GUZMAN, GASTON; OTT, JONATHAN; BOYDSTON, JERRY; POLLOCK, STEVEN H
Psychotropic mycoflora of Washington, Idaho, Oregon, California and British Colombia.
Mycologia; Vol. 68, 1976 p 1267-1272
During the fall of 1975, Pollock, Boydston and Ott collected hallucinogenic mushrooms in Washington and British Colombia. Specimens of hallucinogenic mushrooms were also obtained from Oregon, Idaho and California. All of this material was deposited in the herbarium of Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biologicas (ENCB) in Mexico City, and identified by Guzman and Ott. Valuable specimens were obtained on loan from the herbaria of San Francisco State University (SFSU), the University of Washington (WTU) and Oregon State University (OSU). Psychoactive species studied are listed by state in Table 1.
SCHULTES R E; HOFMANN A
Epena, Nyakwana, Yakee
Plants of the Gods: Origins of hallucinogenic use; p 68
COMMON NAMES: Epena, Nyakwana, Yakee. BOTANICAL NAME: Virola calophylla, V. elongata, V. theiodora. USAGE HISTORY AND ETHNOGRAPY: In Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela and Peru a number of species of Virola are used, the most important of which appears to be V. theiodora. The hallucinogenic snuff has vairious names depending on the locality or tribe, with the most commonly recognized terms being Parica, Epena, and Nyakwana in Brazil, Yakee and Yato in Colombia. USAGE CONTEXT AND PURPOSE: Epena or Nyakwana may be snuffed cermonially by all adult males, occasionally even without any ritual connection. The medicine men use the drug in diagnosis and treatment of illnesses. The use of Yakee or Parica is restricted to shamans. PREPARATION: Some Indians scrape the inner layer of the bark and dry the shavings over a fire. When pulverizedm powdered leaves of Justicia, the ashes of Amasita, the bark of Elizabetha princeps, my be added. Other Indians fell the tree, collect the resin, boil it to a paste, sun-dry the paste, crush and sift it. Ashes of several barks and the leaf powder of Justicia may be added. A further method is to knead the inner shavings of freshly stripped bark and to squeeze out resin and boil it to a paste which is sun-dried and prepared into snuff with ashes added. A group of very primitive Maku Indians in the Colombian Vaupes ingest the unprepared resin as it is collected form the bark. CHEMICAL COMPONENTS AND EFFECTS: Tryptamine and beta-carboline alkaloids, 5-methoxy-dimethyltryptamine and dimethyltryptamine, being the main constituents, are repsonsible for the hallucinogenic activity. Effects of the intoxication vary. They usually include intial excitability, setting in within several minutes from the first stuffing. Then follows numbness of the limbs, twitching of the facial muscles, inability to coordinate muscular activity, nausea, visual hallucinations, and finally, a deep, undisturbed sleep.
SCHULTES, RICHARD E; SWAIN, TONY
De plantis toxicariis e Mundo Novo tropicale commentationes XIII: Further notes on Virola as an orally administered hallucinogen.
Journal of Psychedelic Drugs; 1976 Oct-Dec Vol 8(4) 317-324
Describes a method of preparing a hallucinogenic resin from the cambial sap of trees of the genus Virola , as practiced by Indian tribes of the Colombia-Peru region. Pellets of the resin are ingested immediately or coated with an ash filtrate and stored.
SCHULTES, RICHARD EVANS; HOFMANN A
Ayahuasca, Caapi, Yaje
Plants of The Gods: Origins of hallucinogenic use. (1979) p 66
COMMON NAME: Ayahuasca, Caapi, Yaje'. BOTANICAL NAME: Banisteriopsis caapi, B. inebrians, B. rusbyana. USAGE HISTORY AND ETHNOGRAPHY: Used in the western half of the Amazon Valley and by isolated tribes on the Pacific Slopes of the Colombian and Ecuadorian Andes. USAGE CONTEXT AND PURPOSE: Usually drunk in religious ceremonies. In the famous Tukanoan Yurupari ceremony in Colombia - an adolescent initiation for boys. The Jivaro believe that Ayahuasca makes possible communication with ancestors and that, under its influence, a man's soul may leave the body and wander free. PREPARATION: The bark, prepared in cold or boiling water, may be taken alone or with additives - especially the leaves of B. rusbyana and of Psychotria viridis - which alter the effects. The bark can also be chewed. Recent evidence from the northwestern Amazon suggests that the plants are also used in the form of snuff. CHEMICAL COMPONENTS AND EFFECTS: The hallucinogenic activity is primarily due to harmine, the major beta-carboline alkaloid in the plants. Effects of taking the bitter and nauseating drink range from pleasant intoxication with no hangover to violent reactions with sickening after-effects. Usually, visual hallucinations in color occur. The intoxication ends with a deep sleep and dreams.
SCHULTES, RICHARD EVANS; HOFMANN A
Banisteriopsis
Plants of The Gods: Origins of hallucinogenic use. (1979) p 35
BANISTERIOPSIS C.B. Robinson et Small., B. caapi (Spruce exGriseb.) Morton., Malphigiaceae. Tropical zones of N-S America, West Indies. These giant forest lianas are the basis of an important hallucinogenic drink ceremonially consumed in the western half of the Amazon Valley and by isolated tribes on the Pacific slopes of the Colombian and Ecuadorian Andes. The bark of Banisteriopsis caapi and B. inebrians, prepared in cold water or after long boiling, may be taken alone, but various plant additives - especially the leaves of B. rusbyana, known as Oco-Yaje, and of Psychotria viridis - are often used to alter the effects of the hallucinogenic drink. Both species are lianas with smooth, brown bark and dark green, chartaceous, ovate-lanceolate leaves up to about 7 inches (18 cm) in length, 2-3 inches (5-8 cm) wide. The inflorescence is many-flowered. The small flowers are pink or rose-colored. The fruit is a samara with wings about 1 3/8 inch (3.5 cm) long. Bansiteriopsis inebrians differs from B. caapi mainly in its thicker ovate, more attenuate leaves and in the shape of the samara wings.
SCHULTES, RICHARD EVANS; HOFMANN A
Caapi-pinima
Plants of The Gods: Origins of hallucinogenic use. (1979) p 66
COMMON NAME: Caapi-Pinima. BOTANICAL NAME: Tetrapteris methystica R. E. Schult.; T. mucronata Cav. USAGE HISTORY AND ETHNOGRAPHY: Caapi-pinima is employed by the nomadic Maku' Indians of the Rio Tikie' in the northwestern Amazon of Brazil. They call it Caapi, the same as Banisteriopsis. Several writers have mentioned 'more than one kind' of Caapi in the Rio Vaupe's area of Brazil and adjacent Colombia. USAGE CONTEXT AND PURPOSE: Hallucinogenic intoxication. PREPARATION: A drink is prepared from the bark of T. methystica in cold water. The infusion is yellowish, unlike the brownish color of the beverage prepared from Banisteriopsis. CHEMICAL COMPONENTS AND EFFECTS: It has not been possible as yet to carry out chemical examination of T. methystica, but reports of the effects of the drug would suggest that the same or similar beta-carboline alkaloids are present as in Banisteriopsis.
SCHULTES, RICHARD EVANS; HOFMANN A
Caapi-pinima
Plants of The Gods: Origins of hallucinogenic use. (1979) p 66
COMMON NAME: Caapi-Pinima. BOTANICAL NAME: Tetrapteris methystica R. E. Schult.; T. mucronata Cav. USAGE HISTORY AND ETHNOGRAPHY: Caapi-pinima is employed by the nomadic Maku' Indians of the Rio Tikie' in the northwestern Amazon of Brazil. They call it Caapi, the same as Banisteriopsis. Several writers have mentioned 'more than one kind' of Caapi in the Rio Vaupe's area of Brazil and adjacent Colombia. USAGE CONTEXT AND PURPOSE: Hallucinogenic intoxication. PREPARATION: A drink is prepared from the bark of T. methystica in cold water. The infusion is yellowish, unlike the brownish color of the beverage prepared from Banisteriopsis. CHEMICAL COMPONENTS AND EFFECTS: It has not been possible as yet to carry out chemical examination of T. methystica, but reports of the effects of the drug would suggest that the same or similar beta-carboline alkaloids are present as in Banisteriopsis.
SCHULTES; HOFMANN
Indole alkaloids in plant hallucinogens.
Journal of Psychedelic Drugs Jan-Mar 1976 p 17
Anadenanthera peregrina, PHOTO:seeds collected in Puerto Rico; PHOTO:tree in Boa Vista, Territorio de Roraima, Brazil. Yopo Snuff:Orinoco basin, Colombia & Venezuela, possibly isolated areas in the southern part of the Brazilian Amazon. The tree grows in open plain areas, not in tropical forests. It was early taken by invading Indians to the West Indies, where even today its distribution indicates its adventitious nature. Hispaniola. Mimosa hostilis: 'dry parts of Pernambuco, Brazil'.
SCHULTES; HOFMANN
Seeds of the Hekula Spirit.
Plants of the Gods. p 116
PHOTO:Boa Vista, Rio Branco. Open grasslands or 'campos' of the northern Amazon of Brazil 'Colombian Andes, east across the 'llanos' or plains to the upper Orinoco. Parts of southernmost Venezuela, northernmost Brazil. 'Anandenanthera peregrina occurs naturally and sometimes apparently cultivated in the plains or grassland areas of the Orinoco basin of Colombia and Venezuela, in light forests in southern British Guiana, and in the Rio Branco area of the northern Amazonia of Brazil. It may also occur in isolated savanna areas in the Rio Madiera region.
| ? Ayahuasca admixture plants (notes) | |||
| Admixture Plant | People | Location | (Notes) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Banisteriopsis caapi | [THIS IS YAJE/AYAHUASCA] | (Harmine, Harmaline) | |
| Banisteriopsis inebrians | (beta-Carbolines) | ||
| Banisteriopsis quitensis | (beta-Carbolines) | ||
| Banistereopsis rusbyana | [COMMON ADMIXTURE PLANT] | (DMT & beta-Carbolines OCO-YAJE) | |
| Psychotria viridis | [COMMON ADMIXTURE PLANT] | (DMT, tryptamines) | |
| Psychotria carthaginensis | |||
| Psychotria nitida | ? | ? | (DMT, tryptamines) |
| Prestonia amazonica | [COMMON ADMIXTURE PLANT] | (DMT) | |
| Tetrapteris mucronata | |||
| Tetrapteris methystica | Maku' | N Brazil Amazon | (Cold water infusion no admixtures CAAPI-PINIMA) |
| Diplopteris cabarena | Amazon | [Dennis McKenna] | |
| Justicia pectoralis | (flavorant only) | ||
| Mascagnia glandulifera | |||
| Mascagnia psilophylla | (var antifebrilis) | ||
| 6 unidentified vines | Tukano | Rio Vaupes(Colombia) | |
| (vines) | Kahi-ria'ma: | strongest/auditory hallucinations, announces future events said cause death if improperly employed | |
| Mene-kahi-ma: | 2nd strongest/visions of green snakes/bark is used said to cause death unless cautiously taken | ||
| Sauana-kahi-ma: | 'Kahi of the Red Jaguar'/produces visions in red | ||
| Kahi-vai Bucura-rijoma: | 'Kahi of the monkey head' causes monkeys to halluinate and howl | ||
| Ajuwri-kahi-ma: | weakest/little effect used in drink to help Mene-kahi-ma | ||
| Kahi-somoma/Kahi-uco: | 'Kahi that makes you vomit' Banisteriopsis rusbyana | ||
| ? Ayahuasca admixture plants (notes) | ||
| SYNONYMS: | Ayahuasca, Caapi, Yaje'; Pinde, Nate'ma, oco-yaje, Da'pa; Mihi, Kahi | |
| Regions where caapi is used: | AMAZON RIVER: | Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru |
| ORINOCO RIVER: | Venezuela, Pacific Coast of Brazil | |
| NORTHWESTERN AMAZON: | caapi snuff | |
| COLOMBIA/VENEZUELA: | dried stem bark chewed | |
| GUZMAN, GASTON; OTT, JONATHAN; BOYDSTON, JERRY; POLLOCK, STEVEN H Psychotropic mycoflora of Washington, Idaho, Oregon, California and British Colombia Mycologia; Vol 68, 1976 p 1267-1272 |
TABLE 1 Material Studied
|