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Liberty Cap
Audubon Field Guide to North American Mushrooms; p 273-274
84 LIBERTY CAP. Psilocybe semilanceata (Fr. ex. Secr.) Kum. Strophariaceae, Agaricales. DESCRIPTION: Slimy, narrowly conical, brown to tan cap with brownish gills and smooth, off-white stalk; in pastures and manured areas. CAP: 3/8 to 1 inch (1-2.5 cm) wide; sharply conical, often peaked, and not expanding; sticky, smooth; brownish, fading to tan, bruising blue on margin. GILLS: attached, close, broad; grayish, becoming dark brown. STALK: 2-4 inches (5-10 cm) high, 1/16 inch (1.5 mm) thick; very thing, whitish. VEIL: partial veil evanescent. SPORES: 11-14 x 7-8 microns; elliptical, smooth, with pore at tip. Spore print purple-brown. EDIBILITY: Hallucinogenic. SEASON: Late August - November. HABITAT: Scattered to numerous, in tall grass and grassy hummocks in cow pastures. RANGE: Widely distributed; common in Pacific NW.; also reported in Quebec. LOOK-ALIKES: The hallucinogenic P. pelliculosa and P. silvatica grow in wood chips or mulch, and have conical caps. COMMENTS: This species is one of the most familiar hallucinogens of the Oregon coast.

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Make That... 1002 Uses for Fungi
SCIENCE Vol.257 pg 1049 21-aug-92
MAKE THAT... 1002 USES FOR FUNGI. Various cultures have employed 'magic' mushrooms as medicines or as substances to induce hallucinations for religious rites. But the shaman of the Tlingit, Haida, and other indigenous peoples who lived in the US's Northwest Coast appear to have used one kind of fungus to induce magic less directly: They carved them into spiritual figurines to cure the sick and protect the dead. This novel mystical use of mushrooms was discovered when a team of botanists recently noted a peculiar piece of 'wood' in a routine evaluation of wood deterioration in objects at the American Museum of Natural History. Plant pathologist Robert A. Blanchette of the University of Minnesota subsequently identified the material as a species of fungus called Fomitopsis officinalis that had been treated with a brownish grease. After the first find, Blanchette and several colleagues tracked down another 10 fungal figurines at museums throughout the nation. They describe their results in a recent issue of Mycologia. The figurines adorned the graves of shamans and were meant to 'relay a clear message to the people that the area was occupied by spirits and should never be approached,' the researchers write. And these weren't the only supernatural powers attributed to the fungi: According to a Haida myth, the only way that the myustical hero Raven could paddle his canoe close to shore (in order to 'capture female genitalia') was if Fungus Man paddled in the stern. According to the researchers, 'only the Fungus Man had the supernatural powers to successfully bring Raven to his destination.'

BAILEY
Desmanthus
Standard Encyclopedia of Horticulture; Vol 2 (1914) R635.9
DESMANTHUS (name refers to flowers being in bundles). Synonymous with Acuan. Leguminosae. About 10 herbs or shrubs in subtropical North America and 1 in the tropics of the Old World, a few of the American species reaching well north in the U.S., probably not regularly cultivated, but now and then transferred to the garden for the effect of their bipinnate leaves and small greenish white flowers, in axillary peduncled heads or spikes. The genus is one of the Mimosa tribe, and the flowers are not papilionaceous: petals 5, distinct or very nearly so; calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed; stamens 5 or 10, distinct, usually exserted: pod flat, narrow, straight or curved, several-seeded. D. illinoensis, MacM. (Mimosa illinoensis, Michx. Acuan illinoensis, Kuntze), occurs in prairies and river borders from Indiana west and south: 1-5 ft. nearly glabrous, perennial erect herb: leaflets. 20-30 pairs, obtusish. D. leptolobus, Torr. & Grey, occurs on prairies from Kansas to Texas: leaflets. mostly fewer and acute, and peduncles much shorter (1 inch or less long).

BENKE, RICHARD
JUDGE RIPS DRUG WAR, DISMISSES PEYOTE CHARGE
Associated Press, Wisconsin State Journal, Madison, WI, Friday, Sept 6, 1991
ALBUQUERQUE, N.M. Calling the drug war a 'menacing attack' on constitutional liberty, New Mexico's chief federal judge dismissed peyote importation charges against a white member of the Native American Church. U.S. District Judge Juan Burciaga said Wednesday the fight against drug trafficking is 'a wildfire that threatens to consume those fundamental rights of the individual deliberately enshrined in our Constitution.' Lawrence R. 'Bob' Boyll, 56, of Mill Valley, Calif., was accused of mailing about eight pounds of peyote, a hallucinogenic cactus, from Mexico last May to his own post office box in San Cristobal, N.M., north of Taos. He was arrested near Taos by U.S. Customs agents. Boyll, the son of a Methodist minister, said be has used peyote only as a religious sacrament since becoming a member of the Native American Church in Taos nearly 10 years ago. He said the peyote obtained in May would have lasted church members at least a year. Congress exempted religious usage of peyote in 1965, but the prosecution argued that it never authorized importation. On Wednesday night he said he was glad the ordeal was at least partly over, although prosecutors say they would like to appeal. They said the decision ultimately would be made in Washington, D.C. 'It wasn't easy for me to go through this,' Boyll said in a telephone interview from Mill Valley. 'It was very humbling.' Boyll defended his use of peyote. 'It's used in conjunction with prayer,' he said. 'It's used in a very careful way ... as a remedy. And I have seen it, along with prayer, heal people who were at death's door.' 'Not only does it not do anyone any harm, I believe that when it's used in a proper way, through prayer, it can be very helpful for life.... It's something that's for life. It's not just a roller-coaster ride.' The government argued that some church chapters required that members be at least one-fourth Indian. Boyll said he's part Indian, although not one-fourth.; Several Indian witnesses testified that Boyll is a legitimate church member. Boyll said nobody in the church sought to exclude him and the government shouldn't either.

EMBODEN WILLIAM
Peganum harmala, Syrian Rue
Narcotic Plants
Syrian rue is a name used to describe a woody perennial shrub found growing in dry areas of the Mediterranean, in northern India, Mongolia, and Manchuria. Known to botanists as Peganum harmala of the family Zygophyllaceae, it is famous for its use in producing the dye called 'Turkish Red,' which is obtained from the abundant seed. It is used to produce color characteristic of all the Iranian and Turkish carpets. Dioscorides spoke of this plant in his famous codex (Codex Vindobonensis) of the first century. The written history of this plant extends over a thousand years. In Egypt the oil from this seed is sold as 'zit-el-harmel' and has the reputation of being an aphrodisiac. Medicinal uses extend to its use in treating diseases of the eyes, as a vermifuge, soporific, lactogogue, etc. The seed is widely known as a narcotic, and analyses reveal harmaline, harmalol, and harmine. Harmine is now in use in research on mental disease, encephalitis, and inflammation of the brain. Small doses are stimulating to the brain and reportedly are therapeutic, but in excess harmine depresses the central nervous system. During the Second World War, Nazi 'scientists' used harmaline to advantage as a truth serum. In reality there is no truth serum, but an alteration in thresholds of consciousness may make a person loquacious. A crude preparation of the seed is more effective than any extract because of the presence of related indoles. The Douvans of Bokhara used to inhale the smoke of burning Peganum harmala seed and became quite exuberant, much in the manner of the people of South America using caapi, which has the same class of chemicals. This is one of the few clues as to possible historical uses in a shamanic context, and at this time no one has done any thorough research on it.

ENOS, LEONARD
A Key to the North American Psilocybin Mushroom.
Youniverse Productions, 1970
Psilocybin Mushrooms [Out of Print]

EVERETT
Desmanthus
The New York Botanical Garden Illustrated Encyclopedia of Horticulture. rSB317.58
DESMANTHUS (Des-man'thus): Chiefly natives of tropical and subtropical America, but with some in North America, the thirty species of Desmanthus belong in the section of the pea family, LEGUMINOSAE, that includes the sensitive plant (Mimosa), the silk tree (Albizia), and Acacia. Accordingly, the flowers are not pea-like, but are in fuzzy heads or spikes, a characteristic accounted for in the name which comes from the Greek 'desme', a bundle, and 'anthos', a flower, and alludes to the heads of bloom. Of minor garden importance, the members of this genus are herbaceous, perennials and shrubs with twice-pinnate, mimosa-like foliage. The tiny white or greenish flowers, clustered in tight heads, have five-lobed calyxes, five petals, and five or ten usually much-protruding stamens. A hardy herbaceous perennial, D. ILLINOENSIS, is 3 to 6 feet tall and has conspicuously angled, hairless, or minutely hairy stems. Its leaves, 2 to 4 inches long, have six to twelve pairs of major divisions, each divided into twenty or thirty pairs of oblong leaflets up to 1/5 inch long and often hairy along their margins. The flower stalks, up to 1 1/4 inches long, terminate in solitary small heads of bloom, succeeded by short, strongly curved pods up to 1 inch long, in dense, nearly spherical heads. A succession of flowers is produced through the summer. This species ranges in the wild from Ohio to Colorado, Florida, Texas, and New Mexico. Very similar, but with more rigid seed pods up to 2 3/4 inches long, D. leptolobus is indigenous from Missouri to Kansas and Texas. GARDEN USES AND CULTIVATION: These plants have little to recommend them except for inclusion in collections of native plants and for occasional use in naturalistic plantings. They grow without difficulty in ordinary garden soil, moist or dry, in sunny places, and are raised from seed.

Field Guide to the Psilocybin Mushroom- species common to North America. F.C. Ghouled. Loom Press, Chapel Hill, NC. 1972. $1.45. [box 5m]

GEARHART L; PERSINGER MA
Geophysical variables and behavior: XXXIII. Onsets of historical and contemporary poltergeist episodes occurred with sudden increases in geomagnetic activity.
Percept Mot Skills. 1986 Apr. 62(2). P 463-6.
Several researchers have reported that poltergeist episodes frequently begin on the day (+/- 1 day) of a sudden and intense increase in global geomagnetic activity. To test this visual observation, a near-complete account of these episodes for which the inception dates were recorded and verified was examined. Statistical analyses clearly indicated that global geomagnetic activity (aa index) on the day or day after the onset of these episodes was significantly higher than the geomagnetic activity on the days before or afterwards. The same temporal pattern was noted for historical cases and for those that have occurred more recently. The pattern was similar for episodes that occurred in North America and in Europe. The results were statistically significant and suggest that these unusual episodes may be some form of natural phenomena that are associated with geophysical factors.

Hallucinogenic Plants of North America. Jonathan Ott. Wingbow Press, Berkeley. 1976 (revised edition 1979). $8.50. paperback. 161 pages. [box 2m]

JONATHAN OTT: Ayahuasca Analogues An interview with Jonathan, conducted by Roy Tuckman, concentrates on the pharmacology of ayahuasca and related mixtures made from North American as well as synthetic components.
(1)Audio-A874-94,

JONATHAN OTT: Hallucinogenic Plants of North America (out of print) Presents objective data on current scientific research, in order to restore rationality to the increasingly polarized discussion on the social value of hallucinogens. Inquire about this book and we will consider getting a photocopy of the original if there are no plans for republishing. Pharmacotheon by the same author contains much of the same information.
(1)Publication-P44-90,

JUNIPER; ROBBINS; JOEL
The Carnivorous Plants. Part IV: Phytochemical Aspects
The Carnivorous Plants; 1989 Academic Press, ISBN 0-12-392170-8
NEPENTHES: Linnaeus gave the plant it's present name in 1753, in allusion to the story in Homer's Odyssey where Helen mixed wine with the drug 'Nepenthe' (Greek. literally 'No Mind') so that by drinking it man might be freed from care and grief. The shape of the pitchers in some species resembles the Greek rhincton or drinking horn. [Genera & distribution of pitcher plants] Heliamphora: British Guiana, Venezuela, Brazil. Darlingtonia: Northern California, Southern Oregon. Sarracenia: North America. Cephalotus: Western Australia. Nepenthes: Madagascar, Borneo, Indonesia, Southeast Asia, Seychelles, Sri Lanka, Queensland Australia, Malaysia. AMINES: Histamine has been detected in the leaf tissues of a number of genera (Werle 1955). In both Nepenthes and Drosera the level appears to be higher in those parts of the leaf associated with the traps, though the level is variable. In these cases, as well as in Sarracenia and Pinguicula, the concentration is in the range 2-13 ug/g fresh weight. Acetylcholine-like compounds were also detected in Nepenthes (Morrisey 1963)... ALKALOIDS: Alkaloids, while not unknown, are relatively uncommon amongst the carnivorous plants. In view of their requirements for nitrogen in the molecules it is perhaps not suprising that these plants, living in nitrogen-limited environments, use other types of compounds as protective agents. Porcher (1849) was unable to detect morphine, nicotine or quinine in either Sarracenia flava or S. minor although Shepard (in Porcher 1849) reported a new alkaloid, possibly related to chinchonine. Sarracenia purpurea plants yielded veratrine (Hetet 1879), which possibly was Sheperd's alkaloid. Bjorklund (1864) isolated coniine from roots of S. purpurea but not leaves, though Lambert(1902) subsequently identified coniine as a volatile base produced by fresh leaves of this species. Romeo et al. (1977) could not, however isolate any alkaloid from all 10 species of Sarracenia but Mody et al. (1976) using large amounts of S. flava leaves (4.5 kg), showed that the unknown (1.9% total oil) C8H17N extracted by Miles et al.(1975) is again coniine. The other unknown C5H11NO (0.5%) may also be an alkaloid, but awaits identification. Recent work has not been able to confirm the presence of veratrine in Sarracenia. The variability in these reports may indicate seasonal and/or regional differences in alkaloid production, possibly related to carnivorous activity. Pinguicula vulgaris does not appear to contain any alkaloids (Christen 1961): nor does Nepenthes rafflesiana (Cannon et al. 1980).

LAWSON, PAUL E; SCHOLES, JENNIFER
Jurisprudence, Peyote and the Native American Church
American Indian Culture and Research Journal; 1986, 10, 1, 13-27.
Because it is worshipped as a deity, peyote has been & continues to be important to the religious beliefs & practices of numerous Indian tribes throughout North & Central America. The history of legitimate peyote use by American Indians must be understood as a struggle to maintain tribal religious traditions against various repressive state & federal governmental practices aimed at eradicating Indian culture. The historical repression of peyote use experienced by Indians in the United States is chronicled, along with the Indians' responses, including the creation of the Native American Church of North America. Recent court decisions that deal with Native Americans arrested for illegal peyote possession are summarized, & linked to larger issues of religious freedom. Though much of the white opposition to Indians' peyote use has declined over recent decades, & criminal prosecution has waned, the costs to individual Indians in terms of personal religious freedom & tribal self-determination have been great.

LINCOFF, GARY; MITCHEL H
Toxic and hallucinogenic mushroom poisoning
Toxic and hallucinogenic mushroom poisoning: a handbook for physicians and mushroom hunters. Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1977 RA1242.M9
SUBJECTS: North American Poisonous Mushrooms

MAPLES WC; ATCHLEY J; ASHBY W; FICKLIN T
An epidemiological study of the ocular and visual profiles of Oklahoma Cherokees and Minnesota Chippewas.
J Am Optom Assoc. 1990 Oct; 61(10): 784-8
Over the last three decades some American Indian tribes in North America have received attention in the literature as a minority group with unique visual characteristics. Studies on the refractive status of Indians have shown an increase of refractive errors and particularly an abnormally high prevalence, and amount of, with-the-rule astigmatism. These changes appear to have taken place over the last 40 years. Eskimos, on the other hand, have recently showed an astoundingly high incidence of myopia. Other Native American tribes do not show dramatic changes in myopia or astigmatism. The Public Health Service-Indian Health Service, as an ongoing aspect of their responsibilities to Native Americans, perform screenings on children. This study reports the results of visual screenings primarily of Oklahoma Cherokee and Minnesota Chippewa children.

Meggers, Betty J.
North and South American Cultural Connections and Convergences.
In: Jesse D. Jennings & Edward Norbeck (eds.), Prehistoric Man in the New World. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1964, 489-510. (1964)

OKTEN A; MOCAN H; KOKSAL I; YAZICI A
Karadeniz'de sporadik Kala-azar yoresi. [Sporadic kala-azar in the Black Sea region]
Mikrobiyol Bul. 1990 Oct; 24(4): 361-7
Visceral leishmaniasis is a disease, also called kala-azar, caused by species of Leishmania, which is known as intracellular parasite. Disease show a broad spectrum on the clinical symptoms. This infection is seen classically in Mediterranean countries, in same Asian countries between 30th-48th north parallels and in South America. In Mediterranean countries the parasite causing the visceral Leishmaniasis is Leishmania donovani. Turkey is also a Mediterranean country taking place between 36th-42nd north parallels.

Oss, O. T. & O. N. Oeric. (), Psilocybin: Magic Mushroom Grower's Guide. Quick American Publishing, 1986 Ott, Jonathan.
Hallucinogenic Plants of North America.
Berkeley: Wingbow Press. (1976)

Ott, Jonathan & Bigwood, Jeremy.
Teonanacatl: Hallucinogenic Mushrooms of North America.
Seattle: Madrona Publishers, Inc. (1978)

Peyote articles. Thousands of collected pages on: a) general descriptions of the plant and its religion. b) religious use among specific North American tribes. c) religious use in mesoamerica.

RALPH METZNER: Hallucinogens and Contemporary North American Shamanic Practices (ICSS) Tape 9 Side A: Hallucinogens and Contemporary North American Shamanic Practices by Ralph Metzner and A Huichol Pilgrimage Revisited by Tom Pinkson
(1)Audio-A197Q-87,

RALPH METZNER & WALTER HOUSTON CLARK: SIDE B: Entheogens and Psychospiritual Transformation SIDE A: Chemical Ecstasy From the 1983 Santa Barbara Psychedelic Conference, Walter CLARK contributes to the discussion.
(1)Audio-A87-83,

ROBBINS, THOMAS
Cults, Converts and Charisma: The Sociology of New Religious Movements
Current Sociology / Sociologie Contemporaine; 1988, 36, 1, spring, i-250.
An investigation of new religious movements (NRMs) in North America & Europe, with focus on the United States & the spiritual ferment that has stricken the country over the past two decades. Analysis is divided into three overlapping stages: (1) mid-1960s-early 1970s-characterized by countercultural protest, political activism, psychedelic drug use, & mysticism; (2) late 1960s-mid 1980s-when countercultural values became assimilated into the larger culture so that the resurgence of 'old time religion' coexisted alongside new social movements & religio-therapeutic cults, as well as a growing anticult movement; & (3) late 1970s-present-marked by a leveling off & settling down of NRMs & controversies surrounding them. Focus is on the second stage, & sociological analyses are offered of a variety of new movements, their critics & converts, & the conversion-commitment-disengagement process. Major theories that have been advanced to explain the rise of NRMs in terms of sociocultural transformations & dislocations are reviewed, along with several typologies that have attempted to classify NRMs. The organizational patterns & institutionalization of NRMs are described together with how their study illuminates the interfaces between the sociology of religion, social movements, & medicine. Methodological issues & questions of objectivity, sympathy, & responsibility connected with NRM research are reviewed. 795-Item Bibliography.

SCHULTES, RICHARD EVANS; HOFMANN A
Tetrapteris methystica
Plants of The Gods: Origins of hallucinogenic use. (1979) p 58
Tetrapteris methystica: Malphigiaceae. Tropical zones of South America, Mexico, West Indies. THe nomadic Maku' Indians of the Rio Tikie' in the northwestermost Amazonas of Brazil prepare an hallucinogenic drink from the bark of Tetrapteris methystica. Reports of the effects would suggest that beta-carboline alkaloids are present. Tetrapteris methystica is a scandent bush with black bark. The leaves are characeous, ovate, 2 1/4 - 3 3/8 inches (6-8.5 cm) long, 1-2 inches (2.5-5 cm) wide, bright green above, ashy green beneath. The inflorescence is few-flowered, shorter than the leaves. The sepals are thick, hairy without, ovate-lanceolate, with 8 black oval-shaped glands; the petals, spreading, membranaceous, yellow with red or brown in the center, elongate-orbicular, 1/2 inch (1 cm) wide. The fruit or samara is ovoid, 1/8 x 1/8 x 1/16 inch (4 x 4 x 2 mm), with brownish wings about 1/2 x 1/16 inch (10 x 2 mm).

SENAY EC
Drug abuse and public health. A global perspective.
Drug Saf. 1991; 6 Suppl 1: 1-65
During the past 20 years there has been a substantial increase in the data available on the prevalence and consequences of the use of drugs which are liable to abuse. The body of data is sufficiently scientific, comprehensive and global in scope to enable an overall profile of the use patterns of these drugs to be drawn in this review. The studies evaluated include those which surveyed populations of hundreds, thousands, or even more, covering a range of common drugs of abuse and using specified research methods. The data are summarised for North America, Europe, Asia and the West Pacific, Africa and South America. A complex picture has emerged, confounded by an array of factors, which this review does not address in detail, such as youth alienation, the changing role of women and the increasing sophistication of criminal networks. From a global perspective, the evidence reviewed from the various regions indicates that the use of drugs with liability for abuse is widespread and associated with public health and social problems of great magnitude. The major set of problems appears to be related to primary pattern drugs such as alcohol, nicotine, cannabis and the opioids. Cocaine may also be a worldwide threat in view of the problems it has created in some regions. Drug abuse usually starts in adolescence, and both sexes now appear to be involved where in the recent past it was predominantly men who were affected. The concurrent use of multiple substances is now becoming the modal pattern, and drug-related problems correlate with one another and with somatic, psychiatric and social pathology. Opioid use now tends to be via intravenous administration, and the doses of cannabis and cocaine base which are used are increasing. Substances with therapeutic effects on DSM-III-R diagnosable disorders, such as antidepressants and benzodiazepines, require careful consideration by policymakers because the risk:benefit ratio is different to that of primary-pattern intoxicants, especially taking into consideration the broad and proven therapeutic use of these substances and the need for their availability for patients and physicians. In conclusion, the data presented in this review indicate that the scientific description of trends and consequences of drug abuse is an indispensable first step in rational policy making. The review also identifies areas for further study and research.

Shamanism and Art of the Eastern Tukanoan Indians: Columbian Northwest Amazon. G. Reichel Dolmatoff. E.J. Brill. 1987. 68 pages. velobound in Ethnobotany and Shamanism in South America. [box v4]

Stoffle, Richard W.; Halmo, David B.; Evans, Michael J.
Calculating the cultural significance of American Indian plants: Paiute and Shoshone ethnobotany at Yucca Mountain, Nevada
American Anthropologist v92 p416-32 June 1990
SUBJECTS: Indians of North America/Plants and plant lore Mountains/Nevada

Teonanacatl: Hallucinogenic Mushrooms of North America: Extracts from the Second International Conference on Hallucinogenic Mushrooms held October 27-30, 1977 near Port Townsend, Washington. Psycho-mychological Studies No. 2. edited by Jonathan Ott and Jeremy Bigwood, with contributions by R. Gordon Wasson, Albert Hofmann, Andrew Weil, Richard Evans Shultes. Madrona Publishers, Inc. Seattle. 1978. velobound with 29 color plates. [Box v2]

The Winnebago Tribe. Paul Radin. 37th Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology. 1915-1916. Government Printing office. Washington D.C. 1923. (50 pages of excerpts on peyote). photocopy velobound in anthology Peyote Religion Among Northern Tribes. [box v2]

Wasson, R. Gordon.
Traditional Use in North America of Amanita Muscaria for Divinatory Purposes.
Journal of Psychedelic Drugs 11(1-2):25-28. (1979)

Wellmann, Klaus F.
North American Indian Rock Art and Hallucinogenic Drugs.
Journal of the American Medical Association 239(15):1524-1527. (1978)

American Indian Ethnobotany Database at the University of Minnesota. Foods, Drugs, Dyes, and Fibers of Native North American Peoples. Materials provided by Dan Moerman, Professor of Anthropology. Search string may contain the Boolean operators "AND" or "OR" in capitals.

Flora of North America North of Mexico is a synoptic floristic account of the plants of North America north of Mexico: the continental United States of America (including the Florida Keys and Aleutian Islands), Canada, Greenland (Kalâtdlit-Nunât), and St. Pierre and Miquelon. The flora is intended to serve both as a means of identifying plants within the region and as a systematic conspectus of the North American flora. Taxa and geographical areas in need of further study also are identified in the flora. Complete text of all the introductory essays in volume 1 are available on the Missouri Botanical Garden's gopher server. Volume 1 Introductory Essays Volume 2 Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms Future volumes

Regional Flora: [IMAGE] Search the Unpublished Volumes of the Flora of China [IMAGE] Flora of China gopher Flora of ChinaThe Flora Mesoamericana Project INBio/Costa Rica Biodiversity or aqui The Flora of North America Project