DJ: TOWERS,GHN: ABBOTT,FS:
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors in South American Hallucinogenic Plants Part 2. Constituents of Orally-active Myristicaceous Hallucinogens.
J Ethnopharmacol 122:179-211 (1984)

McKenna, Terence.
Food of the Gods: The Search for the Original Tree of Knowledge.
A Radical History of Plants, Drugs, and Human Evolution. New York: Bantam Books. (1992)

MCKENNA, TERENCE
'Sacred Plants as Guides: New Dimensions of the Soul'
Speaking resentation: 2-MAR-91 at Claremont Jung Society
Desmanthus illinoensis 'Illinois Bundle Weed' discovered to be DMT-bearing a year ago, by phytochemists in the midwest speculative allusion made to 'medicine bundles', apparently on the basis of word assocaition. Suggests illinois bundle weed was unknown to Native American medicine. 'Bundleweed', midwest US newly discovered to be DMT-containing: 6% [sic] of dry weight is N,N-dimethyltryptamine highest concentration ever found in any plant. CORRECTION: Wilshire Ebell Theater 1-June-91, Terence replied to questions that Desmanthus illinoensis has only 0.6% (possibly up to 0.8%) DMT by dry weight.

MCKENNA, TERENCE
Hallucinogenic Mushrooms and Evolution
ReVISION; 1988 Spring, Vol. 10 No. 4 pp 52-53
Human language arose out of the synergy of primate organizational potential by plant hallucinogens. Indeed this possibility was brilliantly anticipated by Henry Munn in his essay 'The Mushrooms of Language' (1973).

MCKENNA, TERENCE
The Role of psychedelic plants in human evolution : food of the Gods
Pacific Radio Archive (1992): Audio Tape 1 reel (55 min.) 7 1/2 ips., mono.
For cassette copies call She Who Remembers (818) 287-8254.
Talk by Terence McKenna which advances the theories of his book "Food of the Gods: The Search for the Original Tree of Knowledge." He argues that we need to reintroduce psychedelic experience into contemporary culture in light of anthropological evidence which suggests a long relationship between psychedelics and religion. He traces some of the historical uses of psychedelics in ritual and its effects upon human behavior. He contrasts psycedelics with addictive drugs, and argues for its role in consciousness raising. Concludes with a question and answer session.

MILLER JA
Clinical opportunities for plant and soil fungi
BioScience. 36:656-658 November 1986
Immunological tolerance. Mycoses

MOERMAN, DANIEL E
Desmanthus illinoensis
'Research Reports in Ethnobotany: Medicinal Plants of Native America vol.1&2'; University of Michigan of Anthropology, Technical Reports #19; QK99.N7 M64 (1986)
Desmanthus Illinoensis, Fabaceae: PAIUTE EYE MEDICINE. Five seeds placed in eye at night to cure trachoma; washed out in morning. PAWNEE DERMATOLOGICAL AID. Acuan illinoensis. Spider Bean. Decoction of leaves used as a wash to cure the itch.

Mooney, James.
The Mescal Plant and Ceremony.
Therapeutic Gazette 20:7-11. (1896)

Morell, Virginia
Jungle Rx; a new breed of botanist is rushing to learn what the last of the witch doctors know: how to cure people with plants
International Wildlife v14 p18-21+ May/June 1984
SUBJECTS: Botany, Medical Indians of South America/Plants and plant lore

MORO,GA: GRAZIANO,MN: COUSSIO,JD
Alkaloids of Argentine Medicinal Plants. Part Iv. Alkaloids of Prosopis Nigra.
Phytochemistry 14:827- (1975)

MORTON,JF:
Medicinal and Other Plants Used by People on North Caicos (turks and Caicos Islands, West Indies).
J Crude Drug Res 15 : 1-24 (1977) English

MOSSA,JS: AL-YAHYA,MA: AL-MESHAL,IA: TARIQ,M:
Phytochemical and Biological Screening of Saudi Medicinal Plants -part 5.
Fitoterapia 54 4: 147-152 (1983) English (med Plants Research Unit College of Pharmacy Univ of Riyadh Riyadh

MULLHOLLAND,DA: FRASER,L: NAIR,JJ:
A New Limonoid from the Seed of Turraea Floribunda.
Planta Med Suppl 58 1: A712-. (1992) English

Narcotic Plants. William A. Emboden, Jr. MacMillan Co. New York. 1972. hardcover. 168 pages. [large box 2m]