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Allen, John W., Merlin, Mark D., & Jansen, Karl L. R.
An Ethnomycological Review of Psychoactive Agarics in Australia and New Zealand.
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 23/1:39-69. (1991)

BOSFELD, JANE
Toad Tripping
OMNI; Dec 1989
It's not exactly a craze, but licking toads is the latest - and certainly the wierdest - way to get high. ''It is not a big problem, but when people hear about it they try it,'' explains Robert Sager, chief of the US Drug Enforcement Administrations's Western Regional Laboratory in San Francisco. The toad of choice is the Cane Toad, a tropical green and red toad that's a favorite among aquarium habitues. It secretes a toxin, called bufotenine to ward off predators. Ingesting bufotenine - by licking the toad, or killing it and boiling it's skin for a foul-tasting tea - will give you a high similar to that of psilocybin (a hallucinogen found in certain mushrooms). But, Sager warns, bufotenine will ''make you ill, and it is not terribly hallucinogenic. It's just not that great a high.'' Of course for those who don't mind licking a tailless amphibian, it might be possible to buy several and keep them on hand: Once a toad has been licked it secretes more bufotenine, so replenishing the supply would not be a problem. Although four Australians croaked last summer after drinking an especially strong batch of Cane-skin tea, no fatalities have been reported in this country. But, says Sager, a number of people have been hospitalized. Nevertheless, possessing a Cane Toad is not illegal if you do it for reasons other than getting high.

Davidson, D. S.
The Question of Relationship between the Cultures of Australia and Tierra del Fuego.
21st ICA 1:311-333. (1935)

Davidson, D. S.
The Question of Relationship Between the Cultures of Australia and Tierra del Fuego.
AA 39:228-243. (1937)

JUNIPER; ROBBINS; JOEL
The Carnivorous Plants. Part IV: Phytochemical Aspects
The Carnivorous Plants; 1989 Academic Press, ISBN 0-12-392170-8
NEPENTHES: Linnaeus gave the plant it's present name in 1753, in allusion to the story in Homer's Odyssey where Helen mixed wine with the drug 'Nepenthe' (Greek. literally 'No Mind') so that by drinking it man might be freed from care and grief. The shape of the pitchers in some species resembles the Greek rhincton or drinking horn. [Genera & distribution of pitcher plants] Heliamphora: British Guiana, Venezuela, Brazil. Darlingtonia: Northern California, Southern Oregon. Sarracenia: North America. Cephalotus: Western Australia. Nepenthes: Madagascar, Borneo, Indonesia, Southeast Asia, Seychelles, Sri Lanka, Queensland Australia, Malaysia. AMINES: Histamine has been detected in the leaf tissues of a number of genera (Werle 1955). In both Nepenthes and Drosera the level appears to be higher in those parts of the leaf associated with the traps, though the level is variable. In these cases, as well as in Sarracenia and Pinguicula, the concentration is in the range 2-13 ug/g fresh weight. Acetylcholine-like compounds were also detected in Nepenthes (Morrisey 1963)... ALKALOIDS: Alkaloids, while not unknown, are relatively uncommon amongst the carnivorous plants. In view of their requirements for nitrogen in the molecules it is perhaps not suprising that these plants, living in nitrogen-limited environments, use other types of compounds as protective agents. Porcher (1849) was unable to detect morphine, nicotine or quinine in either Sarracenia flava or S. minor although Shepard (in Porcher 1849) reported a new alkaloid, possibly related to chinchonine. Sarracenia purpurea plants yielded veratrine (Hetet 1879), which possibly was Sheperd's alkaloid. Bjorklund (1864) isolated coniine from roots of S. purpurea but not leaves, though Lambert(1902) subsequently identified coniine as a volatile base produced by fresh leaves of this species. Romeo et al. (1977) could not, however isolate any alkaloid from all 10 species of Sarracenia but Mody et al. (1976) using large amounts of S. flava leaves (4.5 kg), showed that the unknown (1.9% total oil) C8H17N extracted by Miles et al.(1975) is again coniine. The other unknown C5H11NO (0.5%) may also be an alkaloid, but awaits identification. Recent work has not been able to confirm the presence of veratrine in Sarracenia. The variability in these reports may indicate seasonal and/or regional differences in alkaloid production, possibly related to carnivorous activity. Pinguicula vulgaris does not appear to contain any alkaloids (Christen 1961): nor does Nepenthes rafflesiana (Cannon et al. 1980).

LANGER, JOHN
'Dealing' Culture: The Rationalization of the 'Hang-Loose' Ethic
Australian and New Zealand Journal of Sociology; 1976, 12, 2, Jun, 82-90.
The individual engaged in the distribution of psychedelic drugs on a regular basis is usually described as a `dealer'. Focus is on dealers at the middle level of the drug distribution hierarchy in an attempt to discuss the apparent changes in selling psychedelics, particularly marijuana & hashish, over the past 10 years. Weber's thesis on rationalization is used to examine the emergence of a coherent set of understandings that drug sellers share in common & employ to manage & evaluate their practical entrepreneurial affairs, & locate their identity within the drug scene. This `dealing culture' was found to contain a number of significant properties including a complex of techniques required to operate a successful business, criteria for judging professional conduct, a self-consciously paranoid world-view & an ideology created to maintain the moral validity of the dealer's work.

LEVY SJ; PIERCE JP
Predictors of marijuana use and uptake among teenagers in Sydney, Australia.
Int J Addict. 1990 Oct; 25(10): 1179-93
Information on drug-related behaviors was obtained from a random sample of teenagers aged 14 to 19 years in Sydney, Australia, interviewed in their homes in 1985 (N = 996) and 1986 (N = 756). The 1985 prevalence of current marijuana use was 10%. The predictors of marijuana use were: male sex; heavier, more frequent alcohol use; use of drugs other than alcohol, tobacco, or marijuana; marijuana use by siblings, friends, and other acquaintances; attitudes and beliefs favoring drug use; the attitude that possession of marijuana should not be a criminal offense; and the attitude that marijuana is not an important drug issue. In the 756 reinterviewed respondents, prevalence of marijuana use rose from 7% in 1985 to 9% in 1986. The rate of uptake was 6% and peaked at 12% at age 17. The predictors of uptake were: age; male sex; heavier, more frequent alcohol use; tobacco smoking; attitudes and beliefs favoring drugs use; and the attitude that marijuana smoking should be legal. Strategies to prevent marijuana use need to take into account the strong association between heavy drinking and marijuana use, the influence of drug users in the social network, and attitudes and beliefs about drugs.

Loxley W; Marsh A; Lo SK
Age and injecting drug use in Perth, Western Australia: the Australian national AIDS and injecting drug use study.
AIDS-CARE; 1991; 3(4); P 363-72
Young injecting drug users (IDUs) in Australia are a group about whom little is known. It is suggested, however, that their drug using behaviours and life styles put them at particular risk for HIV/AIDS. Data collected in Perth from 195 respondents in the Australian National AIDS and Injecting Drug Use Study was analyzed with emphasis on the distinctions between young and older injecting drug users. It was found that, relative to those aged 23 or over, IDUs under 23 used more stimulants and LSD and fewer opiates and benzodiazepines; were more likely to inject all or most of their drugs; were less likely to have been in treatment; had more sex partners; were less likely to have changed their drug taking behaviour because of AIDS; were less likely to use alone; shared needles less frequently but shared at least some of the time; and had less knowledge of AIDS and were more pessimistic about the long term outcomes of AIDS. Such characteristics need to be taken into account if effective intervention and prevention strategies for this group are planned.

Miller OK Jr
New species of Amanita from Western Australia.
Can.J.Bot; 1991 Dec; 69(12); P 2692-703
[No Abtract]

Selby G.
Laevodopa in Parkinson's disease: an Australian trial.
Neurology (Bombay) (India). 20(2 sup): p203-14, 1972.
Topic: L-Dopa, prosexual substances, aphrodisiacs

Whitaker, L. Howard.
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide in Psychotherapy.
Med. J. Australia 51:36-41. (1964)

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Roughly TC; Roberts BJ Bounty Descendants Live on Remote Norfolk Island National Geographic Magazine. October 1960 Vol.116, no.6 page 575 Talking with fishermen, I frequently heard about the "dream fish." Eat this fish, they declared, and you'll have nightmares. "The small ones don't affect me," one of the islanders said, "but once I had a big one for supper. I spent that night on an operating table, with the surgeon doing one operation after another - always cutting through a new and expensive suit I had just purchased. I kept shouting to my wife for help, but she ignored me. When I awoke and upbraided her for not answering my calls, she said I hadn't uttered a word. Fish Brings Science-Fiction Dream Joe Roberts, a calm National Geographic photographer, who usually doesn't dream at all, wanted to try some dream fish. Leo McCoy caught one for him, and the chef at the Paradise Hotel, Lober Christian, broiled it and served it with taties and stewed pumpkin. The guests at the hotel admired Joes courage as he ate. Next morning, when he strolled into the dining room, everybody looked at him eagerly. Joe glowed. "It was pure science fiction," he said. "I saw a new kind of car, steered with a stick like a plane. And then I was taking pictures of a monument to mark man's first trip into space." I took a scientific look at these stimulating marine vertebrates because my life's work is zoology, especially studying sea life around Australia. The dream fish, I found, is the species Kyphosus fuscus, and is closely related to the silver drummer caught off of New South Wales. Another relative is known in the United States as the rudder fish. How does this fish bring on dreams? I surmised two possibilities. First, people who expect to dream may likely do so. Second, a mild poison in the fish may affect the digestive system. After all, we know that some tropical fish become poisonous at certain seasons as a result of their own diet. To cap my investigation, I ate a dream-fish supper myself. I found it tasty, but strong flavored, like mackerel. I told myself not to dream. But no. I dreamed I was at a party where everybody was nude and the band played "Yes, we have no pajamas."

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