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ANOKHINA IP; KOGAN BM; MAN'KOVSKAIA IV; RESHCHIKOVA EV; STANISHEVSKAIA AV
Obshchnost' patogeneticheskikh mekhanizmov alkogolizma i narkomanii i puti poiska sredstv dlia lecheniia etikh zabolevanii. [The similarity of the pathogenetic mechanisms of alcoholism and drug dependence and the means of searching for agents for treating
Farmakol Toksikol. 1990 Jul Aug; 53(4): 4-9
The concept of the principal unity of the pivotal mechanisms underlying the formation of the syndrome of dependence on alcohol and various narcotic agents is presented. The central link of the mechanisms is the totality of the specific disturbances of neurochemical processes among which of particular importance are the specific changes in the functional state of catecholamine system. The theoretical approaches to the development of medicinal agents for treating alcoholism and drug addictions are considered. As an example there are discussed the results of using small doses of dopamine receptor stimulants (apomorphine and bromocriptine) and a neuropeptide cholecystokinin.
CERLETTI A
Teonanacatl und Psilocybin (Teonanacatl and Psilocybin)
Deutsche med.Wchnschr. 84:2317 (1959)
The introductory part of this study reviews the history of the Mexican hallucinogenic fungi from the first description of Psilocybe mexicana by an European (Bernardine de Shagin) in the 16th century to the most recent research of the Americans V.P. and R.G. Wasson and the French mycologis, Heim. The next part deals with the chemistry of the substances contained in Psilocybe mexicana. These were isolated and their structure elucidated in our laboratories. The relation of Psilocybin and Psilocin to other 'psychopharmaca' with an indole structure (LSD, serotonin, bufotenin) is shown by means of formulae. In the third part of the study, the pharmacology of Psilocybin is discussed. In the last part, the effect on human beings is described. At the end of this part, therapeutic use of LSD is also mentioned and similarities and differences between Psilocybin and LSD are sketched.
COLORADO, PAM; COLLINS, DON
Western Scientific Colonialism and the Re-Emergence of Native Science
Practice; 1987, 5, 3, winter, 50-65.
Native American science is described in detail & compared with Western science. Native American science was inaccessible to other ethnic groups who approached Indian culture with nineteenth-century racism or through cultural anthropology. The four dynamics that drive Indian science are feelings, history as a tool, prayer as a medicine, & relations; its goal is reaching a state of balance. European science, it is asserted, should properly be considered one of many conceptual traditions.
DANIELCZYK, W; SIMANYI, B; FORETTE, F; ORGOGOZO, J; ET AL
CBM 36-733 (2-methyl-alpha-ergokryptine) in primary degenerative dementia: Results of a European multicentre trial.
International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry; 1988 Apr-Jun Vol 3(2) 107-114
117 patients (aged 60-90 yrs) with primary degenerative dementia participated in a multicenter, placebo-controlled study of CBM 36-733 that lasted 8 wks. The daily dose of CBM 36-733 was 2.0 mg after a slow increase over 10 days. The assessment used the Nurses' Observation Scale for Inpatient Evaluation, the Sandoz Clinical Assessment Geriatric (SCAG) Scale (R. D. Venn, 1983), a battery of psychometric tests, and an overall evaluation of efficacy and tolerability. CBM 36-733 was well tolerated, and positive changes were seen on the Apathy factor of the SCAG scale and in psychometric tests measuring psychomotor speed, attention, and some aspects of memory.
Dougherty, P M; Willis, W D
Modification of the responses of primate spinothalamic neurons to mechanical stimulation by excitatory amino acids and an N -methyl-D-aspartate antagonist.
Brain Research; 1991 Feb Vol 542(1) 15-22
Investigated the effects of l -glutamate (GLT), N -methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA), and quisqualate (QT), as well as an NMDA receptor antagonist, AP-7, on the discharges evoked in nociceptive primate spinothalamic tract (STT) neurons by mechanical stimulation of the skin in 14 young adult monkeys. Responses to innocuous brushing of the skin were facilitated by GLT and NMDA (and in some neurons by QT) and sometimes reduced by AP-7. GT also facilitated the responses to noxious mechanical stimuli. Results are consistent with anatomical evidence for the presence of synapses that contain excitatory amino acids (EAAs) on primate STT cells and with the proposal that the co-release of EAAs and neuropeptides may contribute to hyperalgesia.
Droger Och Mystik: En analys av drogforskning som behandlar forhallandet mellan "mystiska" upplevelser och drogupplevelser. Pertti Jarvinen. Series: Religionsvetenskapliga Skrifter NR 12. ABO Akademi. 1985. (velobound in anthology "Psychedelic Religion: European Books") 187 pages. [box v3]
DUNFORD, MARTIN; HOLLAND, JACK
Police Trouble, and a Note on Drugs. (1)
THE REAL GUIDE - AMSTERDAM (The Guide for the '90s; Prentice Hall Travel
POLICE TROUBLE - AND A NOTE ON DRUGS: You're unlikely to come into much contact with Amsterdam's police force (Politie), a long-haired, easy-going bunch driving miniature patrol cars. Few walk a beat, and in any case Amsterdam is one of the safest cities in Europe. Bar-room brawls are highly unusual, muggings uncommon, and street crime much less conspicuous than it is in many other capitals. Nonetheless, it's always a worth taking precautions against petty crime: secure your gear in a locker when staying in a dorm; never leave any valuables in a tent; and if you've brought a car, remove the tape deck and park in a well-lit, public place if you can't find a parking lot. As far as personal safety goes, it's possible to walk anywhere in the city center at any time of day or night - though women might get tirred of being hassled if they walk through the red-light areas alone; see p. 16 for more on women and sexual harassment. If you're unlucky enough to have something stolen, you'll need to report it to a police station and get them to write a statement for your insurance company (in the unlikely event that your policy cover such incidents; see 'Health and Insurance' section above). The police emergency number in Amsterdam is 22-22-22.
GEARHART L; PERSINGER MA
Geophysical variables and behavior: XXXIII. Onsets of historical and contemporary poltergeist episodes occurred with sudden increases in geomagnetic activity.
Percept Mot Skills. 1986 Apr. 62(2). P 463-6.
Several researchers have reported that poltergeist episodes frequently begin on the day (+/- 1 day) of a sudden and intense increase in global geomagnetic activity. To test this visual observation, a near-complete account of these episodes for which the inception dates were recorded and verified was examined. Statistical analyses clearly indicated that global geomagnetic activity (aa index) on the day or day after the onset of these episodes was significantly higher than the geomagnetic activity on the days before or afterwards. The same temporal pattern was noted for historical cases and for those that have occurred more recently. The pattern was similar for episodes that occurred in North America and in Europe. The results were statistically significant and suggest that these unusual episodes may be some form of natural phenomena that are associated with geophysical factors.
GULATI, OM D; SHAH, NANDKUMAR S
3H-metaraminol releasing action of mescaline from rat hypothalamus in vitro.
European Journal of Pharmacology; 1977 Nov Vol 46(2) 135-145
The amine-releasing action of mescaline was invesigated in the isolated rat hypothalamus labeled with 3H-metaraminol. Results indicate that mescaline releases 3H-metaraminol both by Ca-super(2+)-independent (tyramine-like) and Ca-super(2+)-dependent (lidocaine-sensitive) mechanisms. Similarities between amphetamine's and mescaline's amine-releasing effects on behavior are noted.
HARPER, CLIVE
The witches' flying-ointment.
Folklore; 1977 Jul Vol 88(1) 105-106
The components of the 'flying-ointment' allegedly used by the European witches were examined for possible psychotropic effects. Similarities between the reported effects of the ointment and the findings of modern investigations of the belladonna alkaloids are cited. It is concluded that the ointment would act as a powerful hallucinogen due to the presence of tetra-MA, TMA-2, aconitine, and belladonna alkaloids.
HASHIMOTO, HISAKUNI; ET AL
Actions of D-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and its derivatives on 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors in the isolated uterine smooth muscle of the rat.
European Journal of Pharmacology; 1977 Oct Vol 45(4) 341-348
Used an FR-10 schedule of water reinforcement to examine the relative contributions of pharmacological and behavioral mechanisms in the development of tolerance to the disruptive effects of LSD (100 and 250 mug/kg, ip) and mescaline (10 and 100 mug/kg, ip) in 8 female hooded rats. Ss treated daily with LSD or mescaline before operant testing developed tolerance to the impairment of responding, while Ss treated daily after each session did not display tolerance when the drugs were administered before testing. Results indicate that behavioral compensatory mechanisms may be involved in the development of tolerance to the disruptive effects of LSD and mescaline on FR performance.
JACOB, JOSEPH J; GIRAULT, JEANNE M
The influence of cyproheptadine and of d-lysergamide on the rise in temperature induced by intracerebroventricular 5-hydroxytryptamine, noradrenaline and dopamine in conscious rabbits.
European Journal of Pharmacology; 1974 Jun Vol. 27(1) 59-67
Cyproheptadine and LSD, 2 known antagonists of the peripheral effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), were administered intravenously to conscious male Red Burgandy rabbits at different times before the intracerebroventricular administration of 5-HT, noradrenaline, or dopamine. Cyproheptadine (which had a slight hypothermic effect) antagonized the rise in temperature induced by 5-HT; this antagonism was dose-related and appeared to be specific in that the hyperthermia induced by noradrenaline or dopamine was hardly modified. Interactions between LSD (which is hyperthermic alone) and 5-HT were more complex, both potentiation and depression being observed.
KOHN, PAUL M; BARNES, GORDON E
Subject Variables and Reactance to Persuasive Communications about Drugs
European Journal of Social Psychology; 1977, 7, 1, 97-109.
Reactance mediation to pro- & anti-LSD messages was investigated through a study of three subject variables: (1) sex, (2) authoritarianism, & (3) suspiciousness. The purpose of the experiment was to study persuasion. Male (number of cases=80) & female (number of cases=109) extension-division introductory psychology York University students were sampled. Respondents were generally older than daytime undergraduates, worked, or were housewives, & were known to be less permissive than day students about illicit drugs, especially LSD. Responses to a questionnaire containing either pro- or anti-LSD messages showed no reactance effect either overall or in any subgroup of subjects for the anti-LSD message. In the pro-LSD case, reactance effects occurred among highly suspicious male subjects only. Reactance may be a response to perceived threat from the experimenter, & the male & female subjects may have responded to such a threat according to culturally prescribed roles. Since demand characteristics from third parties may appear in real-life situations, research to distinguish surface compliance-resistance from real underlying attitudinal changes is recommended.
KOHN, PAUL M; BARNES, GORDON E
Subject variables and reactance to persuasive communications about drugs.
European Journal of Social Psychology; 1977 Vol 7(1) 97-109
Investigated the role of 3 S variables (sex, authoritarianism, and suspiciousness) in the mediation of reactance of pro- and anti-LSD messages. Ss were 109 female and 80 male undergraduate evening students who were administered the Authoritarianism-Rebellion Scale. No reactance effect occurred reliably either overall or in any subgroup of Ss for the anti-LSD message which supported the initial views of most subjects. In the pro-LSD case, reactance effects occurred among highly suspicious male Ss only. It is suggested that reactance could be a response to perceived threat from the experimenter rather than, or as well as, the communicator and that male and female Ss responded to such threat in accordance with their culturally prescribed roles. (French & German summaries)
KOVACIC, BEVERLY; WANG LU, LEE JANE; RUFFING, DIANE; DOMINO, EDWARD F
Interactions of partial LSD analogs with behavioral disrupting effects of LSD and DMT in the rat.
European Journal of Pharmacology; 1978 Jan Vol 47(1) 37-44
Trained male Holtzman rats to barpress on an FR schedule whereby every 4th press earned a reward of 0.01 ml of sugar-sweetened milk. After ip injection of LSD (0.1 mg/kg) or dimethyltryptamine (3.2 or 10 mg/kg) such barpressing was abolished completely and resumed, usually within an hour, at a rate near the preinjection control rate of pressing. It continued at a steady pace until Ss were removed from the operant chamber 30 min later. A series of N,N-diethylnipecotamide derivatives were synthesized and tested for their ability to modify the disruptive effect of these hallucinogens. N,N-diethylbutyramide and 1-methyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine-3-(N,N-diethylcarboxamide) were also tested. Pretreatment with a single ip injection of any of these compounds (5-40 mg/kg) either had no effect on or else prolonged the duration of hallucinogen-induced cessation of barpressing.
LASSEN JF; RAVN HB; LASSEN SF
Hallucinogene psilocybinholdige svampe. Dansk vildtvoksende rusgift. [Hallucinogenic psilocybine containing mushrooms. Toxins contained in Danish wild mushrooms]
Ugeskr Laeger. 1990 Jan 29; 152(5): 314-7
A number of the wild Danish mushrooms contain the hallucinogenic agent psilocybin which resembles LSD in many ways. The commonest of these are the 'liberty cap' or 'magic mushrooms' (Psilocybe semilanceata). On the basis of experience from USA and western Europe, increase in employment of this mushrooms as a hallucinogenic intoxicant may be anticipated in Denmark. The history, epidemiology, botany and pharmacology of the mushroom are reviewed. Clinical pictures and treatment are described for: 1) Acute poisoning with psilocybin-containing fungi, 2) Late sequelae of consumption of psilocybin-containing fungi and 3) Poisoning with more poisonous fungi on account of incorrect identification. General practitioners, duty roster doctors, doctors in casualty departments and in acute psychiatric departments should be aware of these problems. Intoxication with psilocybin may be confused with panic anxiety or euphoria in persons with mydriasis and other sympathomimetic symptoms. The possibility of more serious mushroom poisoning on account of incorrect identification should be borne in mind.
LOLK, ANNETTE; KRAGH SORENSEN, PER
Neuropeptider og demens. (Neuropeptides and dementia.) 28th Meeting of the Scandinavian Society for Psychopharmacology (1987, Copenhagen, Denmark).
Nordisk Psykiatrisk Tidsskrift; 1987 Vol 41(6) 414-416
Describes a placebo-controlled clinical investigation of the effect of Org 2766 on patients with mild to moderate dementia of primary generative type. The clinical relevance of the results and the reliability of the Sandoz Clinical Assessment Geriatric Scale are also discussed. (English abstract)
Morgan, Adrian
Father Christmas flies on toadstools
New Scientist, 25-Dec-1986/1-JAN-1987 Vol 112 pg 45
The first travellers in Siberia were shocked by a custom of many of the tribes. The urine of those intoxicated by fly agaric toadstools was collected in bowls or skin bags, to be drunk later. The poorer classes, who could not devote time to gathering the mushroom, drank the urine of the better-off for a little light relief. Reindeer, which live off lichens in winter, also have a taste for the fly agaric. When Georg Steller, and explorer, visited Kamchatka in 1739 he noted that reindeer were sometimes intoxicated. And the Koryak people, not wanting to miss out on the fun, tie up the animals until their condition subsides. Then they kill them. All who eat the flesh become intoxicated. Johnathan Ott, an American author, suggested in 1976 that use of the fly agaric in the midwinter festivals of deepest Siberia may have inspired some of the imagery of Santa Claus. The winter dwelling, or yurt, had a smokehole in the roof, supported by a birch pole. At the midwinter festivals, the shaman would enter the yurt through the smokehole, perform his ceremonies and ascend the birch pole and leave. Santa Claus is roben in red and white, the colours of the fly agaric. He enters through the chimney, and he has reindeer. Santa Claus also flies, an accomplishment that he shares with a shaman. In central Europe fly agaric is linked with chimney sweeps, who have adopted it as their emblem, perhaps echoing the Siberian ritual. The fly agaric has appeared on Christmas cards in central Europe for a long time. In Kocevje, in southern Yugoslavia, people believe that on Christmas night, Wotan, the king of the gods, rides through the woods on a white horse, pursued by devils. The red-and-white flecks of foam from the horse's mouth fall to the ground and grow into next year's crop of fly agaric.
MOSKOWITZ MA
Basic mechanisms in vascular headache.
Neurol Clin. 1990 Nov; 8(4): 801-15
To better understand and treat painful conditions, one needs to identify the cause, discover the source, and develop knowledge of peripheral and central pain transmission; headaches are no exception. The development of appropriate animal models is important. Accordingly, we have reviewed the anatomy, neurochemistry, electrophysiology, and pharmacology of the trigeminovascular system in experimental animals and emphasized whenever possible the relevance of this final common pathway to migraine, cluster, and other headache syndromes in humans. For example, based on recent anatomic dissections, the pericarotid cavernous sinus plexus was suggested as an important focus to investigate cluster headache pathophysiology. This plexus is an anatomic point of convergence for the nerves giving rise to the signs of sympathetic and parasympathetic activity and sensory symptoms that develop in cluster patients. As in other nociceptive systems, trigeminovascular axons assume at least two important roles. One concerns the transmission of nociceptive information. Electrophysiologic evidence supports the trigeminal nucleus caudalis as an important site for the convergence of visceral (vessel) and somatic (forehead) inputs to mediate the referral of vascular pain to superficial tissues. A second important role concerns the initiation of local increases in blood flow and enhanced protein permeability (sterile inflammation) via the axonal release of vasoactive neuropeptides. Plasma extravasation develops within the dura mater following trigeminal stimulation. Extravasation can be blocked by the administration of ergot alkaloids or sumatriptan, a new serotonin-like agonist, and a prejunctional (neuronal) mechanism of action for these drugs (such as blockade of release) was suggested based on experimental evidence. Whether vasoconstriction also relates to the therapeutic efficacy remains to be determined. As in other organ systems, real or threatened tissue injury provides an important stimulus for depolarizing sensory fibers. The stimulus may come from external conditions such as reduced blood flow or hypoglycemia. The brain may also possess intrinsic neuronal mechanisms by which nociceptors may be synthesized (e.g., glutamate-induced neurotoxicity, seizures). Molecules of relevance include bradykinin, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and potassium. Experimental evidence was presented demonstrating that the trigeminal nerve mediates hyperemia within cortical gray matter by axon-reflex like mechanisms. An important role for this nerve was established during the hyperemic period of recirculation after ischemia or during severe hypertension above the limits of autoregulation. ...
PERSSON, SVEN AKE
The effect of LSD and 2-bromo LSD on the striatal dopa accumulation after decarboxylase inhibition in rats.
European Journal of Pharmacology; 1977 May Vol 43(1) 73-83
LSD and 2-bromo-LSD (BOL; 0.125-0.5 mg/kg; ip) were equipotent in increasing the in vivo tyrosine hydorxylation in the striatum of male Sprague-Dawley rats as measured by the accumulation of DOPA after inhibition of neuronal decarboxylase. However, with 2-4 mg/kg doses, the maximum effect of BOL was larger than that of LSD. LSD and BOL antagonized the apomorphine-induced decrease of DOPA accumulation without affecting the haloperidol-induced increase. LSD like apomorphine inhibited the increase of DOPA accumulation seen after reserpine, cerebral hemisection, and gamma-butyrolactone (GBL). The effect of apomorphine in Ss given GBL was blocked by haloperidol, but not by BOL and promethazine, whereas that of LSD was inhibited by haloperidol, BOL, and promethazine. Findings suggest that LSD and BOL directly affect nigro-neostriatal dopamine neurons. LSD therefore appears to be a partial agonist and BOL a pure antagonist at dopamine autoreceptors. It is proposed in addition that LSD activates and BOL blocks 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors that control DOPA formation.
POLLOCK, STEVEN H
Liberty Caps: Recreational hallucinogenic mushrooms.
Drug and Alcohol Dependence; 1975-76 Vol 1(6) 445-447
Discusses the recreational use of hallucinogenic mushrooms in various parts of the world and the need for research in fungal pharmacology. Clinical studies with psilocybin (which most of these mushrooms contain) in both Europe and the US strongly suggest that it is more efficacious than LSD or mescaline for psychotherapeutic purposes. The potential usefulness of psilocybin or a short-acting congener in the psychiatric management of patients with alcohol and other drug dependencies warrants investigation.
Rausch und Religion. Georg Siegmund. Hoheneck-Verlag Hamm / Westfalen. 68 pages. (photocopy velobound in anthology "Psychedelic Religion: European Books"). [box v3]
Religion und die Droge: Ein Symposion uber Religiose Erfahrungen unter Einflufs von Halluzingenen. Manifred Josuttis, Hanscarl Leuner. Verlag W. Kohlhammer (publisher). Stuttgart, Berlin, Koln, Mainz. 1972. 167 pages. (velobound in anthology "Psychedelic Religion: European Books"). [box v3]
ROBBINS, THOMAS
Cults, Converts and Charisma: The Sociology of New Religious Movements
Current Sociology / Sociologie Contemporaine; 1988, 36, 1, spring, i-250.
An investigation of new religious movements (NRMs) in North America & Europe, with focus on the United States & the spiritual ferment that has stricken the country over the past two decades. Analysis is divided into three overlapping stages: (1) mid-1960s-early 1970s-characterized by countercultural protest, political activism, psychedelic drug use, & mysticism; (2) late 1960s-mid 1980s-when countercultural values became assimilated into the larger culture so that the resurgence of 'old time religion' coexisted alongside new social movements & religio-therapeutic cults, as well as a growing anticult movement; & (3) late 1970s-present-marked by a leveling off & settling down of NRMs & controversies surrounding them. Focus is on the second stage, & sociological analyses are offered of a variety of new movements, their critics & converts, & the conversion-commitment-disengagement process. Major theories that have been advanced to explain the rise of NRMs in terms of sociocultural transformations & dislocations are reviewed, along with several typologies that have attempted to classify NRMs. The organizational patterns & institutionalization of NRMs are described together with how their study illuminates the interfaces between the sociology of religion, social movements, & medicine. Methodological issues & questions of objectivity, sympathy, & responsibility connected with NRM research are reviewed. 795-Item Bibliography.
SCHERER, PETER
Massenweise Mikro-Trips: Die Synthetik-Droge Ecstasy überschwemmt den deutschen Markt
[Popular(?) Micro-Trips: The synthetic drug Ecstasy overfloods the German Market]
See: DIE WELT, 30.1.1996 for full text of German article.
..."Inzwischen drängt ein neues Gift auf den Markt: Erstmals in Hamburg aufgetaucht, soll es sich bei Cloud 9 um ein Derivat von Methylendioxyamphetamin beziehungsweise LSD handeln."
(Crude translation: "the interim brings a new intoxicant to the market: first encountered in Hamburg, known as "Cloud 9" a derivative of MDMA promoted(?) by LSD dealers.)
The article also discusses drug production in Eastern Europe and smuggling arrangements from Tchechnia, Poland, Netherlands and Turkey with arrest, seizure and consumption statistics for a variety of drugs.
SENAY EC
Drug abuse and public health. A global perspective.
Drug Saf. 1991; 6 Suppl 1: 1-65
During the past 20 years there has been a substantial increase in the data available on the prevalence and consequences of the use of drugs which are liable to abuse. The body of data is sufficiently scientific, comprehensive and global in scope to enable an overall profile of the use patterns of these drugs to be drawn in this review. The studies evaluated include those which surveyed populations of hundreds, thousands, or even more, covering a range of common drugs of abuse and using specified research methods. The data are summarised for North America, Europe, Asia and the West Pacific, Africa and South America. A complex picture has emerged, confounded by an array of factors, which this review does not address in detail, such as youth alienation, the changing role of women and the increasing sophistication of criminal networks. From a global perspective, the evidence reviewed from the various regions indicates that the use of drugs with liability for abuse is widespread and associated with public health and social problems of great magnitude. The major set of problems appears to be related to primary pattern drugs such as alcohol, nicotine, cannabis and the opioids. Cocaine may also be a worldwide threat in view of the problems it has created in some regions. Drug abuse usually starts in adolescence, and both sexes now appear to be involved where in the recent past it was predominantly men who were affected. The concurrent use of multiple substances is now becoming the modal pattern, and drug-related problems correlate with one another and with somatic, psychiatric and social pathology. Opioid use now tends to be via intravenous administration, and the doses of cannabis and cocaine base which are used are increasing. Substances with therapeutic effects on DSM-III-R diagnosable disorders, such as antidepressants and benzodiazepines, require careful consideration by policymakers because the risk:benefit ratio is different to that of primary-pattern intoxicants, especially taking into consideration the broad and proven therapeutic use of these substances and the need for their availability for patients and physicians. In conclusion, the data presented in this review indicate that the scientific description of trends and consequences of drug abuse is an indispensable first step in rational policy making. The review also identifies areas for further study and research.
STAMETS, PAUL; CHILTON, J S
Growing Parameters for Psilocybe cyanescens (1)
The Mushroom Cultivator: A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home; Agarikon Press, Olympia WA; Chapter IX, p 196-203
(Growing Parameters for Psilocybe cyanescens)
SPECIES: Psilocybe cyanescens Wakefield
= Geophila cyanescens (Maire) Kuhn. & Romagn
= Psilocybe mairei Singer STRAINS: St. Clair. Many wild strains can be adapted to cultivation
COMMON NAMES: Cyan; Grandote
GREEK ROOT: Psilocybe comes from the Greek root 'psilos' meaning bald head
The species name cyanescens is from 'cyaneus' or blue for the color reaction of the flesh upon bruising
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Cap ,20-50 mm. broad, convex to broadly convex to plane in age with an elevated and undulating margin which is, in turn, translucent-striate. The cap surface is smooth and viscid when moist from a separable gelatinous pellicle ('skin'). The color is caramel brown, fading to yellow-born to straw colored from the center. the gills are attached in an adnate to adnexed fashion, dull brown with whitish edges. The stem is 60-80 mm. long by 2-5 mm. thick, is whitish, silky and becomes blue where injured, with rhizomorphs protruding about the stem base. The partial veil is cortinate (cobweb-like), leaving little or no trace on the stem. Its spore print is dark purplish brown
NATURAL HABITAT: Clustered in woody habitats; in soils high in the tissue of deciduous trees; or in tall grass. The species grows throughout the Pacific Northwest in areas well mulched by woody debris of deciduous and coniferous trees (typically not associated with bark). It has been reported from England and is thought to be broadly distributed throughout the European continent.
TRULSON, MICHAEL E; JACOBS, BARRY L
Behavioral evidence for the rapid release of CNS serotonin by PCA and fenfluramine.
European Journal of Pharmacology; 1976 Mar Vol 36(1) 149-154
Administration of para-chloroamphetamine (PCA; 2.5-10.0 mg/kg) or fenfluramine (FF; 5.0-15.0 mg/kg) to male Sprague-Dawley rats induced a behavioral syndrome consisting of tremor, rigidity, Straub tail, hindlimb abduction, lateral head weaving, and reciprocal forepaw trending which appeared to be a reflection of the activity of central serotonin-mediated synapses. The syndrome appeared within 3-5 min following ip administration of PCA or FF, and the syndrome-inducing effects of PCA and FF were blocked by prior depletion of serotonin with para-chlorophenylaline. By contrast, the syndrome-inducing effect of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-M-DMT), which directly stimulates postsynaptic serotonin receptors, was not changed by prior serotonin depletion. Catecholamine depletion with alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine produced no change in the syndrome-inducing effects of PCA, FF, or 5-M-DMT. Data indicate that the initial effect of PCA or FF administration is the rapid functional release of stored serotonin.
TRULSON, MICHAEL E; STARK, ARLENE D; JACOBS, BARRY L
Comparative effects of hallucinogenic drugs on rotational behavior in rats with unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions.
European Journal of Pharmacology; 1977 Jul Vol 44(2) 113-119
The dopaminergic actions of various hallucinogenic drugs (given ip) were assessed by examining their effects on turning behavior in male Sprague-Dawley rats with unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the nigro-striatal pathway. LSD (0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg) produced strong contralateral turning, indicating that it is a potent dopamine (DA) receptor agonist, while 2-bromo-d-LSD (5 mg/kg), a non-hallucinogenic congener of LSD, was a weak DA receptor agonist. 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (2 and 5 mg/kg) and mescaline (50 and 100 mg/kg) produced significant ipsilateral turning, indicating that these compounds have a moderate DA-releasing action. Dimethyltryptamine (DMT, 10 and 20 mg/kg) and 5-M-DMT (0.75 and 1.25 mg/kg) produced weak ipsilateral turning, which was not significantly different from that produced by the non-hallucinogenic compounds tryptamine (40 mg/kg) or scopolamine (0.25 mg/kg). These data, in conjunction with previous studies, indicate that while inactivation of the brain serotonin system may be a necessary condition for hallucinogenesis, the ability to activate DA receptors may be an important factor in determining the potency of hallucinogens.
VERSCHAEVE, L; HENS, L
Evaluation of genetic danger of LSD.
Acta Psychiatrica Belgica; 1979 Jul-Aug Vol 79(4) 437-458
Attempted to evaluate the genetic danger of LSD. According to most published studies this drug does not seem to present great genetic danger for the population. However, its simultaneous use with other drugs is more hazardous. Official rates for the distribution of LSD use in the European population demonstrate a clear reduction of the problem. (Dutch, German, Italian, English, & Spanish abstracts)
WAISBERG, LEO G
Boreal Forecast Subsistence and the Windigo: Fluctuation of Animal Populations
Anthropologica; 1975, 17, 2, 169-185.
There has been much controversy concerning 'Windigo psychosis,' which involves an ideological focus on the cannibal spirit resulting from a diminishing food supply. It is possible that Windigo psychosis postdates contact with the white man; however, starvation does not & makes that theory appear shaky. There is no simple causal relationship between mental attitudes & a society's socioeconomic core because the core is not a stable system. Ecological conditions varied throughout the boreal forest & its southern & northern margins. There were regional & local differences in game density at all times. It is reasonable to postulate that Algonkian hunting patterns were adjusted to variable conditions both before & after the appearance of Europeans. To illustrate the variability of the environment, pertinent data are presented for plants, game, & weather. The discussion weakens the cultural ecology notion that includes only the physical & natural aspects of the environment & regards it as a stable entity. Change is thought to come from outside, eg, new technological advances, or chance factors such as European contact. This analysis of the ecology of the northern animal populations refutes that concept by showing unmistakable signs of fluctuation within the ecological system itself.
WALLACH, MARSHALL B; HINE, BROMFIELD; GERSHON, SAMUEL
Cross tolerance or tachyphylaxis among various psychotomimetic agents on cats.
European Journal of Pharmacology; 1974 Nov Vol 29(1) 89-92
2,5-dimethoxy 4-methylamphetamine (DOM), a perception-distorting psychotomimetic agent, elicits a marked behavioral syndrome in cats which is antagonized by pretreatment with DOM. The present experiment with male and female cats examined this tachyphylaxis to determine the ability of various other types of psychotomimetic agents to antagonize the DOM-induced syndrome. Intraperitoneal mescaline and dextro-LSD, but not levo-LSD, could prevent the occurrence of the DOM-induced behavior. Ditran, tryptamine, and dextroamphetamine did not antagonize DOM. It appears that the perception-distorting psychotomimetic agents exhibited either cross-tachyphylaxis or cross-tolerance and may share a common mechanism of action.
YAMAMOTO, TSUNEYUKI; UEKI, SHOWA
Behavioral effects of 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (DOM) in rats and mice.
European Journal of Pharmacology; 1975 Jun-Jul Vol 32(2) 156-162
Compared the effects of DOM with those of mescaline and methamphetamine in Wistar King A strain rats and male ddN mice. Intraperitoneal DOM significantly increased locomotor activity in an open-field situation at .5-1.0 mg/kg but at doses above 5 mg/kg caused biphasic changes (i.e., an initial decrease followed by an increase in motility and exploratory behavior). This hyperactivity was not accompanied by simultaneous increase in rearing. DOM induced head twitches in rats as well as in mice at doses above .1 mg/kg, and marked backward locomotion only in rats at doses larger than 5 mg/kg. The occurrence of backward locomotion might be attributable to the initial decrease in general activity. Behavioral effects of DOM were different from those of either mescaline or methamphetamine, although they resembled those of mescaline in some respects.
Zelfverwerkelijking- Oosterse Religes Binnen een Westerse Subcultuur. Dr. R. Kranenborg. J.H. Kok Kampen. 1974. excerpt only chapter 3: "De Psychedelische Beweging (T. F. Leary)". bibliography, (missing table of contents). 77 pages. (velobound in anthology "Psychedelic Religion: European Books". on title page of anthology "excerpt is misspelled). [box v3]
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