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Amazonian Cosmos: The Sexual and Religious Symbolism of the Tukano Indians. Gerardo Reichel-Dolmatoff. A Phoenix Book published by the University of Chicago Press. Chicago and London. 1971. paperback. 290 pages. $8.50. [box 7m]
ANDRITZKY, WALTER
Sociopsychotherapeutic functions of ayahuasca healing in Amazonia. Special Issue: Shamanism and altered states of consciousness.
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs; 1989 Jan-Mar Vol 21(1) 77-89
Focuses on the healing functions of drug rituals (DRs) involving the natural hallucinogen ayahuasca (AY) among traditional native peoples of Amazonia and attempts to explain their effectiveness within the approach of Western clinical science. Some structural dimensions of AY DRs are examined in terms of how natives perceive the function and content of the ritual (i.e., an emic point of view). Next, the AY DRs are explored from an etic approach, utilizing concepts from psychoanalysis, transpersonal psychology, and parapsychology. AY DRs, through accessible transcendental experiences, have integrative and cohesive functions for the society.
BIODYNAMIC APOCYNACEOUS PLANTS OF THE NORTHWEST AMAZON.
De Plantis Toxicariie E Mundo Novo Tropicale Commentationes. Xix.
Schultes,re: J Ethnopharmacol 1 2: 165-192 (1979) English
CHILTON; BIGWOOD; JENSEN
Psilocin, bufotenine & serotonin
Journal of Psychedelic Drugs; Vol. 11(1-2) Jan-Jun 1979
[Excerpt] We have investigated the biosynthesis of psilocin in a strain of Psilocybe cubensis from the Amazon valley, employing the non-radioactive deuterium label. Experiments were carried out to find the smallest size culture which would reliably produce mushrooms in order to maintain a high concentration of deuterated compounds without having to use a large amount of labeled compounds. Although mushrooms were obtained on a litle as 17 grains of rye, a more reliable fruiting mass was obtained on minicultures of 10 g rye grain in 15 g water. Two weeks after inoculation the minicultures were cased with vermiculite, peat moss, sand and crushed oyster shell. Fruiting occurred five to six weeks after inoculation. The yield of mushrooms appeared relatively unaffected by addition of up to 100 mg of tryptamine to 10 g of rye grain. Minicultures continued to produce mushrooms for up to 20 weeks, and average minicultures produced a total of 2.7 g dry weight of mushrooms. Minicultures actually produced a higher yield of mushrooms per g of rye grain than did larger scale cultures.
DE RIOS, MARLENE D
A modern-day shamanistic healer in the Peruvian Amazon: Pharmacopoeia and trance. Special Issue: Shamanism and altered states of consciousness.
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs; 1989 Jan-Mar Vol 21(1) 91-99
Addresses the functions and successes of shamanistic healers in the context of psychoneuroimmunology. Background information on Amazonian urban healing, and on a contemporary healer, is presented. In the case of the healer, who uses powerful hallucinogenic plant potentiators, the influence of traditional shamanic roots in the region is integrated with new beliefs. The combination of biologically potent resources represented in the healer's plant pharmacopoeia and his shamanistic-mystical, psychospiritual strategies create a powerful healing milieu.
Dobkin de Rios, Marlene.
A Note on the Use of Ayahuasca Among Urban Mestizo Populations in the Peruvian Amazon.
AA 72:1419-1422. (1970)
Dobkin de Rios, Marlene.
Visionary Vine: Psychedelic Healing in the Peruvian Amazon.
San Francisco: Chandler Publishing Co. (1972)
DOBKIN DE RIOS, MARLENE
Hallucinogenic ritual as theatre.
Journal of Psychedelic Drugs; 1977 Jul-Sep Vol 9(3) 265-268
Describes the subjective experience of a healing ritual in the Peruvian Amazon. The color, form, pattern, movement, and sound produced by a hallucinogenic substance under shamanic guidance are comparable with a theatre in which one is simultaneously the actor, producer, and playwright.
DOBKIN DE RIOS, MARLENE
Visionary vine: psychedelic healing in the Peruvian Amazon
Visionary vine: psychedelic healing in the Peruvian Amazon. Chandler [1972] F3429.3.M4
SUBJECTS: Ayahuasca Therapy ritual. Iquitos, Peru. Social life and customs.
ELISABETSKY,E: FIGUEIREDO,W: OLIVERIA,G:
Traditional Amazonian Nerve Tonics As Antidepressant Agents: Chauno Chiton Kappleri: A Case Study.
J Herbs Spices Med Plants 1 1/2: 125-162 (1992) English
FARAH, DOUGLAS
Drug Labs Are Fouling Bolivian Rivers, Ecologists Say
Boston Globe, Nov 22 1990; sec A, p 27 col 1
Tons of toxic chemicals, dumped from thousands of small laboratories that make cocaine in the Bolivian jungle, are being funneled into the Amazon River basin.
FERNEX M; JAQUET C; MITTELHOLZER ML; REBER R; STURCHLER D
Neue Medikamente fur die Behandlung der Malaria tropica. [Current drugs for the treatment of tropical malaria]
Schweiz Rundsch Med Prax. 1991 Jan 22; 80(4): 67-71
The occurrence in the early 60's of stable resistance to chloroquine among Plasmodium falciparum strains in the Amazonas and on the Thai-Cambodian border has been a shock for all malariologists. This led to the search for new antimalarials without cross resistance with chloroquine. For each new drug, one of the major concerns was to define how rapidly parasites would develop resistance to this compound. Drug combinations were taken into consideration so as to achieve a delay in the appearance of resistance. The decision to test a triple combination has led to the development of Fansimef, a fixed combination with tablets containing 250 mg mefloquine, 500 mg sulfadoxine and 25 mg pyrimethamine. A very relevant delay in the development of resistance was found both in-vivo--in the P. berghei model--and in-vitro using P. falciparum. Fansimef has also been under investigations for malaria. Controlled clinical trials were performed in Africa, South America and South East Asia. The documentation for this new indication will be submitted to registration authorities in 1991. A preference alternative to continuous chemoprophylaxis is stand-by malaria treatment for travellers to regions where the malaria risk is relatively low. Stand-by treatment is under investigations in France and in Switzerland. In the search for alternative remedies against drug resistant P. falciparum malaria our attention was directed to Yingzhaosu, a new sesquiterpene peroxide of plant origin from traditional Chinese medicine. A short and convenient synthesis of this ring system gave access to a variety of structural analogues of Yingzhaosu. ...
GAYOTTO LC
Hepatitis delta in South America and especially in the Amazon region.
Prog Clin Biol Res. 1991; 364: 123-35
[NO ABSTRACT]
Lamb, F. Bruce.
Wizard of the Upper Amazon: The Story of Manuel Cordova-Rios, 2nd ed.
Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. (1974)
Las Tres Mitades de Ino Moxo: y otros brujos de la Amazonia. Cesar Calvo. Proceso Editores, Iquitos, Peru. 1981. 380 pages. velobound in Ethnobotany and Shamanism in South America. [box v4]
MAC RAE,WD: TOWERS,GHN:
Ethnobiological and Chemical Investigations of Selected Amazonian Plants.
Diss Abstr Int B 45 12: 3704-. (1985) English
McKenna, Terence.
The Archaic Revival: Speculations on Psychedelic Mushrooms, the Amazon, Virtual Reality, UFOs, Evolution, Shamanism, the Rebirth of the Goddess, and the End of History.
New York: HarperSanFrancisco/HarperCollins. (1992)
PRANCE,GT:
An Ethnobotanical Comparison of Four Tribes of Amazonian Indians.
Acta Amazonica 2 2: 7-27 (1972) English
Reichel-Dolmatoff, Gerardo.
(An Amazonian Cosmos: The Sexual and Religious Symbolism of the Tukano Indians.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press. (1971)
Rio Tigre and Beyond: The Amazon Jungle Medicine of Manuel Cordova. F. Bruce Lamb. North Atlantic Books. Berkeley, CA. 227 pages. 1985. [large box 2m]
* this is one of only a hundred hardcover copies printed. $25.] paperback. $12.95.
SCHULTES, RICHARD EVANS; HOFMANN A
Ayahuasca, Caapi, Yaje
Plants of The Gods: Origins of hallucinogenic use. (1979) p 66
COMMON NAME: Ayahuasca, Caapi, Yaje'. BOTANICAL NAME: Banisteriopsis caapi, B. inebrians, B. rusbyana. USAGE HISTORY AND ETHNOGRAPHY: Used in the western half of the Amazon Valley and by isolated tribes on the Pacific Slopes of the Colombian and Ecuadorian Andes. USAGE CONTEXT AND PURPOSE: Usually drunk in religious ceremonies. In the famous Tukanoan Yurupari ceremony in Colombia - an adolescent initiation for boys. The Jivaro believe that Ayahuasca makes possible communication with ancestors and that, under its influence, a man's soul may leave the body and wander free. PREPARATION: The bark, prepared in cold or boiling water, may be taken alone or with additives - especially the leaves of B. rusbyana and of Psychotria viridis - which alter the effects. The bark can also be chewed. Recent evidence from the northwestern Amazon suggests that the plants are also used in the form of snuff. CHEMICAL COMPONENTS AND EFFECTS: The hallucinogenic activity is primarily due to harmine, the major beta-carboline alkaloid in the plants. Effects of taking the bitter and nauseating drink range from pleasant intoxication with no hangover to violent reactions with sickening after-effects. Usually, visual hallucinations in color occur. The intoxication ends with a deep sleep and dreams.
SCHULTES, RICHARD EVANS; HOFMANN A
Banisteriopsis
Plants of The Gods: Origins of hallucinogenic use. (1979) p 35
BANISTERIOPSIS C.B. Robinson et Small., B. caapi (Spruce exGriseb.) Morton., Malphigiaceae. Tropical zones of N-S America, West Indies. These giant forest lianas are the basis of an important hallucinogenic drink ceremonially consumed in the western half of the Amazon Valley and by isolated tribes on the Pacific slopes of the Colombian and Ecuadorian Andes. The bark of Banisteriopsis caapi and B. inebrians, prepared in cold water or after long boiling, may be taken alone, but various plant additives - especially the leaves of B. rusbyana, known as Oco-Yaje, and of Psychotria viridis - are often used to alter the effects of the hallucinogenic drink. Both species are lianas with smooth, brown bark and dark green, chartaceous, ovate-lanceolate leaves up to about 7 inches (18 cm) in length, 2-3 inches (5-8 cm) wide. The inflorescence is many-flowered. The small flowers are pink or rose-colored. The fruit is a samara with wings about 1 3/8 inch (3.5 cm) long. Bansiteriopsis inebrians differs from B. caapi mainly in its thicker ovate, more attenuate leaves and in the shape of the samara wings.
SCHULTES, RICHARD EVANS; HOFMANN A
Caapi-pinima
Plants of The Gods: Origins of hallucinogenic use. (1979) p 66
COMMON NAME: Caapi-Pinima. BOTANICAL NAME: Tetrapteris methystica R. E. Schult.; T. mucronata Cav. USAGE HISTORY AND ETHNOGRAPHY: Caapi-pinima is employed by the nomadic Maku' Indians of the Rio Tikie' in the northwestern Amazon of Brazil. They call it Caapi, the same as Banisteriopsis. Several writers have mentioned 'more than one kind' of Caapi in the Rio Vaupe's area of Brazil and adjacent Colombia. USAGE CONTEXT AND PURPOSE: Hallucinogenic intoxication. PREPARATION: A drink is prepared from the bark of T. methystica in cold water. The infusion is yellowish, unlike the brownish color of the beverage prepared from Banisteriopsis. CHEMICAL COMPONENTS AND EFFECTS: It has not been possible as yet to carry out chemical examination of T. methystica, but reports of the effects of the drug would suggest that the same or similar beta-carboline alkaloids are present as in Banisteriopsis.
SCHULTES, RICHARD EVANS; HOFMANN A
Tetrapteris methystica
Plants of The Gods: Origins of hallucinogenic use. (1979) p 58
Tetrapteris methystica: Malphigiaceae. Tropical zones of South America, Mexico, West Indies. THe nomadic Maku' Indians of the Rio Tikie' in the northwestermost Amazonas of Brazil prepare an hallucinogenic drink from the bark of Tetrapteris methystica. Reports of the effects would suggest that beta-carboline alkaloids are present. Tetrapteris methystica is a scandent bush with black bark. The leaves are characeous, ovate, 2 1/4 - 3 3/8 inches (6-8.5 cm) long, 1-2 inches (2.5-5 cm) wide, bright green above, ashy green beneath. The inflorescence is few-flowered, shorter than the leaves. The sepals are thick, hairy without, ovate-lanceolate, with 8 black oval-shaped glands; the petals, spreading, membranaceous, yellow with red or brown in the center, elongate-orbicular, 1/2 inch (1 cm) wide. The fruit or samara is ovoid, 1/8 x 1/8 x 1/16 inch (4 x 4 x 2 mm), with brownish wings about 1/2 x 1/16 inch (10 x 2 mm).
SCHULTES, RICHARD EVANS; HOFMANN A
Caapi-pinima
Plants of The Gods: Origins of hallucinogenic use. (1979) p 66
COMMON NAME: Caapi-Pinima. BOTANICAL NAME: Tetrapteris methystica R. E. Schult.; T. mucronata Cav. USAGE HISTORY AND ETHNOGRAPHY: Caapi-pinima is employed by the nomadic Maku' Indians of the Rio Tikie' in the northwestern Amazon of Brazil. They call it Caapi, the same as Banisteriopsis. Several writers have mentioned 'more than one kind' of Caapi in the Rio Vaupe's area of Brazil and adjacent Colombia. USAGE CONTEXT AND PURPOSE: Hallucinogenic intoxication. PREPARATION: A drink is prepared from the bark of T. methystica in cold water. The infusion is yellowish, unlike the brownish color of the beverage prepared from Banisteriopsis. CHEMICAL COMPONENTS AND EFFECTS: It has not been possible as yet to carry out chemical examination of T. methystica, but reports of the effects of the drug would suggest that the same or similar beta-carboline alkaloids are present as in Banisteriopsis.
SCHULTES,RE:
De Plantis Toxicariie E Mundo Novo Tropicale Commentationes. Xix. Biodynamic Apocynaceous Plants of the Northwest Amazon.
J Ethnopharmacol 1 2: 165-192 (1979) English
SCHULTES; HOFMANN
Indole alkaloids in plant hallucinogens.
Journal of Psychedelic Drugs Jan-Mar 1976 p 17
Anadenanthera peregrina, PHOTO:seeds collected in Puerto Rico; PHOTO:tree in Boa Vista, Territorio de Roraima, Brazil. Yopo Snuff:Orinoco basin, Colombia & Venezuela, possibly isolated areas in the southern part of the Brazilian Amazon. The tree grows in open plain areas, not in tropical forests. It was early taken by invading Indians to the West Indies, where even today its distribution indicates its adventitious nature. Hispaniola. Mimosa hostilis: 'dry parts of Pernambuco, Brazil'.
SCHULTES; HOFMANN
Seeds of the Hekula Spirit.
Plants of the Gods. p 116
PHOTO:Boa Vista, Rio Branco. Open grasslands or 'campos' of the northern Amazon of Brazil 'Colombian Andes, east across the 'llanos' or plains to the upper Orinoco. Parts of southernmost Venezuela, northernmost Brazil. 'Anandenanthera peregrina occurs naturally and sometimes apparently cultivated in the plains or grassland areas of the Orinoco basin of Colombia and Venezuela, in light forests in southern British Guiana, and in the Rio Branco area of the northern Amazonia of Brazil. It may also occur in isolated savanna areas in the Rio Madiera region.
Shamanism and Art of the Eastern Tukanoan Indians: Columbian Northwest Amazon. G. Reichel Dolmatoff. E.J. Brill. 1987. 68 pages. velobound in Ethnobotany and Shamanism in South America. [box v4]
STAMETS, PAUL; CHILTON, J S
Growing Parameters for Psilocybe cubensis (1)
The Mushroom Cultivator: A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home; Agarikon Press, Olympia WA; Chapter IX, p 196-203
Growing Parameters for Psilocybe Cubensis
SPECIES: Psilocybe cubensis (Earle) Singer
= Stropharia cubensis Earle
= Stropharia cyanescens Murr
= Stroparia caerulescens (Pat.) Sing
= Naematoloma caerulescens Pat
= Hypholoma caerulescens (Pat.) Sacc. & Trott
STRAINS: Strains of Psilocybe cubensis are available from private and commercial stocks. The American Type Culture Collection, which sells cultures to educational organizations and research facilities, has stock cultures of several wild strains. Note that the strains listed below are only some of those that are presently circulating. There are many more. Some strains may originate from the same region but have features not in agreement with those described here
Amazonian: Medium to large mushrooms on rye grain; thick whitish stems; tenaciously attached to the casing
Ecuadorian: Medium sized mushrooms on rye grain; hemispheric caps; abundant primordia former; high yielding on compost; thin whitish stems; easily picked
Matias Romero: Medium to large mushrooms on rye grain; early fruiter; thick whitish stems and tenaciously attached
Misantla: Medium sized mushrooms on rye grain; thin yellowish stems; tall standing and easily picked
Palenque: Large mushrooms on rye grain; high yielding; and easily picked
COMMON NAMES: San Isidro; Cubensis
GREEK ROOT: Psilocybe comes from the Greek root 'psilos' meaning bald head and cubensis, a name Earle assigned to this mushroom because it was first recognized as a new species from specimens collected in Cuba.
Tales of a Shaman's Apprentice: An Ethnobotanist Searches for New Medicines in the Amazon Rain Forest. Mark J. Plotkin, Ph.D. Viking- Penguin Books, New York. 1993. $22. hardcover. 319 pages. [box v5]
The Archaic Revival: Speculations on Psychedelic Mushrooms, the Amazon, Virtual Reality, UFOs, Evolution, Shamanism, the Rebirth of the Goddess, and the End of History. Terence McKenna. Harper San Francisco. 1991. 267 pages. tapebound photocopy. two copies. [box v3]
The Four Winds: A Shaman's Odyssey into the Amazon. Alberto Villoldo and Erik Jendressen. Harper & Row Publishers. San Francisco. 1990. 265 pages. velobound in "Ayahuasca Shamanism Anthology". [box v2]
The Healing Forest: Medicinal and Toxic Plants of the Northwest Amazonia. Richard Evans Schultes, Ph.D., F.M.L.S. and Robert F. Raffauf, Ph.D., F.L.S. Dioscorides Press, Portland, OR. 1990. 484 pages. velobound photocopy. [box v2]
The World of the Visionary Vine: A Cultural Analysis of Yaje Experiences of the Tukano Indians of the Columbian Upper Amazon. Scott M. O'Hearn. B.A. Thesis of Religion- Dept. of Religion. Princeton University. 1990. 110 pages. ( research drawn from previously published sources) photocopy velobound in MDMA Anthology. [box v4] photocopy velobound in Ayahuasca Shamanism Anthology volume two. [box v4]
Vegetalismo: Shamanism Among the Mestizo Population of the Peruvian Amazon. Luis Eduardo Luna. Stockholm Studies in Comparative Religion #27. ACTA Universitatis Stockholmiensis. Almqvist & Wiksell International. Stockholm. 1986. 200 pages, plus 15 pages of close-up copies of photos. velobound in Ayahuasca Shamanism Anthology. [box v2]
Vine of the Soul: Medicine Men, their Plants and Rituals in the Columbian Amazonia. Richard Evans Schultes, F.M.L.S.; Robert F. Raffauf, F.L.S. Synergetic Press. paperback. 282 pages. $22.95. [box 8m]
Visionary Vine: Hallucinogenic healing in the Peruvian Amazon. Marlene Dobkin de Rios (autographed). Waveland Press, Inc. Prospect heights, IL. 1972 paperback. 161 pages. $8.50. [box 10m]
WEIL, ANDREW T
Observations on consciousness alteration: Why coca leaf should be available as a recreational drug.
Journal of Psychedelic Drugs; 1977 Jan-Mar Vol 9(1) 75-78
Advocates legalization of coca leaf. Coca leaf contains many ingredients other than cocaine, and if masticated, produces a mild stimulant effect. In the Amazon-Andes region, where coca chewing is customary, there is no evidence of developing tolerance, withdrawal syndrome, or any physical deterioration caused by coca. Prohibition of coca in the US resulted in abuse of cocaine, particularly among the affluent section of society. By making coca leaf available, cocaine abuse will diminish, and coca will be accepted as a recreational substance like coffee.
Where the Gods Reign: Plants and Peoples of the Columbian Amazon. Richard Evans Schultz. Synergetic Press. Oracle, AZ., London. 1988. paperback. 307 pages. torn back cover. [box 8m]
Witch-Doctor's Apprentice: Hunting for Medicinal Plants in the Amazon. Nichole Maxwell. third edition. Citadel Press. New York. 1990. paperback. 392 pages. $12.95. [box 9m]
Wizard of the Upper Amazon: The Story of Manuel Cordova-Rios. F. Bruce Lamb.
North Atlantic Books. Berkeley, CA. 1971. third edition: 1974. $9.95. paperback. 201 pages. torn front cover. an engrossing tale. [large box 2m]
Natural History, September 1989
[fragments of article from sketchy hand-written notes]
Tall Fescue Grass, Kentucky-31
from farm of W.M.Suiter in Menifee County, KY in the 1930s
Cattle develop syndrome resembling ergotism
in mid 1970s fungus in fescue discovered at University of Georgia.
Ascomycete fungus: Acremonium coenophialum
network of hyphae in intercellular spaces
mutualistic endophyte
non-infectious.
Fungus reproduces vegetatively, inhabits grass seeds. cannot produce spores.
Hundreds of other grasses known to harbor similar fungi.
Grasses are otherwise remarkably free of toxic alkaliods.
Grass related to 'sleepy grass' in Kulu valley in India.
Claviceps purpurea, ignis sacer "holy fire".
"...native people in the Amazon use an endophyte-infected sedge for obstetric purposes and in magical/religious ceremonies, the effects of which suggest the presence of ergot alkaloids."
"after discovering the endophyte growing inside toxic tall fescue ... scientists were able to grow it in pure cultures in the laboratory and show that it produced ergot alkaloids"
Keith Clay is assistant professor of biology at Indiana University, Bloomington.?
Ayahuasca admixture plants
(notes)Admixture Plant People Location (Notes) Banisteriopsis caapi [THIS IS YAJE/AYAHUASCA] (Harmine, Harmaline) Banisteriopsis inebrians (beta-Carbolines) Banisteriopsis quitensis (beta-Carbolines) Banistereopsis rusbyana [COMMON ADMIXTURE PLANT] (DMT & beta-Carbolines OCO-YAJE) Psychotria viridis [COMMON ADMIXTURE PLANT] (DMT, tryptamines) Psychotria carthaginensis Psychotria nitida ? ? (DMT, tryptamines) Prestonia amazonica [COMMON ADMIXTURE PLANT] (DMT) Tetrapteris mucronata Tetrapteris methystica Maku' N Brazil Amazon (Cold water infusion no admixtures CAAPI-PINIMA) Diplopteris cabarena Amazon [Dennis McKenna] Justicia pectoralis (flavorant only) Mascagnia glandulifera Mascagnia psilophylla (var antifebrilis) 6 unidentified vines Tukano Rio Vaupes(Colombia) (vines) Kahi-ria'ma: strongest/auditory hallucinations, announces future events said cause death if improperly employed Mene-kahi-ma: 2nd strongest/visions of green snakes/bark is used said to cause death unless cautiously taken Sauana-kahi-ma: 'Kahi of the Red Jaguar'/produces visions in red Kahi-vai Bucura-rijoma: 'Kahi of the monkey head' causes monkeys to halluinate and howl Ajuwri-kahi-ma: weakest/little effect used in drink to help Mene-kahi-ma Kahi-somoma/Kahi-uco: 'Kahi that makes you vomit' Banisteriopsis rusbyana ?
Ayahuasca admixture plants
(notes)SYNONYMS: Ayahuasca, Caapi, Yaje'; Pinde, Nate'ma, oco-yaje, Da'pa; Mihi, Kahi Regions where caapi is used: AMAZON RIVER: Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru ORINOCO RIVER: Venezuela, Pacific Coast of Brazil NORTHWESTERN AMAZON: caapi snuff COLOMBIA/VENEZUELA: dried stem bark chewed 
Base de Dados Tropical (BDT) isa web site in Brazil with extensive information and searchable databases concerning Amazonia, tropical ecosystems, rainforest biodiversity, and botany. Links to most Brazilian herbariums are also available. Accessible in both English and Portuguese.