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AMES RW
The Influence of Temperature on Mycelial Growth of Psilocybe cubensis, Panaeolus, and Copelandia.
Mycopath. et Mycol. Appl. 9:268-274 (1958)
Temperature. Psilocybin Mushrooms

BIGWOOD J; BEUG M
Variation of psilocybin and psilocin levels with repeated flushes (harvests) of mature sporocarps of Psilocybe cubensis (Earle) Singer.
J Ethnopharmacol. 1982 May. 5(3). P 287-91.
Analysis of Psilocybe cubensis (Earle) Singer grown in controlled culture showed that the level of psilocin was generally zero in the first (or sometimes even the second) fruiting of the mushroom from a given culture and that the level reached a maximum by the fourth flush. The level of psilocybin, which was nearly always at least twice the level of psilocin, showed no upward or downward trend as fruiting progressed, but was variable over a factor of four. Samples obtained from outside sources had psilocybin levels varying by over a factor of ten from one collection to the next.

GRINSPOON, LESTER; BAKALAR, JAMES B
Purity of street LSD
'Psychedelic Drugs Reconsidered'; 1979
According to data compiled by the PharmChem Research Foundation, a California organization, the only psychedelic drugs now generally available on the street are LSD, PCP, and to a lesser extent MDA. Almost no one takes the trouble to manufacture mescaline or psilocybin, because their effects resemble those of LSD and the much larger amounts required make the expense too great. Mescaline is available only in the form of peyote buttons and psilocybin only in the form of psychedelic mushrooms, which have been discovered growing all over the United States; they are increasingly sought after in the wild (see Pollock 1975 a; Weil 1977 a) and, with difficulty, can also be cultivated (see Oss and Oeric 1976). (Many 'psilocybin mushrooms,' incidentally, are just commercial mushrooms laced with LSD.) Anything labeled as pure or synthetic mescaline, psilocybin, or THC is almost certainly either LSD or PCP, or else contains no drug. Some chemicals closely related to LSD have been synthesized to sidestep the law; the one most often available is the acetylated variant, ALD-52, which is almost as potent as LSD itself. As for the quality of illicit LSD, adulterants and substitutes must be distinguished from products of improper synthesis. Since the variable physical and psychological effects of LSD sometimes resemble those of strychnine, belladonna, or amphetamine, there are rumors that illicit LSD often contains these substances. But laboratory analysis, especially the work of PharmChem Research Foundation, shows that illicit LSD rarely contains adulterants, although the advertised dose is usually two to five times the actual one. The major problem is imputities that are by-products of careless or inadequate synthesis. In the manufacturing process, ergotamine or other ergot alkaloids are reduced to lysergic acid (d-lysergic acid monohydrate), which is then converted to LSD. The whole procedure, and especially the last stage, in which LSD is separated from iso-LSD by chromatography, is rather delicate; it requires skill and good equipment. The government has tried to cut off the supply of chemical precursors; but illicit chemists are usually able to obtain enough, because several ergot derivatives are used as medicines and the quantities needed are small: by on estimate, 70 kg of ergotamine tartrate is enough to supply the American LSD market for a year (McGlothlin 1974 b). The only impurity regularly found by the PharmChem Laboratory, aside from occasional traces of ergotamine, is iso-LSD: it is very similar to LSD in chemical structure (the same atoms in a slightly different arrangement) but pharmacologically inactive. It is rarely present in a proportion of more than 15 percent and appears to have no effect on the drug action. So street LSD seems to be reasonably pure.

OSS O T; OERIC O N [MCKENNA, TERENCE & DENNIS]
[The mushroom speaks] (2)
Psilocybin: Magic Mushroom Grower's Guide. Lux Natura Edition. Revised 1986 pp 14-15
'"Since it is not easy for you to recognize other varieties of intelligence around you

OSS O T; OERIC O N; [MCKENNA, DENNIS & TERENCE]
Psilocybin: Magic Mushroom Grower's Guide.
Psilocybin: Magic Mushroom Grower's Guide; 1976 Berkeley: And/Or Press.
Procedure for growing Psilocybe cubensis mushrooms from spores using agar, rye grain, and sterile kitchen techniques. Discussion of history and lifecycle of mushrooms.

OSS O T; OERIC O N; [MCKENNA, TERENCE & DENNIS]
[mushrooms in India]
Psilocybin: Magic mushroom grower's guide
1984: Heterodox Bengali Hindus announce identification of the Vedic intoxicant Soma as a psilocybian mushroom, Stropharia cubensis. A reform of Hinduism centered around rediscovery of the 6000-year-old Soma rite is begun.

Oss, O. T. & O. N. Oeric. (), Psilocybin: Magic Mushroom Grower's Guide. Quick American Publishing, 1986 Ott, Jonathan.
Hallucinogenic Plants of North America.
Berkeley: Wingbow Press. (1976)

Psilocybin: Magic Mushroom Grower's Guide. O.T. Oss and O.N. Oeric. And/Or Press. Berkeley, CA. 1976. paperback. 63 pages. $4.95. [box 7m]

STAMETS, PAUL; CHILTON, J S
Growing Parameters for Psilocybe cubensis (5)
The Mushroom Cultivator: A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home; Agarikon Press, Olympia WA; Chapter IX, p 196-203
COMMENTS: One of the easiest mushrooms to grow, this species fruits on a wide variety of substrates within broad environmental parameters. As a primary and secondary decomposer, Psilocybe cubensis fruits well on untreated pasteurized straw and on horse manure/straw composts transformed by microbial activity. Sterilized grain typically produces smaller mushrooms than bulk substrates. Given the numerous substrates that support fruitings, Psilocybe cubensis is well suited for home cultivation. Psilocybe cubensis cultivation was unheard of twenty years ago. Today, this species ranks among one of the most commonly cultivated mushrooms in the US and soon the world. This sudden escalation in interest is largely due to the publication of several popular guides illustrating techniques for its culture. Psilocybe cubensis is a mushroom with psychoactive properties, containing up to 1% psilocybin and/or psilocin per dried gram. The function of these serotonin-like compounds in the life cycle of the mushroom is not known
GENETIC CHARACTERISTICS: Basidia tetrapolar (4-spored), forming haploid spores (1N); heterothallic. The mating of compatible monokaryons often results in fruiting strains. Clamp connections are present. See Chapter XV
For Further Information Consult: Oss, O.T. and O.N. Oeric, 1976. 'Psilocybin: Magic Mushroom Grower's Guide'. And/Or Press, Berkeley.

STAMETS, PAUL; CHILTON, J S
Growing Parameters for Psilocybe cyanescens (3)
The Mushroom Cultivator: A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home; Agarikon Press, Olympia WA; Chapter IX, p 196-203
YIELD POTENTIAL: In natural outdoor culture on alder chips, 1 lb. wet weight per square foot in one growing season is easily obtained
MOISTURE CONTENT OF MUSHROOMS: 90-92% water; 8% dry matter in fruitbodies.
COMMENTS: Psilocybe cyanescens is a primary decomposer, readily digesting newly cut alder and other deciduous woods. Considered to grandote of the Pacific Northwest, this species is both robust and potently psilocybian.
Much sought after for its high psilocybin and psilocin content, it is a favored mushroom by those seeking entheogenic experiences.
Psilocybe cyanescens' adaptability to natural outdoor culture makes this species attractive to beginning and connoisseur cultivators alike. Virgin spawn can be collected from the wild and implanted in prepared beds (see Chapter VI) or spawn can be grown out on bran/sawdust or grain and inoculated directly onto unsterilized soaked corrugated cardboard. Grain spawn inoculated onto untreated wood chips is associated with a higher contamination rate than the same spawn implanted onto soaked cardboard, owing to the partial selectivity of the later material
Although fruitbodies can form on fresh sawdust, they do so reluctantly, and belatedly. The fact that sawdust so readily loses its moisture may explain, in part, why Psilocybe cyanescens has difficulty on it
Psilocybe cyanescens has a mycelium that is typically whitish and strandy (rhizomorphic). Tissue and spore cultures are easy to obtain. Outdoor colonies can be maintained for years with minimal effort and produce two to three flushes per season. See color photos 17 & 18.

[McKenna, Terence & McKenna, Dennis] Oss, O. T. & O. N. Oeric
Psilocybin: Magic Mushroom Grower's Guide, 2nd ed.
Quick American Publishing, 1991. (1986)

The Entheogen Law Reporter Issue #9 - Winter 1995 ISSN 1074-8040 Chicago Police Seize Artwork: [10,000 Doses by Gregory Green] Entheogens Around the World Rene Rikkelman, a Dutch Journalist whose writings have been published in the European entheogen-oriented magazines, Soft Secrets and Psycho-Active Network, filed this report about the "Dutch Mushroom Pandemic". John Allen on Psilocybin-Containing Mushrooms in Southern Asia Jochen Gartz on the absence of Analog Drug Laws in Europe: DPT, 2-CT-7 and 2-CE, Psilocybe semilanceata in the UK, Natural Species Protection Act in Holland. Q+A: Where are spore prints legal? Is it safe to order from exotic plant companies? When is a drug an illegal analog? Is growing a plant manufacturing a drug? Is nitrous oxide legal to possess and inhale? Supreme Court Hears LSD Case Book Review: New Book by Jonathan Ott [The Age of Entheogens/Angel's Dictionary] Serve Your Community: Donate a TELR subscription to a Court or Law School Library.