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Li, Hui-Lin.
An Archaeological and Historical Account of Cannabis in China.
Economic Botany 28:437-448. (1974)

Rubel, Arthur J. & Gettelfinger-Krejci, Jean.
The Use of Hallucinogenic Mushrooms for Diagnostic Purposes among some Highland Chinantecs.
Economic Botany 30(3):235-248. (1976)

TSENG WS; ASAI M; LIU JQ; WIBULSWASDI P; SURYANI LK; WEN JK; BRENNAN J; HEIBY E
Multi-cultural study of minor psychiatric disorders in Asia: symptom manifestations.
Int J Soc Psychiatry. 1990 Winter; 36(4): 252-64
Patients with minor psychiatric disorders, including neuroses, situational adjustment reaction or acute emotional reaction, were investigated using symptom questionnaires at five research sites in Asia including: Chiang-Mai, Thailand; Bali, Indonesia; Kao-Hsiung, Taiwan, China; Shanghai, China; and Tokyo, Japan. The results revealed that the symptom profiles differ significantly among groups of different settings indicating that sociocultural background does contribute to the manifestation of neurotic symptomatology. It was also found that numerous and various subtypes of somatic scales were identified through factor analysis of symptoms for these Asian populations. It demonstrates that the spectrum of neurotic symptoms has a different focus for subjects in different sociocultural settings.

Yachaj Sami Yachachina. Alfonso Chango, edited by Norman and Sibby Whitten 1983. translated by Dahlia Miller 1991. six pages of Engllish and 47 pages in Spanish. Ediciones Abya-Yala. 1984. Quito, Ecuador. velobound in Ethnobotany and Shamanism in South America. [box v4]

MOORE, MICHAEL

"Medicinal Plants of the Desert and Canyon West"

ELEPHANT TREE: Bursera microphylla - Burseraceae - "Torote", "Torote colorado"

APPEARANCE:

A striking, small tree or shrub, from five to ten feet high inthe US but twenty feet or more in height in western Mexico. The name comes from the thick, enlarged trunk and main branches. The translucent,paper-peeling bark is a butterscotch-yellow. The smaller branches and twigs are not thickened and have a copper or reddish-brown hue. The dark green leaves are pinnate and Mesquite-like, persisting throughout the year except during extreme drought or after a pronounced freeze. The fruit is small,succulent, and light purple or pink, each containing a single yellow seed;they persist throught he summer and winter, interpsersed here and there with the leaves. The whole tree has a strong tangerine-incense fragrance. [...]

HABITAT:

Southwestern Arizona and the eastern, dry hillsides of the Anza-Borrego State Park in California, south in greater abundance around the Sea of Cortez in Baja California and Sonora. In the US it is found in small stands in the rocks of dry, low mountains and their alluvial fans, basking in warm air currents and out of the frost. In Arizona it is found as far north as the Casa Grande Mountains, as far east as near the Kitt Peak Observatory, and west to the Telegraph Mountains near Yuma. If you simply wish to observe the plant, there is a marked (and protected) stand south of Ocotillo Wells in the Anza-Borrego, and similarly marked (and protected) stands in Organ Pipe National Monument, Arizona.

The rest of our stands are found in the nooks and crannies of some of the most remote desert mountains imaginable, such as the Tinajas Altas, Sierra Estrellas, Growler, and Mohawk ranges. The only reason I am writing about this rather rare (in the US) tree is that you don't need to take any more than a small branch, some leaves, and the exuded gum... nothing life-threatening or substantial for the plant.[...]

CONSTITUENTS:

Burseran, B-sitosterol, deoxypodophyllotoxin, myrrins, and several lignins with experimental anti-tumor activity.

COLLECTING AND PREPARATION:

Bark and twigs, chopped for a fresh tincture, Method A; leaves dried for tea; the resinous gum, tinctured, Method B (macerate), 1:5, 75% alcohol, or for burning as incense in charcoals.

MEDICINAL USES:

The tree, a similar biotype to its relative, myrrh, and with similar constituents, has similar immunologic stimulation. It will increase phagocytosis, both the numbers and quality of serum white blood cells (PMNs), as well as the granular streaming, when viewed under darkfield live blood analysis. There is nothing magical here, but it means if you are tired, rundown, and getting little sick a lot of the time, the tincture of the bark, gum, or the leaf tea helps strengthen your resistance while you are under stress, especially if you couple the Elephant Tree with a little Echinacea, Red Root, Cypress, or Hollyhock.

The aromatic oleoresins are primarily excreted in the urine and mucus as intact waste products; as such they inhibit bacteria and other microbes, stimulate the scavenging of white blood cells in those tissues, and increase the softening and expectoration of bronchial mucus. Elephant Tree would be classed, therefore, as an excretory disinfectant, mucolytic, and immunostimulant. As it, like myrrh, is strongly astringent as well, the various preparations are very useful in treating gum and mouth inflammations.

The doses for internal use should be 20-30 drops to five times a day for the tinctures, a mild tea of the leaves brewed, from boiling water, long enough to be warm and slightly bitter, up to four times a day.

OTHER USES: The gum for incense, like copal.

CONTRAINDICATIONS:

Kidney disease (may induce inflammation), pregnancy (may overstimulate uterine blood

Regional Flora: [IMAGE] Search the Unpublished Volumes of the Flora of China [IMAGE] Flora of China gopher Flora of ChinaThe Flora Mesoamericana Project INBio/Costa Rica Biodiversity or aqui The Flora of North America Project

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