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AGURELL,S: HOLMSTEDT,B: LINDGREN,JE: SCHULTES,RE
Alkaloids in Certain Species of Virola and Other South American Plants of Ethnopharmacologic Interest.
Acta Chem Scand 23:903-916 (1969)

AGWU IE; AKAH PA
Tabernaemontana crassa as a traditional local anesthetic agent.
J Ethnopharmacol. 1990 Aug; 30(1): 115-9
[NO ABSTRACT] Tabernaemontana - traditional anaesthetic plant

ALBERT-PULEO,M
The Obstetrical Use in Ancient and Early Modern Times of Convolvulus Scammonia Or Scammony: Another Non-fungal Source of Ergot Alkaloids.
J Ethnopharmacol 1 2: 193-195 (1979) English

Allen JW; Merlin MD
Psychoactive mushroom use in Koh Samui and Koh Pha-Ngan, Thailand.
J.Ethnopharmacol; 1992 Jan; 35(3); P 205-28
This paper presents the results of recent ethnomycological exploration in southern Thailand. Field observations, interviews and collection of fungi specimens were carried out primarily on two islands, Koh Samui and Koh Pha-ngan, situated in the western region of the Gulf of Siam. Some fieldwork was also conducted in the northern Thai province of Chiang Dao and in the southern Thai province of Surat Thani. During five separate excursions (1989-90), observations were made of occurrence, harvesting, use, and marketing of psychoactive fungi by local Thai natives (males and females, adults and children), foreign tourists, and German immigrants. The first records of psychoactive Psilocybe subcubensis and Copelandia dung fungi in Thailand are presented in this paper. These fungi exhibited intense bluing reactions when handled, indicating the presence of psilocybin and/or psilocin. Seven collections of Psilocybe cubensis (Earle) Singer and/or Psilocybe subcubensis Guzman and four collections of Copelandia sp. were harvested and sun-dried for herbarium deposit. These fungi are cultivated or occur spontaneously, often appearing in the decomposed manure of domesticated water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) and at least three different species of cattle (Bos indicus, B. guarus, and B. sundaicus). The psychoactive fungi are cultivated in clandestine plots, both indoors and outdoors, in the uplands and villages on Koh Samui by both Thai natives and some foreigners. The sale of psychoactive fungi directly to tourists and to resort restaurants for use in edible food items such as omelettes and soups is discussed in detail. The preparation and sale of mushroom omelettes adulterated with artificial hallucinogens in some restaurants is also discussed. In addition, the marketing of items such as hand painted T-shirts, post cards, and posters bearing mushroom related motifs in Thailand is described.

BIGWOOD J; BEUG M
Variation of psilocybin and psilocin levels with repeated flushes (harvests) of mature sporocarps of Psilocybe cubensis (Earle) Singer.
J Ethnopharmacol. 1982 May. 5(3). P 287-91.
Analysis of Psilocybe cubensis (Earle) Singer grown in controlled culture showed that the level of psilocin was generally zero in the first (or sometimes even the second) fruiting of the mushroom from a given culture and that the level reached a maximum by the fourth flush. The level of psilocybin, which was nearly always at least twice the level of psilocin, showed no upward or downward trend as fruiting progressed, but was variable over a factor of four. Samples obtained from outside sources had psilocybin levels varying by over a factor of ten from one collection to the next.

BIODYNAMIC APOCYNACEOUS PLANTS OF THE NORTHWEST AMAZON.
De Plantis Toxicariie E Mundo Novo Tropicale Commentationes. Xix.
Schultes,re: J Ethnopharmacol 1 2: 165-192 (1979) English

BLUM, KENNETH; FUTTERMAN, SANFORD L; PASCAROSA, PAUL
Peyote, a potential ethnopharmacologic agent for alcoholism and other drug dependencies: Possible biochemical rationale.
Clinical Toxicology; 1977 Vol 11(4) 459-472
Examines folk psychiatry among Native American Church members from an ethnopharmacologic viewpoint. Alcohol and opiate abuse among Indians and non-Indians are presented in 3 case histories proving to be asymptomatic under Indian guidance and through participation in the peyote ritual. The biochemical alkaloids common in the peyote cactus, rather than just the psychoactive substances (mescaline), are purported to be pharmacologically similar to the neuroamine-derived alkaloids found in the brain during alcohol intoxication. Evidence is reviewed that points out possible common features of alcohol and opiate dependence, leading to the speculation that a common mode of treatment may reside in plants rich in isoquinoline alkaloids.

BRITTON,EB:
A Pointer to A New Hallucinogen of Insect Origin.
J Ethnopharmacol 12 3: 331-333 (1984) English

BUTLER,EG: ROBINSON,T: SHULTES,RE
Petunia Violacea: Hallucinogen Or Not?
J Ethnopharmacol 4 1: 111-114 (1981) English

CAVIN,JC: KRASSNER,SM: RODRIGUEZ,E:
Plant-derived Alkaloids Active Against Trypanosoma Cruzi.
J Ethnopharmacol 191:89-94 (1987)

Díaz, J.L. 1979.
Ethnopharmacology and taxonomy of Mexican Psychodysleptic plants.
Journal of Psychedelic Drugs 11 (1-2):71-101.

DARIAS,V: BRAVO,L: BARQUIN,E: HERRERA,DM: FRAILE,C:
Contribution to the Ethnopharmacological Study of the Canary Islands.
J Ethnopharmacol 15 2: 169-193 (1986) English (dept Farmacog Farmacodin Fac Farm Univ La Laguna Tenerife

Diaz, Jose Luis.
Ethnopharmacology and Taxonomy of Mexican Psychodysleptic Plants.
Journal of Psychedelic Drugs 11(1-2):71-101. (1979)

DIAZ, JOSE LUIS
Ethnopharmacology and Taxonomy of Mexican Psychodysleptic Plants
Journal of Psychedelic Drugs Vol. 11(1-2) Jan-Jun 1979
Seeds of various Morning Glories contain Ergolines: ergine,isoergine,ergonovine Glucosides: turbicoryn [apparently in Rivea corymbosa only]. Ipomoea violacea seeds called Tlitlitzen (Aztec word for 'The Divine Black One') to the Aztecs, Black is a 'hot' color, a property of psychotropics associated with light...

DIAZ,JL:
Ethnopharmacology of Sacred Psychoactive Plants Used by the Indians of Mexico.
Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 17 : 647- (1977) English (cent Invest Interdisciplin Inst Invest Biomed Univ Nac Auton

DOBKIN DE RIOS,M:
Enigma of Drug-induced Altered States of Consciousness Among the !kung Bushmen of the Kalahari Desert.
J Ethnopharmacol 15 3: 297-304 (1986) English

Efron, Daniel H., Holmstedt, Bo, & Kline, Nathan S. (eds)
Ethnopharmacologic Search for Psychoactive Drugs.
New York: Raven Press. (1979)

ELMI AS
The chewing of khat in Somalia.
J Ethnopharmacol. 1983 Aug. 8(2). P 163-76.
Khat (Catha edulis Forsk.), known in Somalia as 'qaad' or 'jaad', is a plant whose leaves and stem tips are chewed for their stimulating effect. From the Harar area, khathas been introduced at different times into the present day territories of Somalia, Djibouti, South and North Yemen, Kenya, Madagascar, Tanzania and down to south eastern Africa. The plant, which belongs to the Celestraceae family, grows wild at altitudes of 1500-2000 m above sea level. Among the various compounds present in the plant (more than forty alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, terpenoids,etc.), two phenylalkylamines, namely cathine [+)-norpseudoephedrine) and cathinone [-)S-o-aminopropiophenone) seem to account mostly for the effect. The consumers get a feeling of well-being, mental alertness and excitement. The after effects are usually insomnia, numbness and concentration. The excessive use of khat may create considerable problems of social, health and economic nature. These problems have been summarily reviewed. Khat chewing started at different times in different parts of Somalia. Since World War II, the prevalence of the practice has continuously increased and no social group is excluded. An epidemiological research to compare Northern and Southern regions of Somalia and to obtain a rough estimate of prevalence, definition of social characteristics of the groups of consumers, specification of the motivations, patterns of use and effects during and after consumption has been conducted. Consumers and non-consumers (7485 people) were randomly interviewed in the two regions. Khat consumption in relation to sex, age, occupation and grade of education is presented.

Ethnopharmacologic Search for Psychoactive Drugs: Proceedings of a Symposium Held in San Francisco, CA, Jan. 28-30, 1967. editor: Daniel Efron. sponsored by: Pharmacology Section, Psychopharmacology Research Branch. National Institute of Mental Health, Public Health Service. U.S. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare. ~$40. [box v2]

GARTZ,J: ALLEN,JW: MERLIN,MD:
Ethnomycology, Biochemistry, and Cultivation of Psilocybe Samuiensis Guzman, Bandala and Allen, A New Psychoactive Fungus from Koh Samui, Thailand.
J Ethnopharmacol 43 2: 73-80 (1994) English

GEISSHUSLER S; BRENNEISEN R
The content of psychoactive phenylpropyl and phenylpentenyl khatamines in Catha edulis Forsk. of different origin.
J Ethnopharmacol. 1987 May. 19(3). P 269-77.
Khat, the leaves of Catha edulis Forsk. (Celastraceae), is widely used as a stimulant in East Africa and the Arab Peninsula. Samples from the most important markets of Ethiopia, Kenya, North Yemen and Madagascar were analysed with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) concerning their khatamine content (phenylpropyl and phenylpentenylamines). The variability of khatamines depending on origin, type and quality is discussed. In many samples a good correlation between the amount of cathinone, the main CNS-active compound, and quality estimation (price) of dealers and consumers was found.

GOODMAN,SM: HOBBS,JJ:
The Ethnobotany of the Egyptian Eastern Desert: A Comparison of Common Plant Usage Between Two Culturally Distinct Bedouin Groups.
J Ethnopharmacol 23 1: 73-89 (1988) English

HEDBERG,I: HEDBRERG,O: MADATI,PJ: MSHIGENI,KE: MSHIU,EN: SAMUELSSON,G:
Inventory of Plants Used in Traditional Medicine in Tanzania. Ii. Plants of the Families Dilleniaceae-opiliaceae.
J Ethnopharmacol 9 1: 105-127 (1983) English

HERNANDEZ-PEREZ,M: LOPEZ-GARCIA,RE: RABANAL,RM: DARIAS,V: ARIAS,A:
Antimicrobial Activity of Visnea Mocanera Leaf Extracts.
J Ethnopharmacol 41 1/2: 115-119 (1994) English

JOLY,LG: GUERRA,S: SEPTIMO,R: SOLIS,PN: CORREA,M: GUPTA,M: LEVY,S:SANDBERG,F:
Ethnobotanical Inventory of Medicinal Plants Used by the Guaymi Indians in Western Panama. Part I.
J Ethnopharmacol 20 2: 145-171 (1987) English

KALIX P
The pharmacology of psychoactive alkaloids from ephedra and catha.
J Ethnopharmacol. 1991 Apr. 32(1-3). P 201-8.
Ever since the introduction of the alkaloid ephedrine as an anti-asthmatic, the CNS stimulatory effects of this sympathomimetic have been a problem in therapy. Indeed, the use of ephedrine is not only limited by its cardiovascular effects, but also by the occurrence of insomnia, restlessness and anxiety. Exceptionally, ephedrine may even induce toxic psychosis, and the possibility of this side effect has recently received renewed attention. Besides ephedrine, the ephedra plant contains some norpseudoephedrine. This substance is also called cathine, because it is a major alkaloid of Catha edulis or khat, a plant that is widely used as a stimulant in certain countries of East Africa and of the Arab Peninsula. The effects of khat have been explained formerly by those of cathine; some time ago, however, the labile alkaloid cathinone was discovered in khat. This substance is the keto-analog of cathine; it is therefore more lipophilic and penetrates easily to its sites of action in the central nervous system. Indeed, cathinone has been found to be a highly potent CNS stimulant and it is now known to be the main psychoactive constituent of khat; the results of various in vitro and in vivo studies indicate that cathinone must be considered a natural amphetamine. In confirmation of this view, it has recently been demonstrated that cathinone has in humans marked anti-asthmatic, the CNS stimulatory effects of this sympathomimetic have euphorigenic and psychostimulant effects. As the case may be, these findings may lead, together with epidemiological data, to a reconsideration of the use of khat as a stimulant and social drug. Refs:55.

KRISTIANSSON B; ABDUL GHANI N; ERIKSSON M; GARLE M; QIRBI A
Use of khat in lactating women: a pilot study on breast-milk secretion.
J Ethnopharmacol. 1987 Sep-Oct. 21(1). P 85-90.
Nor-pseudoephedrine, one of the active ingredients of khat (Catha edulis), was found to be excreted in breast-milk in several lactating women who were chewing the leaves of the shrub according to the local customs. The compound could be traced in the urine of one breast-fed infant. It is concluded that the use of khat during lactation should be discouraged until further research has clearly elucidated the potential health hazards.

KRISTIANSSON,B: ABDUL GHANI,N: ERIKSSON,M: GARLE,M: QIRBI,A:
Use of Khat in Lactating Women: A Pilot Study on Breast-milk Secretion.
J Ethnopharmacol 21 1: 85-90 (1987) English

LECLERCQ,J: DE PAUW-GILLET,MC: BASSLEER,R: ANGENOT,L:
Screening of Cytotoxic Activities of Strychnos Alkaloids (methods and Results).
J Ethnopharmacol 153:305-316 (1986)

LUNA,LE:
The Concept of Plants As Teachers Among Four Mestizo Shamans of Iquitos, Northeastern Peru.
J Ethnopharmacol 11 2: 135-156 (1984) English

LUNA,LE:
The Healing Practices of A Peruvian Shaman.
J Ethnopharmacol 11 2: 123-133 (1984) English

MACRAE,WD: TOWERS,GHN:
Justicia Pectoralis: A Study of the Basis For Its Use As A Hallucinogenic Snuff Ingredient.
J Ethnopharmacol 12 1 93-111 (1984)

MAHYAR UW; BURLEY JS; GYLLENHAAL C; SOEJARTO DD
Medicinal plants of Seberida (Riau Province, Sumatra, Indonesia).
J Ethnopharmacol. 1991 Feb; 31(2): 217-37
Field enquiries on the plants used to treat diseases in villages of Seberida Municipality indicated that a large number of plant species (at least 100) are being used in therapy. Many of the uses, however, are magical in nature. Those in which a cause-effect relationship may be established (56) are presented in this paper. A review of the ethnomedical and experimental literature showed that medicinal plant uses in Seberida fall into three categories: those for which uses are corroborated by similar medicinal uses for the same plant or different species of the same genus in other cultures, those for which uses of the plant or species of the same genus are corroborated by evidence of relevant pharmacological activity in the experimental literature and those for which the medicinal uses are not corroborated. A discussion of these categories is presented. Taken as a whole, the medicinal uses of plants in Seberida are characterized by a remarkably high proportion of plants used to treat fevers and malaria and by a high proportion of species of which the leaves are used (externally or internally) for medicinal purposes. Comparison with other studies reported in the literature seems to indicate that a high frequency of the use of leaves in therapy may be a part of a larger cultural phenomenon among the tropical forest tribes of Southeast Asia and the southern Pacific Islands. Possible rationales for this type of use are offered.

MAYAGOITIA,L: DIAZ,JL: CONTRERAS,CM:
Psychopharmacologic Analysis of an Alleged Oneirogenic Plant: Calea Zacatechichi.
J Ethnopharmacol 18 3: 229-243 (1986) English

MC KENNA,DJ: TOWERS,GHN: ABBOTT,FS:
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors in South American Hallucinogenic Plants Part 2. Constituents of Orally-active Myristicaceous Hallucinogens.
J Ethnopharmacol 122:179-211 (1984)

McKenna, Dennis J. & Towers, G. H. N.
On the Comparative Ethnopharmacology of Malpighiaceous and Myristicaceous Hallucinogens.
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 17/1:35-39. (1985)

PLOTKIN MJ; SCHULTES RE
Virola: a promising genus for ethnopharmacological investigation.
J Psychoactive Drugs. 1990 Jul Sep; 22(3): 357-61
Data are now available on the antifungal use of Virola from four countries and some 14 different tribes of Indians in these countries who employ the Virola exudate for the same or similar purposes. Three of the five methods of ethnobotanical investigation proposed by Schultes and Swain in 1976 have been employed in this ethnobotanical research. Furthermore, both of the present authors have successfully employed this antifungal treatment themselves. Given that deep fungal infections of the skin are often considered incurable with medications currently in use, further laboratory analysis of Virola resin should be undertaken as soon as possible.

PLOTKIN,MJ: SCHULTES,RE:
Virola: A Promising Genus For Ethnopharmacological Investigation.
J Psychoactive Drugs 22 3: 357-361 (1990) English

SCHULTES,RE:
De Plantis Toxicariie E Mundo Novo Tropicale Commentationes. Xix. Biodynamic Apocynaceous Plants of the Northwest Amazon.
J Ethnopharmacol 1 2: 165-192 (1979) English

SHAH,NC:
Herbal Folk Medicines in Northern India.
J Ethnopharmacol 6 3: 293-301 (1982) English

SHULGIN AT, SARGENT T, NARANJO C
The chemistry and psychopharmacology of nutmeg and of several related phenylisopropylamines.
In D. H. Efron [ed.]: Ethnopharmacologic search for psychoactive drugs. US Dept. of H. E. W., Public Health Service Publication No. 1645. Pp. 202-214. Discussion: pp. 223-229. (1967) [#49]
[No Abstract]

SHULGIN AT, T. Sargent, and C. Naranjo.
The chemistry and psychopharmacology of nutmeg and of several related phenylisopropylamines.
In D. H. Efron [ed.]: Ethnopharmacologic search for psychoactive drugs. (1967.)

STROMBOM,J: BRUHN,JG
Cactaceae Alkaloids. 29. Alkaloids of Pachycereus Pecten-aboriginum, A Mexican Cactus of Ethnopharmacologic Interest.
Acta Pharm Suecica 15 : 127-132 (1978) English

Valdés, L.J.III.; Días,J.L. & Paul,A.G. 1983.
Ethnopharmacology of Ska María Pastora (Salvia divinorum, Epling and Játiva-M.).
Journal of Ethnopharmacology 7:287-312.

VAN BEEK,TA: DE SMIDT,C: VERPOORTE,R:
Phytochemical Investigation of Tabernaemontana Crassa.
J Ethnopharmacol 142/3:315-318 (1985)

VOHORA,SB: KUMAR,I: KHAN,MSY:
Effect of Alkaloids of Solanum Melongena on the Central Nervous System.
J Ethnopharmacol 11 3: 331-336 (1984) English

WEIL, ANDREW T
The use of psychoactive mushrooms in the Pacific Northwest: An ethnopharmacological report.
Botanical Museum Leaflets; 1979 Vol. 25, No. 5, Pp 131-149
[NO ABSTRACT] Ethnopharmacology Mushrooms Pacific Northwest

WEIL,AT: DAVIS,W:
Bufo Alvarius: A Potent Hallucinogen of Animal Origin.
J Ethnopharmacol 41 1/2: 1-8 (1994) English

50th Anniversary of LSD: Sacred and Healing Plants & Treatment of Substance Abuse Ralph Metzner of Harvard/Millbrook Maps of Consciousness fame, came as pres. of Green Earth foundation; Tom Pinkson, Attitudinal Healing therapist; Kat Harrison, Botanical Dimensions; and Dennis McKenna, ethnopharmacologist and star of TRUE HALLUCINATIONS discussed the sacred plants just enough for people to wish they were giving a whole day to the subject, at least. All the panelists have written and talked extensively on the subject and you can find their pieces listed in this catalog in the Artist Index. Rick Doblin, MAPS; Richard Yensen & Donna Dryer, LSD researchers; Bob Sisko, Ibogaine advocate; Dr. Igor Koungourtsev, Ketamine researcher were a good mix of substances that you don't experience much.
(1)Video-V471e-93,

50th Anniversary of LSD: Sacred and Healing Plants and Psychedelic Drugs in the Treatment of Substance Ralph Metzner of Harvard/Millbrook Maps of Consciousness fame, came as Pres. of Green Earth foundation; Tom Pinkson, Attitudinal Healing therapist; Kat Harrison, Botanical Dimensions; and Dennis McKenna, ethnopharmacologist and star of TRUE HALLUCINATIONS discussed the sacred plants just enough for people to wish they were giving a whole day to the subject, at least. All the panelists have written and talked extensively on the subject and you can find their pieces listed in this catalog in the Artist Index. Rick Doblin, MAPS; Richard Yensen & Donna Dryer, LSD researchers; Bob Sisko, Ibogaine advocate; and Dr. Igor Koungourtsev, Ketamine researcher; were a good mix of substances that you don't experience much and we got some good ideas about substance abuse.
(1)Audio-A1059e-93,