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GARTZ,J: ALLEN,JW: MERLIN,MD:
Ethnomycology, Biochemistry, and Cultivation of Psilocybe Samuiensis Guzman, Bandala and Allen, A New Psychoactive Fungus from Koh Samui, Thailand.
J Ethnopharmacol 43 2: 73-80 (1994) English

NEAL JM; BENEDICT RG; BRADY LR
Interrelationship of Phosphate Nutrition, Nitrogen Metabolism, and Accumulation of Key Secondary Metabolites in Saprophytic Cultures of Psilocybe cubensis, and Panaeolus campanulatus.
J.Pharmaceut.Sci. 57:1661-1667 (1968)
Psilocybin Mushroom Cultivation.

POLLOCK SH
Magic Mushroom Cultivation (1)
Magic Mushroom Cultivation. Herbal Medicine Research Foundation. ISBN 0-930074-01-7
THE RICE-CAKE TECHNIQUE: This technique is extremely easy and highly recommended for its convenience in growing Psilocybe cubensis mushrooms. All that is needed is a pressure cooker, some canning jars, uncontaminated live mushroom starter (mycelia), and brown rice. Either long grain or short grain brown rice may be used. The former is usually more economical. Do not use white rice. It is inferior in quality to brown rice because most of the vitamins have been lost in converting brown to white rice. Into each quart jar place 1/4 cup brown rice and between 1/3 to 1/2 cup tap water. One-half cup or more of water is too much because the rice will turn into mush rather than a cake. One-third cup water leads to a dry cake that is adequate, but mycelia grow faster on the wetter cakes resulting from use of more than 1/3 cup of water. Up to 1/8 teaspoon of agricultural gypsum (calcium sulphate) may be added to each jar prior to sterilization to serve as a buffer, but gypsum is not really necessary. Some cubensis strains seem to prefer it, but so do many contaminants. It seems more practical not to bother using gypsum except for purposes of experimentation to find out if a particular strain will fruit more aggressively with it. In most cases it probably will not make any difference. Invert the dome of each two-piece lid and place it on the mouth of each canning jar with the rubber seal facing upward. Then loosely screw on the lid bands. Pressure cook the jars at 15 lbs. pressure for an hour. Actually 45 minutes at 15 lbs. pressure is adequate, but an hour gives even greater likelihood of complete sterilization. Allow the pressure cooker to cool and remove the jars, screwing the bands tighter until ready to inoculate the rice-cakes with mushroom mycelia. Using a flame-sterilized probe, carefully transfer a piece of agar medium containing live uncontaminated mycelia into each jar. It is best to loosen the jar lid beforehand so that it will lift off easily. To make the transfer, cut out a section of the agar medium containing mycelia using a flame-sterilized scalpel or probe. Then spear the agar block of mushroom starter with the probe, lift up the lid of the jar, and drop in the piece of mushroom starter. Close the lid but do not screw it too tight since it is necessary for growing mycelia to breathe. To enhance the rate of mycelial growth, very soon after the jar is inoculated the lid can be screwed tight and the jar shaken to bring the piece of mushroom starter into contact with more of the rice-cake surface. Then loosen the lid before setting the jar in place to incubate. In about four weeks mushrooms will start to grow. Sometimes they commence after only three weeks, but they may frequently take up to six weeks to appear. This depends a lot on the strain and room temperature.

POLLOCK SH
Magic Mushroom Cultivation (2)
Magic Mushroom Cultivation. Herbal Medicine Research Foundation. ISBN 0-930074-01-7
The mycelia can be grown in the dark but light is needed when it is time for the fungus to make mushrooms. As little as five minutes twice a day from an overhead incandescent light in a closet can be sufficient to initiate mushroom formation. But much better crops seem to come when fluorescent 'grow lights' are used for longer periods during the day. When mushrooms are growing, the lid of each jar should be very loose since much condensation occurs as the mushrooms breathe. Some growers remove the lids completely at this time or replace the domes with a double layer of paper towels. The towels can be secured in place with the lid bands and the jars may be set near a window for natural light. Paper towel tops should be sprayed with water at least once a day to help maintain a humid environment. As the rice-cake dries, fruition is promoted. But if the dome is left very loosely in place, fruiting continues much longer. Sometimes fruiting occurs for three months or more! Mushrooms will keep appearing after harvesting of previous crops. To harvest the magic mushrooms, a fancier can reach in through the mouth of the jar and pull them out. It is best to grasp each new mushroom near the bottom of the stem and give it a twist. If the mushroom cap is tugged, it might just break off from the stem. Alternatively, a long knife may be used to cut the mushrooms at the bottom of the stem. Still another method is to turn the jar facing down so that the cake will fall near the orifice. This makes it easier to grasp the mushrooms. Sometimes it is advantageous after a second or third harvest to flip the cake over in the jar before putting the lid back on. This maneuver often promotes a luxuriant fruiting from the newly exposed rice-cake surface. When the cakes have dried out too much for mushrooms to appear, they can be squirted with water from a spray bottle to induce another fruiting or better yet used as spawn for a mushroom garden on compost. If there is absolutely no sign of contamination, the cakes themselves may be fried or broken up and cooked in mushroom soup or other cuisine for a psychedelic experience. One cake is usually sufficient for two to four enthusiasts. The rice-cake technique is very efficient. A 14 ounce package of brown rice can be obtained often for less than fifty cents and is enough for seven quart jars. When the cakes have completely become covered by mycelia, small pieces can be cut out with a sterilized scalpel or probe and transferred to newly prepared rice-cakes in other jars. This will not interfere significantly with mushroom production and will insure a continuing supply of magic San Isidro mushrooms. San Isidro [Psilocybe cubensis] is the only species that has been observed so far to make mushrooms on rice-cakes. Rice-cake medium nevertheless can be used to grow mycelia or other Psilocybe species besides cubensis. Psilocybe cyanescens and subaeruginascens mycelia thrive on brown rice, whereas baeocystis, caerulescens, semilanceata, stuntzii, subaeruginosa, and zapotecorum mycelia spread more slowly on this medium. Brown rice also supports growth of Panaeolus mycelia. With further experimentation, especially with temperature regulation, modifications of the rice-cake technique may render it useful for obtaining fruit from various magic mushroom species.

STAMETS, PAUL; CHILTON, J S
Growing Parameters for Psilocybe cubensis (5)
The Mushroom Cultivator: A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home; Agarikon Press, Olympia WA; Chapter IX, p 196-203
COMMENTS: One of the easiest mushrooms to grow, this species fruits on a wide variety of substrates within broad environmental parameters. As a primary and secondary decomposer, Psilocybe cubensis fruits well on untreated pasteurized straw and on horse manure/straw composts transformed by microbial activity. Sterilized grain typically produces smaller mushrooms than bulk substrates. Given the numerous substrates that support fruitings, Psilocybe cubensis is well suited for home cultivation. Psilocybe cubensis cultivation was unheard of twenty years ago. Today, this species ranks among one of the most commonly cultivated mushrooms in the US and soon the world. This sudden escalation in interest is largely due to the publication of several popular guides illustrating techniques for its culture. Psilocybe cubensis is a mushroom with psychoactive properties, containing up to 1% psilocybin and/or psilocin per dried gram. The function of these serotonin-like compounds in the life cycle of the mushroom is not known
GENETIC CHARACTERISTICS: Basidia tetrapolar (4-spored), forming haploid spores (1N); heterothallic. The mating of compatible monokaryons often results in fruiting strains. Clamp connections are present. See Chapter XV
For Further Information Consult: Oss, O.T. and O.N. Oeric, 1976. 'Psilocybin: Magic Mushroom Grower's Guide'. And/Or Press, Berkeley.

STAMETS, PAUL; CHILTON, J S
Growing Parameters for Psilocybe cyanescens (1)
The Mushroom Cultivator: A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home; Agarikon Press, Olympia WA; Chapter IX, p 196-203
(Growing Parameters for Psilocybe cyanescens)
SPECIES: Psilocybe cyanescens Wakefield
= Geophila cyanescens (Maire) Kuhn. & Romagn
= Psilocybe mairei Singer STRAINS: St. Clair. Many wild strains can be adapted to cultivation
COMMON NAMES: Cyan; Grandote
GREEK ROOT: Psilocybe comes from the Greek root 'psilos' meaning bald head
The species name cyanescens is from 'cyaneus' or blue for the color reaction of the flesh upon bruising
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Cap ,20-50 mm. broad, convex to broadly convex to plane in age with an elevated and undulating margin which is, in turn, translucent-striate. The cap surface is smooth and viscid when moist from a separable gelatinous pellicle ('skin'). The color is caramel brown, fading to yellow-born to straw colored from the center. the gills are attached in an adnate to adnexed fashion, dull brown with whitish edges. The stem is 60-80 mm. long by 2-5 mm. thick, is whitish, silky and becomes blue where injured, with rhizomorphs protruding about the stem base. The partial veil is cortinate (cobweb-like), leaving little or no trace on the stem. Its spore print is dark purplish brown
NATURAL HABITAT: Clustered in woody habitats; in soils high in the tissue of deciduous trees; or in tall grass. The species grows throughout the Pacific Northwest in areas well mulched by woody debris of deciduous and coniferous trees (typically not associated with bark). It has been reported from England and is thought to be broadly distributed throughout the European continent.

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