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4 Youths Poisoned by Jimson Weed Tea
Stacy Wong, Times Staff Writer
Los Angeles Times 14-May-93
ORANGE -- Three teen-agers lost consciousness and another suffered spasms Thursday morning after they tried to get high by drinking a tea made with jimson weed, a poisonous plant, police said.
The youths, ages 15 to 17, were taken to hospitals and are expected to recover. One remains in intensive care.
Poison control officials said several dozen Southern California teen-agers become ill each year after smoking, drinking or eating parts of the jimson weed, a member of the poisonous nightshade family. Although no fatalities have been recorded, ingesting the plant can cause seizures and severe nerve and muscle damage.
"We have not had any patients die from it, but the potential is there," said Kathy Karlheim, assistant director of the Regional Poison Center at UC Irvine Medical Center in Orange.
Helen Burke, whose 17-year-old son, Travis, is in intensive care after drinking the tea, warned other parents to get rid of the plant if it grows near their homes or if they see their children bring it home.
Burke said the four teen-agers apparently brewed a pot of the jimson weed tea at her house sometime after midnight.

High Times Interview with Andrew Weil, MD
High Times - January 1996
The interview touches on Spontaneous Healing, the dark potential of mushrooms, hemp seed oil as a dietary supplement, beneficial plants, coca leaf, toad venom, lung care for marijuana smokers, ayahuasca and 2-CB.

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Colorado River Toad - Bufo alvarius
Peterson's Field Guide to Western Reptiles & Amphibians
COLORADO RIVER TOAD Bufo alvarius: IDENTIFICATION: 3-6 inches. Our largest western toad. Dark brown or olive above, with smooth skin, long kidney-shaped parotoids, and prominent cranial crests. Several large warts on the hind legs stand out conspicuously against the smooth skin. An enlarged whitish wart near angle of the jaw. Below cream. YOUNG: Warts, light-colored, set in dark spots. Male: Throat pale like female's. Ranges from arid mesquite-creosote bush lowlands into the oak-sycamore-walnut association in mountain springs, reservoirs, and streams, but occasionally frequents temporary pools and has been reported miles from water. Nocturnal; activity stimulated by rainfall. When molested, assumes a butting pose with its parotoid glands directed toward the intruder. A dog may be temporarily paralysed (rarely, killed) if it mouths one of these toads. VOICE: Weak, low-pitched, resembling a ferryboat whistle. Hoots last 1/2 to 1 second. Vocal sac absent or inconspicuous. Most active May to July. RANGE: Lower Colorado and Gila Rivers of Arizona and extreme sw. New Mexico, south to nw. Sinaloa; extreme se. California. Sea level to above 4000 ft. CAPTION: Skin relatively smooth; large warts on hind legs; adult 6 inches. (Dark Phase, Santa Cruz County, Arizona)

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Soma
[Xeroxed item from a mythology dictionary]
SOMA: The name of a plant said to have been first cultivated in Indra's heaven. Indra performed all his heroic deeds while under the influence of the juice extracted from the leaves and stems of this divine herb. It was referred to as 'the King of Plants', and conferred vitality, immortality and inspiration. Originally grown only in the celestial kingdom it was brought to earth by an eagle (syena) and thereafter grew on Mount Mujavat (Mujavant or Mujavanta). The plant was also known to the ancient Persians and is related to the haoma of the Avesta. Soma was raised to the position of a diety and sung of as 'everlasting, omipotent, all-healing, the bestower of riches and giver of immortality.'. In later mythology Soma became a diety of the moon. The whole of the Ninth Book of the Rig-Veda is devoted to praise of Soma. 'Where there is eternal radiance, where life is free, where there is desire and delight, where joy and pleasure abide, there O Soma, make me immortal.' The Soma rite was the basis of the Rig-vedic sacrificial system, and was chiefly concerned with the extracting and preparation of the sacred soma juice, followed by libations to the gods and the ritual drinking of the juice by the priests. The juice was described as sweet, delicious, pure and purifying, inspiring confidence, courage, faith and eloquence. Nothing shows more clearly how far the modern Hindus are removed from the ancient milieu than that fact that today the plant around which so much ritualism had grown up is unidentifiable. ...

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The health of Latin Americans exposed to polluted rivers: a triple-blind observational study. Interamerican Group for Research in Environmental Epidemiology.
Int J Epidemiol. 1990 Dec; 19(4): 1091-9
Accelerating development in South America, with consequent contamination of rivers as the final common pathway of waste, raises concern about adverse effects on the health of riverine populations. We conducted a cross-sectional survey simultaneously in six Latin American nations among people living near a river known to be polluted in each country. Trace metals (arsenic, mercury and lead) were selected as indicators of exposure to industrial effluents. Within each country, we contrasted probability samples from three types of communities: one upstream of point sources of pollution and thus little exposed; one downstream from a site of major development; and one with intermediate exposure. The outcome variables were health status measures elicited by questionnaire and biochemical measures of blood and urine. We examined several possible explanatory and confounding variables, including housing conditions, nutrition, and source of drinking water. The field work was done with triple blinding in that data-gatherers and study subjects were unaware of their group membership and of the study hypotheses, those analysing, specimens and questionnaires were blind to country and community of origin of the material and the investigators reviewed the results in code, committing themselves to conclusions in writing before the codes were broken. Methods were carefully standardized across six countries during training, when pretesting data-gathering instruments and with double coding and extensive accuracy checks of computerized data. There were 900 eligible subjects from 18 communities in six countries. The overall response rate was 92%, the lowest 86%. Results showed an acceptable level of health in all communities and no relationship to exposure. ...

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Psychogenic impotence responds to yohimbine
RN v50 p87 December 1987
SUBJECTS: Yohimbine Impotence

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Yohimbine studied in erectile impotence
American Journal of Nursing v89 p1326-7 October 1989
SUBJECTS: Impotence Yohimbine

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Yohimbine used for TCA-induced hypotension
American Journal of Nursing v89 p1169 September 1989
SUBJECTS: Yohimbine Antidepressants Hypotension

ADLER, PAUL
Prisoners of Conscience
New Society; 1973, 23, 547, Mar 29, 695-697.
A phenomenological study of the interaction patterns between prisoners serving sentences in prisons in the United Kingdom for contravention of the laws relating to the possession & use of psychedelics, & prisoners of other categories. The data were obtained from researches in 4 United Kingdom prisons, to which the author chose to be committed (in preference to psychiatric institutions) to enable him to perform the research. In attempting to verify the hypothesis that offences of the type mentioned are essentially 'crimes without victims,' the ethics & interaction patterns of the psychedelic offenders were examined to see if they in fact formed a normal subgroup of the prison population, or whether they formed a distinct category.) The psychedelic drug offenders were found to form a distinct group from the rest of the population, were found to restrict socialization to members of the distinct psychedelic group, were to found to have shared norms, values & ethics which were at variance to those of the prison population as a whole, & were recognized as a distinct group by the prison authorities. Even in the extreme cases of prison interaction, demonstrations, they were found to form a distinct group which was able to exercise a definite influence upon the other sections of the prison population. The overall conclusion is that the present laws under which psychedelic drug offenders are imprisoned can at best be thought of as counterproductive, at worst as heinous.

AGHAJANIAN, G K
LSD and 2-bromo-LSD: Comparison of effects on serotonergic neurones and on neurones in two serotonergic projection areas, the ventral lateral geniculate and amygdala.
Neuropharmacology; 1976 Sep Vol 15(9) 521-528
Compared LSD and its psychotropically weak 2-bromo derivative (BOL) in terms of their relative potencies in inhibiting serotonergic (5-hydroxytryptamine) neurones vs neurones in 2 representative areas receiving an identified serotonergic input--the amygdala and ventral lateral geniculate (VLG). For each neurone tested, the ejection currents of LSD and BOL were standardized in relation to an ejection current of serotonin that produced 50% inhibition of firing within about 20 sec. Serotonin had a high inhibitory potency in all the areas studied. At equal ejection currents, serotonin and LSD (the latter ionically diluted 100 fold with NaCl) were equipotent in inhibiting serotonergic neurones in the dorsal raphe nucleus; BOL had substantially less inhibitory activity at equal or even higher ejection currents. In the amygdala and VLG both LSD and BOL were considerably less potent than serotonin. It is concluded that differences in direct actions upon serotonergic (raphe) neurones discriminates best between LSD and BOL. LSD, but not BOL, had a highly potent serotonin agonist-like inhibitory action on serotonergic neurones, while both drugs had relatively weak inhibitory actions on postsynaptic cells in the VLG and amygdala. The greater potency of LSD in inhibiting serotonergic neurones parallels its greater hallucinogenic potency compared with BOL.

AGHAJANIAN, GEORGE J; HAIGLER, HENRY J
Hallucinogenic indoleamines: Preferential action upon presynaptic serotonin receptors.
Psychopharmacology Communications; 1975 Vol 1(6) 619-629
Previous studies have shown that LSD has a more powerful inhibitory action on serotonergic (raphe) neurons than on neurons in areas receiving an identified serotonergic input (e.g., the amygdala or ventral lateral geniculate). In the present studies which used microiontophoretic techniques, the relative potencies of 3 indoleamine hallucinogens (psilocin, N,N-dimethyltryptamine--DMT, and bufotenine) were tested upon 5-hydroxytrytophan (serotonin) neurons in the raphe (presynaptic neurons) and postsynaptic neurons in the ventral lateral geniculate and amygdala of male albino rats. Psilocin (0.05 M) showed the greatest preferential inhibitory effect on raphe as compared to postsynaptic neurons. DMT was intermediate and bufotenine had the least differential activity. This rank order correlated with the relative hallucinogenic potencies of these compounds. Results support the hypothesis that low doses of indoleamine hallucinogens act preferentially upon presynaptic serotonin receptors to inhibit raphe neurons, thus releasing postsynaptic neurons from a tonic inhibitory serotonergic influence.

Albers, Gregory W
Potential therapeutic uses of N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonists in cerebral ischemia.
Clinical Neuropharmacology; 1990 Jun Vol 13(3) 177-197
Reviews evidence supporting the use of N -methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) antagonists in stroke patients. In discussing potential side effects, the negative effects (agitation, hallucinations) of the NMDA antagonist phencyclidine are noted, and the glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia is mentioned.

ALBORES R; NEAFSEY EJ; DRUCKER G; FIELDS JZ; COLLINS MA
Mitochondrial respiratory inhibition by N-methylated beta-carboline derivatives structurally resembling N-methyl-4-phenylpyridine.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Dec; 87(23): 9368-72
Mitochondrial accumulation and respiratory inhibition are critical steps in the actions of N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP+), the toxic metabolite of the parkinsonism-inducing agent, N-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine. We examined the respiratory characteristics of 2-methylated beta-carbolines (2-Me beta Cs) and 2-methylated 3,4-dihydro-beta-carbolines (2-MeDH beta Cs), which encompass the MPP+ structure. As indoleamine derivatives, they could have endogenous roles in idiopathic parkinsonism. With rat liver mitochondria, the order for inhibition of NAD(+)-linked O2 consumption (6-min preincubations) was as follows: MPP+ = 2-methylharmine greater than 2-methylharmol = 2-methylharmaline much greater than 2-methylharmalol greater than 2-methylnorharman greater than 6-OH-2-methylharmalan much greater than 2-methylharman. Similar to MPP+, 2-MeDH beta C/2-Me beta C inhibition was potentiated by tetraphenylboron and reversed by dinitrophenol, consistent with the involvement of cationic forms. However, the participation of neutral forms was indicated by the 2-MeDH beta C/2-Me beta C inhibitory time courses, which were unlike MPP+. The neutral forms probably arise via indolic nitrogen deprotonation because the characteristics of a cationic beta-carboline that cannot N-deprotonate, 2,9-dimethylnorharman, mirrored MPP+ rather than 2-Me beta Cs. Succinate-supported respiration was also significantly blocked by 2-MeDH beta Cs/2-Me beta Cs, but results with tetraphenylboron and 2,9-dimethylnorharman indicated that cationic forms were less important than in the inhibition of NAD(+)-linked respiration. We suggest that the relatively potent inhibition by certain 2-MeDH beta Cs/2-Me beta Cs involves neutral forms for passive mitochondrial entry and cationic as well as neutral forms that act at several respiratory sites. Respiratory inhibition could reasonably underlie the reported neurotoxicity of 2-Me beta Cs.

ALLEYNE BC; STUART P; COPES R
Alcohol and other drug use in occupational fatalities.
J Occup Med. 1991 Apr; 33(4): 496-500
High costs and the potential risk to public health of drug-related workplace accidents are major concerns. Studies conducted to evaluate this problem are restricted by concerns for individual rights and fears of jeopardizing labor relations. However, in collaboration with the Medical Examiner's office. Alberta Occupational Health and Safety examined a unique set of data on 459 deaths occurring at work. The only illicit drug found was cannabis for which 10 workers tested positive. Forty workers tested positive for alcohol, 28 for prescription, and 22 for nonprescription drugs. Evidence of alcohol use was found in a higher percentage of fatalities due to motor vehicle accidents, falls, and being caught in or under equipment than in other types of workplace fatalities.

ALTURA, BELLA T; ALTURA, BURTON M
Phencyclidine, lysergic acid diethylamide, and mescaline: Cerebral artery spasms and hallucinogenic activity.
Science; 1981 May Vol 212(4498) 1051-1052
Phencyclidine (PCP), LSD, and mescaline produced potent contractile responses on isolated basilar and middle cerebral arteries in dogs; in terms of potency, LSD > mescaline > PCP. All 3 drugs produced cerebrovasospasm in a concentration range that parallels that needed for their psychotomimetic and intoxicating actions. Specific receptors for PCP, which subserve contraction and differ from those for LSD and mescaline, are found in cerebral arteries. Concentrations of PCP that produced near-maximum contractile responses on cerebral arteries were similar to those in the blood and brain of human Ss who had died from PCP overdoses. A specific calcium antagonist, verapamil, readily prevented (and reversed) PCP-induced vasospasm. This study provides direct evidence for PCP receptors in cerebral blood vessels, the biologic action of which can be reversed by a calcium antagonist; the clinical use of the latter could prove invaluable in treating PCP-intoxicated victims.

ANDEN, NILS E; CORRODI, HANS; FUXE, KJELL; MEEK, JAMES L
Hallucinogenic phenylethylamines: Interactions with serotonin turnover and receptors.
European Journal of Pharmacology; 1974 Feb Vol. 25(2) 176-184
Studied the effects of derivatives of phenylethylamine and a-methyl-phenylethylamine (e.g., p-methoxyamphetamine and mescaline) on 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) turnover and receptors in the brain and spinal cord of male Sprague-Dawley rats. The hypothesis is proposed that the 5-HT receptor stimulation induced by the psychotomimetic phenylethylamines is mainly responsible for their pharmacological and hallucinogenic properties.

ANDREOLI, A
(Emotional and cognitive structures and psychosis: New perspectives on the study of the hallucinatory experience with psychodysleptics.)
Annales Medico Psychologiques; 1976 Apr Vol 1(4) 501-553
Discusses 'model psychoses,' comparing those of the classic experimental kind with the psychotic-like symptoms and hallucinatory experience brought about by psychodysleptic drugs, mescaline, or LSD. An attempt is made, by analyzing the biochemical, neurophysiological, and psychopathological processes by which these drugs give rise to abnormal states, to test several hypotheses enunciated in recent years on the interdependence of affective and cognitive 'structures'; e.g., Piagetian ideas about the formation of schema for time, space, and causality, or the view that the psychotic brain is one in a state of physiological hyperarousal. The concepts put forward, based on affective-cognitive interdependency, offer new insights for an understanding of how the psychic apparatus matures during normal growth, as well as a basis for understanding how destructuration may occur in the adult from either a toxic or psychotic origin.

APOSTOLSKI S; NIKOLIC J; BUGARSKI PROKOPLJEVIC C; MILETIC V; PAVLOVIC S; FILIPOV
Serum and CSF immunological findings in ALS.
Acta Neurol Scand. 1991 Feb; 83(2): 96-8
Serum and CSF immunological findings were analysed in 37 patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). ALS patients had significantly higher mean values of serum IgG and complement component C4 and significantly lower mean value of total haemolytic titre of complement (THC) compared with normal controls. Incidence of immune complexes (ICs) was significantly higher in sera of ALS patients than in normal controls. There was no significant difference regarding mean serum levels of IgM, IgA, and complement components C3 and Factor B between patients and controls. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage was found in 46% of patients. Intrathecal IgG synthesis was detected in six patients (16%). These results support the hypothesis of immune system involvement in ALS.

APPEL, JAMES B; ET AL
Sensitivity to psychoactive drugs and the serotonergic neuronal system.
Communications in Psychopharmacology; 1977 Vol 1(6) 541-551
Assessed the role of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) containing neurons in mediating sensitivity to behaviorally disruptive effects of several psychoactive drugs in 52 male Sprague-Dawley rats trained to leverpress on an FR 32 schedule of water reinforcement. In 3 pretreatment conditions, Ss were given (a) intraventricular injections of 20 mug/kg of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (DHT); (b) 3 daily ip injections of 100 mg/kg of parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA); or (c) ip injections of 20 mg/kg of parachloroamphetamine (PCA). The following were given in random order beginning 12 days after pretreatment: LSD (0.02-0.04 mg/kg), quipazine (0.9 mg/kg), mescaline (7.5 mg/kg), amphetamine (1.0 mg/kg) phencyclidine (1.3 mg/kg), and psilocybin (0.35 mg/kg). Whole brain concentrations of 5-HT and norepinephrine were determined (a) following DHT or PCA (and treatment with psychoactive agents) in the same Ss that were used in behavioral experiments, and (b) following chronic PCPA in nontrained Ss. Results indicate that DHT and PCPA potentiate the disruptive effects of LSD, psilocybin, quipazine, and mescaline, each of which may act as a central 5-HT agonist; pretreatment altered the effects of phencyclidine or amphetamine. PCA, which significantly depleted brain concentrations of 5-HT, had no effect on sensitivity to any drug studied.

ARAFAT, IBTIHAJ; YORBURG, BETTY
DRUG USE AND THE SEXUAL BEHAVIOR OF COLLEGE WOMEN
Journal of Sex Research; 1973, 9, 1, FEB, 21-29.
A SURVEY WAS CONDUCTED TO TEST THE HYPOTHESIS THAT A POSITIVE respondent EXISTS BETWEEN female OF DRUG USE, LIBERAL ATTITUDES TOWARD PREMARITAL SEXUAL BEHAVIOR, & THE INCIDENCE & QUALITY OF SEXUAL INTERCOURSE. DRUG USE WAS DEFINED AS THE USE OF MARIJUANA &/OR HALLUCINOGINS. 800 UNMARRIED female UNDERGRADUATES IN A LARGE NORTHEASTERN PUBLIC University WERE RANDOMLY SELECTED & SURVEYED. 115 QUESTIONNAIRE'S WERE UNUSABLE & 93 S'S DID NOT RESPOND. QUESTIONS CONCERNED DRUG USE, ATTITUDES TOWARD SEXUAL INTERCOURSE, SEXUAL BEHAVIOR, & THE ACCURACY OF MEDIA REPORTAGE CONCERNING SEXUAL BEHAVIOR. INFORMATION WAS ALSO ELICITED CONCERNING AGE, RELIGION, INCOME, & RESIDENCE. 49% OF THE TOTALNSAMPLE HAVE ENGAGED IN SEXUAL INTERCOURSE; 67%% OF THOSE WHO USE DRUGS (62% OF THE TOTAL57220 SAMPLE_HALF OF WHICH USED MARIJUANA) REPORTED SEXUAL INTERCOURSE. ONLY 18% OF THE R'S NOT USING DRUGS REPORTED THEMSELVES AS SEXUALLY ACTIVE. A POSITIVE RELATIONSHIP EXISTS BETWEEN AGE, RELIGION, & RESIDENCE; & SEXUAL INTERCOURSE & DRUG USE. SEXUAL ACTIVITY INCREASED TO AGE 21, AFTER WHICH DECLINES WERE REPORTED, PROTESTANTS SHOWED A HIGHER INCIDENCE OF SEXUAL INTERCOURSE & DRUG USE THAN EITHER JEWISH OF CATHOLIC R'S. THOSE WHO LIVE OUTSIDE THE HOME ALSO WERE MORE LIKELY TO ENGAGE IN SEXUAL INTERCOURSE & DRUG USE.

AZMITIA EC; MURPHY RB; WHITAKER AZMITIA PM
MDMA (ecstasy) effects on cultured serotonergic neurons: evidence for Ca2(+)-dependent toxicity linked to release.
Brain Res. 1990 Feb 26; 510(1): 97-103
Animal studies have established a correlation between release of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and the long-term reduction of 5-HT (toxicity) by 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) with the S(+) enantiomer being more active than the R(-). Using a microculture system of fetal raphe neurons, the enantiomers of MDMA were tested to determine if a similar difference in potency existed. The results showed that the development of the uptake capacity of [3H]5-HT in 4-day cultures was half-maximally inhibited by a single application at time of plating of 5 X 10(-6) M S(+)-MDMA and 5 X 10(-5) M R(-)-MDMA. In order to determine if the Ca2(+)-independent release (chemically induced through the transporter protein and inhibited by reuptake blockers) or the Ca2(+)-dependent release (K(+)-induced and inhibited by presynaptic receptors) contributed to the toxicity, fluoxetine and D1 and alpha 2 agonists were studied. The results showed that both forms of release were involved in the loss of [3H]5-HT uptake capacity, with the direct MDMA-induced Ca2(+)-independent (fluoxetine-sensitive) release being the first step. Evidence from binding studies indicates that MDMA has a micromolar affinity for the 5-HT2 receptor, and our studies in culture showed that ketanserin, a specific 5-HT2 antagonist, was effective at attenuating the effects of S(+)-MDMA on the development of the [3H]5-HT uptake capacity by the cultured raphe neurons. The 5-HT2 receptor is linked to increased intracellular Ca2+ through a second messenger phosphatidylinositol (PI)-hydrolysis mechanism. ...

BAGHDOYAN HA; LYDIC R; CALLAWAY CW; HOBSON JA
The carbachol-induced enhancement of desynchronized sleep signs is dose dependent and antagonized by centrally administered atropine.
Neuropsychopharmacology. 1989 Mar. 2(1). P 67-79.
Considerable data show that microinjection of carbachol into the pontine reticular formation produces a desynchronized (D) sleep-like state. The present study examined the hypothesis that this carbachol-induced enhancement of D sleep signs is mediated by muscarinic, cholinergic receptors. This hypothesis was tested by quantifying the dose-dependent effects of centrally administered carbachol on the D sleep-like state and by pretreating the animals with centrally administered atropine. Six dosages of carbachol were microinjected into the pontine reticular formation of conscious cats and polygraphic measures of behavioral state were recorded. The percentage, latency, duration, frequency, and time course of the carbachol-induced D sleep-like state were dose dependent. Centrally administered atropine competitively antagonized the ability of carbachol to induce the D sleep-like state, whereas pontine administration of L-glutamate did not significantly alter D sleep. These data demonstrate that muscarinic, cholinergic receptors within the pontine reticular formation mediate the phenomenon of cholinoceptive D sleep sign enhancement.

BAKHEIT AM; BEHAN PO; PRACH AT; RITTEY CD; SCOTT AJ
A syndrome identical to the neuroleptic malignant syndrome induced by LSD and alcohol [letter]
Br J Addict. 1990 Jan; 85(1): 150-1
In rats tested during their first exposure to a Behavioral Pattern Monitor chamber, acute injections of the 5HT-2 agonists mescaline, quipazine, 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine (DOI), 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (DOM), or 2,5-dimethoxy-4-ethylamphetamine (DOET) produced an inhibition of locomotor and investigatory behavior during the first 30 min of the test session. This suppression of exploratory behavior was attenuated when rats were familiarized with the testing chamber prior to the administration of DOI. Hence, as previously observed with both LSD and DOM, 5HT-2 agonists appear to potentiate the normal neophobic reaction to a novel environment. The mixed 5HT-1 and 5HT-2 agonist 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5MeODMT) also produced a decrease in activity when animals were tested in the novel environment. However, as previously found with 5HT-1A agonists, this effect was unchanged when animals were tested in the familiar environment and may therefore reflect a generalized sedation. The receptor specificity of these differential effects of 5HT-1 and 5HT-2 agonists in this paradigm was tested by assessing the ability of selective 5HT-2 antagonists to block the effects of the agonists. A dose of the 5HT-2 antagonist ketanserin which had no effect by itself significantly reduced the behavioral effects of mescaline, DOM, and quipazine. Similarly, the selective 5HT-2 antagonist ritanserin blocked the effect of quipazine. In contrast, ketanserin had no significant effect on the suppression of activity produced by the 5HT-1A agonist 8-hydroxy-2(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8OHDPAT). ...

BALDESSARINI, ROSS J; STRAMENTINOLI, GIORGIO; LIPINSKI, JOSEPH F
Methylation hypothesis.
Archives of General Psychiatry; 1979 Mar Vol 36(3) 303-307
Levomethionine had no behavioral effects in normal humans and failed to increase concentrations of S-adenosylmethionine (methyl donor) in human or rat (Sprague-Dawley) blood, while increasing rat liver levels more than 5-fold. Methionine or S-adenosylmethionine in very high doses had almost no effect on methylation of tritiated levodopa in rodent tissues; various 'methyl acceptor' molecules, including nicotinamide, guanidineacetic acid, and estradiol, similarly had little effect. In rabbit lung, methionine and S-adenosylmethionine not only failed to increase production of dimethyltryptamine, but actually decreased it, possibly due to end-product inhibition by S-adenosylhomocysteine, which also strongly inhibited methylation of dopa in rats. Results fail to support several predictions of the methylation hypothesis concerning the pathophysiology and potential treatment of idiopathic psychotic disorders and leave the consistent clinical worsening effects of methionine in schizophrenia unexplained.

BARBERS RG; EVANS MJ; GONG H JR; TASHKIN DP
Enhanced alveolar monocytic phagocyte (macrophage) proliferation in tobacco and marijuana smokers.
Am Rev Respir Dis. 1991 May; 143(5 Pt 1): 1092-5
We tested the hypothesis that enhanced cell division accounted for the augmented numbers of monocytic phagocytes with characteristics attributed to alveolar macrophages (AM) found in the lungs of habitual tobacco (T) and marijuana (M) smokers. The monocytic phagocytes, that is, alveolar macrophages, were obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) from 12 nonsmoking subjects; 10 subjects who smoked T only (TS); 13 subjects who smoked M only (MS); and 6 smokers of both T and M (MTS). The replication of these cells was determined by measuring the incorporation of [3H]thymidine into the DNA of dividing cells and visually counting 2,000 cells on autoradiographically prepared cytocentrifuge cell preparations. This study demonstrated that the number of [3H]thymidine-labeled monocytic phagocytes with characteristics of alveolar macrophages from either TS or MS have a higher proliferative index compared to cells (macrophages) from nonsmokers, p less than 0.05 by one-way ANOVA. The total number of BAL macrophages that are in mitosis in TS (17.90 +/- 4.50 labeled AM x 10(3)/ml) or MTS (10.50 +/- 4.20 labeled AM x 10(3)/ml) are 18- and 10-fold greater, respectively, than the number obtained from nonsmokers (1.01 +/- 0.18 labeled AM x 10(3)/ml). Interestingly, the number of [3H]thymidine-labeled macrophages from MS (2.90 +/- 0.66 labeled AM x 10(3)/ml) are also greater than the number obtained from nonsmokers, although this is not statistically significant. The stimulus augmenting alveolar macrophage replication is as yet unknown but may likely be found in the T or M smoke. ...

BARNETT PS; DAWSON JM; BUTLER J; COSKERAN PB; MACCABE JJ; MCGREGOR AM
CV205-502, a new non-ergot dopamine agonist, reduces prolactinoma size in man.
Clin Endocrinol Oxf. 1990 Aug; 33(2): 307-16
Seven patients with large prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas were treated for 8 weeks with once-daily doses of the new, potent, non-ergot, long-acting dopamine agonist CV205-502. In five patients previous treatment with bromocriptine had failed to control their disease or been poorly tolerated and had therefore ceased. In all seven patients serum prolactin levels fell over the 8-week period of CV205-502 treatment with the decrease ranging from 33 to 99%. Associated with this decline in prolactin all patients showed symptomatic improvement with two of the five women beginning to menstruate and the two patients with visual field impairment showing marked improvement. Tolerance of the drug, with doses at 8 weeks ranging from 0.075 to 0.3 mg, was excellent with only minimal and transient side-effects being noted in three patients in none of whom was discontinuation of therapy necessary. In one patient noncompliance after 6 weeks of therapy was associated with a rapid return of her serum prolactin towards pretreatment levels. In all seven patients the clinical and biochemical improvement was accompanied by a marked reduction in tumour size.

Barron, Frank
The outer limits of educability: A challenge for creative education.
Journal of Creative Behavior; 1989 Vol 23(2) 85-92
Considers the problem of ascertaining true limits of human educability and performance. The concept of limit is explored. Efforts that psychologists and psychiatrists have been making outside the schools to improve mental performance (psychotherapy, biofeedback, meditation, and psychedelic substances) are outlined. A discussion of the extension of creativity through the life span follows. It is posited that to see how far the real limits can be extended through proper education of potential creativity, it is necessary to get rid of imposed and artificial limits.

Barton, Katherine
Study confirms love potion
Environment v26 p23 October 1984
SUBJECTS: Sex behavior/Man Yohimbine aphrodisiac

BAUMGOLD, J; ABOOD, L G; ARONSTAM, R
Studies on the relationship of binding affinity to psychoactive and anticholinergic potency of a group of psychotomimetic glycolates.
Brain Research; 1977 Vol 124(2) 331-340
Studied the possible relationship between the binding affinity of anticholinergic psychotomimetic drugs and their psychopharmacological and anticholinergic effects in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Binding was measured to brain homogenates and nerve endings using (3H)quinuclidinyl benzilate (QB), a highly potent psychotomimetic agent presumably affecting muscarinic sites in the brain. The 2 stereoisomers of QB were compared; and although the levo-isomer had 15 times the binding affinity of the dextro-isomer, the former had over 200 times the psychopharmacological potency of the latter. When the relative binding affinity of a homologous series of glycolate esters was compared with their relative psychoactive potency, the correlation was excellent; however, when compounds with heterocyclic amino rings (e.g., tropanol) other than quinuclidine and piperidine were considered, the correlation was poor. The correlation between binding affinity and antagonism to acetylcholine-induced contraction of ileum was more consistent. A study was also undertaken on the effect of added lipids on QB binding to nerve endings, and it was found that phosphatidyl serine had a significant enhancing effect while gangliosides were inhibitory.

Beardsley, Patrick M; Balster, Robert L; Harris, Louis S
Self-administration of methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) by rhesus monkeys.
Drug and Alcohol Dependence; 1986 Oct Vol 18(2) 149-157
Four rhesus monkeys trained to leverpress for intravenous cocaine infusions were tested with saline and MDMA (3-300 mugm/kg) during daily 1-hr sessions. Results demonstrate that MDMA can serve as a positive reinforcer for rhesus monkeys and, taken together with other preclinical behavioral studies, suggest a potential for recreational use of MDMA by humans.

BEATON, JOHN M; BARKER, STEVEN A; LIU, WU FU
A comparison of the behavioral effects of proteo- and deutero-N,N-dimethyltryptamine.
Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior; 1982 May Vol 16(5) 811-814
An experiment with 16 male Long-Evans hooded rats on a food-reinforced schedule examined the behavioral effects of N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and alpha, alpha, beta, beta-tetradeutero-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (D4DMT) at dose levels of 2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg. D4DMT produced a significantly greater disruption of behavior and had a longer duration of action and a shorter time to onset than DMT. This potentiation, apparently due to the kinetic isotope effect, suggests that DMT is significantly metabolized and deactivated by deamination at the alpha position.

BEAVER, WILLIAM T; FEISE, GRACE A
A comparison of the analgesic effect of intramuscular nalbuphine and morphine in patients with postoperative pain.
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics; 1978 Feb Vol 204(2) 487-496
In a double-blind study, using patients' subjective reports as indices of analgesia, the relative analgesic potency of im nalbuphine and morphine was determined in 56 postoperative patients. A total of 28 cross-over comparisons (utilizing the twin cross-over, balanced 4-point incomplete block design) were performed in 2 sequentially related experiments, each assay comparing 4 and 8 mg morphine with either 3 and 6 or 6 and 12 mg nalbuphine. When both intensity and durations of analgesia were considered (i.e., total analgesic effect), nalbuphine was 0.8-0.9 times as potent as morphine. In terms of peak analgesic effect, nalbuphine was 0.7-0.8 times as potent. Both the time-effect curves and the relative potency estimates suggest that nalbuphine has a slightly longer duration of action than morphine at doses that are equianalgesic in terms of peak effect. Side effects of the type usually noted after administration of potent injectable analgesics to postoperative patients were observed after both morphine and nalbuphine. Although nalbuphine is a potent narcotic antagonist, no psychotomimetic reactions were observed.

Beck, Jerome; Morgan, Patricia A
Designer drug confusion: A focus on MDMA.
Journal of Drug Education; 1986 Vol 16(3) 287-302
Discusses the competing definitions and issues surrounding designer drugs and examines 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA), a substance often labeled as a designer drug. MDMA possesses both stimulant and psychedelic properties that combine to produce an effect desired by many users. MDMA's recreational attraction and therapeutic potential are discussed. It is concluded that much more research is necessary to address both the potential benefits and risks of this controversial substance.

BEDARD, P; PYCOCK, C J
Wet-dog shake behavior in the rat: A possible quantitative model of central 5-hydroxytryptamine activity.
Neuropharmacology; 1977 Oct Vol 16(10) 663-670
Investigated the wet-dog shake (WDS) response in Wistar rats as a possible animal model to quantify central 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) activity. The behavior occurred in a dose-dependent manner following systemic administration of the 5-HT precursor, 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP). It was seen after injection of levotryptophan and 5-HT agonists 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine, LSD, and quipazine. Potential 5-HT uptake-blocking compounds (chlorimipramine, ORG 6582, femoxetine) only weakly and intermittently induced the phenomenon. 5-HT antagonists methysergide and cyproheptadine were effective at blocking 5-HTP-induced WDS. Concomitant dopamine receptor stimulation with amphetamine and apomorphine markedly decreased 5-HTP-induced WDS. However, manipulation of central cholinergic and noradrenergic mechanisms was without effect on 5-HTP-induced WDS. Biochemically, regional increases in cerebral 5-HT concentrations paralleled the WDS seen after systemic administration of 5-HTP. From lesioning and brain sectioning experiments it is concluded that the WDS reflex originates in the brain stem but can be facilitated by the presence of diencephalic structures. It is proposed that WDS in rats may provide a quantitative model of central 5-HT activity. It is possibly related to head twitches and jerks in other animal species.

BENKER G; JASPERS C; HAUSLER G; REINWEIN D
Control of prolactin secretion.
Klin Wochenschr. 1990 Dec 4; 68(23): 1157-67
1. Prolactin is a 21,500 Dalton single-chain polypeptide hormone but may occur in 50 kDa and 150 kDa molecular variants. 2. These large PRL variants may be secreted predominantly; this condition is termed 'macroprolactinemia'. It is characterized by high immunological and normal biological serum levels of prolactin, and lack of clinical symptoms of hyperprolactinemia. 3. The information on PRL is encoded on chromosome 6. Transcription can be enhanced and suppressed by a variety of hormonal factors. 4. PRL is secreted in a pulsatile fashion; it displays a circadian rhythm (with a maximum during sleep) and is stimulated by some amino acids. PRL also responds to mechanical stimulation of the breast. 5. PRL rises during pregnancy, and maintainance of hyperprolactinemia (and, thereby, physiological infertility) is dependent on the frequency and duration of breast feedings. 6. Hypothalamic regulation of prolactin mainly involves tonic inhibition via portal dopamine. The physiological importance of various stimulating factors present in the hypothalamus is still incompletely understood. In particular, there is still no place for TRH in PRL physiology. 7. PRL is released in response to stress; this response may be mediated by opioids. The low-estrogen, low-gonadotropin amenorrhea of endurance-training women is not mediated by prolactin, however. 8. Estrogens stimulate PRL gene transcription via at least two independent mechanisms. There are many clinical examples of this estrogen effect on prolactin serum levels, and also on the growth of prolactinomas. 9. Mild hyperprolactinemia remains an enigma which cannot satisfactorily be resolved by biochemical or radiological testing. The border between 'normal' and 'elevated' prolactin is ill-defined. The possibility of macroprolactinemia complicates this matter even further. 10. The number of drugs which suppress prolactin by acting on pituitary D2 receptors, and which are useful in the treatment of hyperprolactinemia, continues to increase. In the field of ergot alkaloids, parenteral application appears to be a logical solution to the problem of the high first-pass effect; in addition, this form of treatment is frequently better tolerated than the oral route. 11. Prolactinoma development is presently being studied employing molecular biological techniques; the question of whether tumorigenesis can be attributed to specific defects of gene regulation remains to be answered.

BENNET JW; LASURE LL
Gene Manipulation in Fungi
Gene Manipulation in Fungi. pg 368-404 ISBN 0-12-088641-3 QK682.946 (1985)
There is accumulating evidence for the widespread occurrence of plasmids or plasmidlike DNA species in eukaryotes, including fungi. Plasmids are present as both linear and cyclic DNA strands. Genera in which plasmids have been found include Claviceps, Neurospora, Aspergillus, Podospora, Dictostelium, Saccharomyces, Ascolobus, Cephalosporum, Gaumannomyces, Kluveromyces, Morchella [an ascomycete mushroom], Pichia, Rhizoctonia, Schizosaccharomyces & Torulopsis. Fungal plasmids may be associated with either mitochondrial and nuclear DNA, and range in size from 1.2 kilobases to 21 kilobases, with the majority occuring in the range of 5-7 kilobases. A strain improvement program with the mold Penicillium notatum has employed monospore selection and mutagenesis with ultraviolet light, nitrous acid, and monoiodoacetic acid. Irradiation has successfully generated more potent strains with a 40% increase yeild of erythorbic acid from glucose (Takahashi, 1969)... Tryptophan ... has been produced with a strain of Hansenula anomala resistant to high levels of anthranilic acid (Terui, 1973) which produces up to 6 grams of tryptophan per liter from the added precursor, anthranilic acid (Terui & Niizu, 1969), and as much as 14 grams per liter from indole (Ebihara et al, 1969). Indole-resistant producing strains have also been isolated. General control of amino acid biosynthesis appears to operate in this yeast since starvation of methionine or histidine mutants for the respective amino acid also elevates tryptophan excretion (Enatsu, et al 1963). They tryptophan-hyperproducing strains all have lower anthranilic acid and tryptophan degrading activity and show altered repression and feedback inhibition by tryptophan. Attempts to improve available strains by crossing haploids have failed (Terui, 1975). The production of indole or anthranilic acid has been reported in Claviceps purpurea (Malin and Westhead, 1959) and numerous strains of yeasts (Nickerson & Brown, 1965; Hutter, 1973). However these processes are not commercially practical.

Bennett, Debra A; Bernard, Patrick S; Amrick, Caryl L; Wilson, Douglas E; et al
Behavioral pharmacological profile of CGS 19755, a competitive antagonist at N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors.
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics; 1989 Aug Vol 250(2) 454-460
CGS 19755 (cis-4-phosphonomethyl-2-piperidine-carboxylic acid), a competitive antagonist at N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA)-preferring receptors, blocked both NMDA-induced convulsions in normal CF1 mice and sound-induced wild running in seizure-prone DBA/2 mice. The ED50 values for CGS 19755 to produce these effects were at least 3-fold lower than those which impaired the traction reflex, an index of motor coordination. In an experimental model of anxiety in rats, CGS 19755 significantly increased conflict responding within a relatively narrow dose range. Potential muscle relaxant effects were also suggested by the generalization of CGS 19755 to diazepam discriminative stimuli and by impaired rotorod performance in rats.

Bennett, Debra A; Bernard, Patrick S; Amrick, Caryl L; Wilson, Douglas E; et al
Behavioral pharmacological profile of CGS 19755, a competitive antagonist at N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors.
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics; 1989 Aug Vol 250(2) 454-460
CGS 19755 (cis-4-phosphonomethyl-2-piperidine-carboxylic acid), a competitive antagonist at N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA)-preferring receptors, blocked both NMDA-induced convulsions in normal CF1 mice and sound-induced wild running in seizure-prone DBA/2 mice. The ED50 values for CGS 19755 to produce these effects were at least 3-fold lower than those which impaired the traction reflex, an index of motor coordination. In an experimental model of anxiety in rats, CGS 19755 significantly increased conflict responding within a relatively narrow dose range. Potential muscle relaxant effects were also suggested by the generalization of CGS 19755 to diazepam discriminative stimuli and by impaired rotorod performance in rats.

BENTHUYSEN, J L; HANCE, A J; QUAM, D D; WINTERS, W D
Comparison of isomers of ketamine on catalepsy in the rat and electrical activity of the brain and behavior in the cat.
Neuropharmacology; 1989 Oct Vol 28(10) 1003-1009
Compared the relative potency and efficacy of the 2 isomers of ketamine on the duration of catalepsy (loss of righting reflex) in female rats and on the behavior and EEG of 6 female cats. In the rat, at small doses, the S(+) isomer was more potent than the R(-) isomer or racemic ketamine, while at larger doses, the S(+) isomer and the racemate were equipotent and the R(-) isomer was significantly less potent. In cats, there was a parallel time course and progression of behavioral and EEG states in response to equal total doses of either racemic ketamine, an artificial 50:50 mixture of S(+) and R(-) isomers, or the S(+) isomer alone; approximately equivalent effects required twice the dose of the R(-) isomer. There is a common site of action for the 2 isomers, but there is also a stereospecific difference in potency.

BERRIDGE, M J; PRINCE, W T
The nature of the binding between LSD and a 5-HT receptor: A possible explanation for hallucinogenic activity.
British Journal of Pharmacology; 1974 Jun Vol 51(2) 269-278
LSD mimicked 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in its ability to stimulate fluid secretion, to change transepithelial and intracellular potentials, and to increase the cyclic adenosine monophosphate concentrations of isolated salivary glands of Calliphora. Unlike 5-HT, LSD disengaged slowly from the receptor, and fluid secretion continued despite repeated washing. Both 5-HT and tryptamine prevented LSD from acting on the glands. LSD bound to the receptor was slowly displaced when glands were treated with agonists (tryptamine) or antagonists (gramine). The property of LSD which permits it to function as an agonist despite remaining tightly bound to the receptor is discussed as a possible basis for its profound effects within the central nervous system.

Bilsky, Edward J; Reid, Larry D
MDL72222, a serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, blocks MDMA's ability to establish a conditioned place preference.
Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior; 1991 Jun Vol 39(2) 509-512
Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) has been shown to produce a positive conditioned place preference (CPP) among rats. The effects of doses of a specific 5-hydroxytryptamine3 (5-HT3) antagonist, MDL72222, on MDMA's ability to produce a CPP were assessed in 90 male rats. MDL72222 (0.03 mg/kg) blocked the establishment of an MDMA CPP. Results are concordant with the dopaminergic hypothesis of reinforcement and suggest that compounds affecting the 5-HT3 receptor may be of interest in studying the pharmacology of self-administered drugs.

Bischof, Henning.
The Origins of Pottery in South America -- Recent Radiocarbon dates from Southwest Ecuador.
40th ICA 1:269-280. (1972)

BLUM, KENNETH; ET AL
Possible rationale for differential chemotherapy of depression in humans: A review of the biogenic amine hypothesis: I.
Journal of Psychedelic Drugs; 1976 Jul-Sep Vol 8(3) 223-234
Proposes that depressive patients may be classified into 2 groups showing (a) low levels of norepinephrine metabolites and response to drugs that elevate the functional level of norepinephrine, and (b) low levels of serotonin metabolites and response to drugs that elevate serotonin level.

BLUM, KENNETH; FUTTERMAN, SANFORD L; PASCAROSA, PAUL
Peyote, a potential ethnopharmacologic agent for alcoholism and other drug dependencies: Possible biochemical rationale.
Clinical Toxicology; 1977 Vol 11(4) 459-472
Examines folk psychiatry among Native American Church members from an ethnopharmacologic viewpoint. Alcohol and opiate abuse among Indians and non-Indians are presented in 3 case histories proving to be asymptomatic under Indian guidance and through participation in the peyote ritual. The biochemical alkaloids common in the peyote cactus, rather than just the psychoactive substances (mescaline), are purported to be pharmacologically similar to the neuroamine-derived alkaloids found in the brain during alcohol intoxication. Evidence is reviewed that points out possible common features of alcohol and opiate dependence, leading to the speculation that a common mode of treatment may reside in plants rich in isoquinoline alkaloids.

BLUM, KENNETH
Depressive states induced by drugs of abuse: Clinical evidence, theoretical mechanisms and proposed treatment: II.
Journal of Psychedelic Drugs; 1976 Jul-Sep Vol 8(3) 235-262
Proposes a hypothesis to account for depression produced by narcotics, central stimulants, and depressants. Various types of depression occurring after initial administration of the drugs, during maintenance, and during withdrawal are attributed to the depletion of monoamine transmitters and the subsequent development of supersensitivity of transmitter receptors.

BOADO, ALICIA
A Historical-Anthropological Review of Drugs in Different Cultures; Resena historica-antropologica de las drogas en distintas culturas
RS, Cuadernos de Realidades Sociales; 1984, 23-24, Jan, 131-152.
A historical sketch of drug usage in ancient, medieval, & modern cultures. Fourteen different drugs are discussed, including: mild drugs, eg, tobacco, coffee, & tea; mid-strength drugs, eg, alcohol & marijuana; & very potent drugs, eg, opium derivatives & LSD. Also described are drugs seldom encountered in the Western cultures, eg, kawa-kawa (piper methysticum), a strong intoxicant used in Oceania.

BOARDER, MICHAEL R; RODNIGHT, RICHARD
Tryptamine-N-methyltransferase activity in brain tissue: A re-examination.
Brain Research; 1976 Vol 114(2) 359-364
Evaluated contradictory findings about the presence of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM)-dependent indole-N-methyltransferase in the brain, noting that should its existence become firmly established it could prove to be a significant factor in the pathogenesis of some forms of psychotic illness in man. Findings from the rat brain indicate that previous radiochemical assay showing evidence for the indoleamine N-methyltransferase activity in the brain are inadequate, and that discussions of the possible role of N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) in psychopathology, which refers to this assay as evidence for the potential of the brain to form DMT, must be treated with caution.

BOURGUIGNON, ERIKA
Trance and shamanism: What's in a name? Special Issue: Shamanism and altered states of consciousness.
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs; 1989 Jan-Mar Vol 21(1) 9-15
Suggests that it is misleading to apply the term 'shamanism' to all ritual trance specialists or to use the trance criterion exclusively to characterize a shaman. The implications of the definitions and typologies of trance and shamanism for the development and testing of cross-cultural hypotheses are considered in a review of anthropological literature. The importance of social and cultural context to shamanism is noted.

BRACONNIER, A; SCHMIT, G
Les psychoses aigues et le LSD chez les adolescents. (Acute psychoses and LSD during adolescence.)
Psychiatrie de l'Enfant; 1979 Feb Vol 22(2) 431-472
Reviews the sequence in which adolescents use hallucinogenic drugs for several months, terminate the practice after a 'bad trip,' and several weeks later have an attack of acute psychosis. Three detailed case histories are presented. It is postulated that only the regression of this psychosis allows the patient to confront the anxieties and internal psychological changes that were caused by the bad trip. The discussion and hypothesis are based on psychoanalytic work that connects psychosensory anxiety, nightmares, phobias, and the maturation of the ego in adolescents.

BRADY, KATHLEEN T; BALSTER, ROBERT L; MAY, EVERETTE L
Stereoisomers of N-allylnormetazocine: Phencyclidine-like behavioral effects in squirrel monkeys and rats.
Science; 1982 Jan Vol 215(4529) 178-180
Compared the pure stereoisomers and the racemic mixture of d,l-N-allylnormetazocine (NAL), an opioid, with phencyclidine (PCP) for their behavioral effects on squirrel monkeys and rats trained to discriminate PCP from saline. In both rats and monkeys, the dextro isomer and the racemic mixture of NAL produced dose-dependent responses appropriate for PCP. In both species, the levo isomer was more potent than the dextro isomer in decreasing the rate of responding. Results have bearing on reports of a specific binding site for PCP in the rodent nervous system.

BRADY, KATHLEEN T; BALSTER, ROBERT L
Discriminative stimulus properties of ketamine stereoisomers in phencyclidine-trained rats.
Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior; 1982 Aug Vol 17(2) 291-295
10 male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained to discriminate phencyclidine (PCP) from saline in a 2-lever drug discrimination task on an FR-32 schedule of food presentation. Ss were given ip injections of 3.0 mg/kg PCP or saline daily on a double-alternation schedule. After reliable discriminative control of lever choice was established, dose-response determinations for generalization to the training dose of PCP were made with several doses of PCP, a racemic mixture of ketamine, and the pure levo and dextro salts of ketamine. All 3 forms of ketamine produced dose-dependent PCP-appropriate responding. There was a greater difference between doses that produced drug-appropriate responding and doses that suppressed response rates for PCP than for any of the forms of ketamine. Racemic and dextroketamine were 2 times more potent than the levoisomer in producing drug-lever appropriate responding but were roughly equipotent for response-rate suppression.

BRAFF, DAVID L; GEYER, MARK A
Acute and chronic LSD effects on rat startle: Data supporting an LSD-rat model of schizophrenia.
Biological Psychiatry; 1980 Dec Vol 15(6) 909-916
Animal models of human schizophrenia using LSD and related hallucinogens have been challenged on several grounds. One compelling argument against the LSD model is that, while schizophrenia can be chronically debilitating, animal and human effects of LSD exhibit behavioral tolerance following chonic administration. The present study tested the effects of acute and chronic LSD on measures of rat startle, a widely used behavioral measure of reactivity and habituation. Results with 20 male Sprague-Dawley rats suggest that behavioral tolerance after chronic LSD administration is incomplete, with tolerance exhibited to the acute impairment of habituation but potentiation of startle magnitude on both the 1st response and the 1st block of 30 trials. These results are interpreted as supporting the viability of LSD as a model for one or more of the group of schizophrenias.

BRAVO, GARY; GROB, CHARLES
Shamans, sacraments, and psychiatrists. Special Issue: Shamanism and altered states of consciousness.
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs; 1989 Jan-Mar Vol 21(1) 123-128
Focuses on the uses of psychedelic (PS) sacraments or 'medicines' by shamans in traditional cultures and their relevance to modern PS psychotherapy. The history of PS use in Western psychiatry and shamanistic cultures is reviewed. Extrapharmacological factors of set (individual characteristics) and setting (environment) that are shared by the PS paradigm of drug use and the techniques of shamans are described. It is concluded that if American psychiatry is to embark on a renewed investigation of the potential therapeutic role of PSs, the lessons of the traditional shamanic healers must be incorporated as an integral component of future clinical research.

BRINGMANN G; HILLE A
Endogenous alkaloids in man, VII: 1-trichloromethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline--a potential chloral-derived indol alkaloid in man.
Arch Pharm Weinheim. 1990 Sep; 323(9): 567-9
The trichloromethyl tetrahydro-beta-carboline 5, an imaginable, chloral-derived mammalian indol 'alkaloid', was prepared in high yields and was shown to be formed even under mild, physiological conditions, in aqueous medium. For its detection in low concentrations, a chromatographic procedure was elaborated. Furthermore, its potential metabolite 8 was synthesized for the first time.

BRONNER W; NYMAN P; VON MINDEN D
Detectability of phencyclidine and 11-nor-delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid in adulterated urine by radioimmunoassay and fluorescence polarization immunoassay.
J Anal Toxicol. 1990 Nov Dec; 14(6): 368-71
The ability to alter immunoassay test results by the addition of some commonly available chemicals to drug-positive and drug-negative urine specimens was investigated. Urine specimens containing either phencyclidine (PCP) or 11-nor-delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid (9-THC-COOH) were adulterated with sodium chloride, bleach, vinegar, potassium hydroxide, liquid soap, 2-propanol, and ammonia. Subsequent analyses by radioimmunoassay (RIA) and fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA) demonstrated false positive and false negative results with some adulterants. Radioimmunoassay false positives occurred with potassium hydroxide (PCP and THC-COOH assays) and bleach (THC-COOH assay) adulterants. Bleach (PCP assay) and soap (THC-COOH assay) additives resulted in false negative analyses by RIA. No adulterant caused FPIA false positives. FPIA false negatives occurred with bleach (PCP and THC-COOH assays) and potassium hydroxide (PCP assay) adulterants.

BROTHERS, ROBERT; GAINES, ROSSLYN
Perceptual differences between hippies and college students.
Journal of Social Psychology; 1973 Dec Vol. 91(2) 325-335
Administered a battery of 7 perceptual tests (e.g., Color-Form Attention Test, Rod and Frame Test, and Judgment of Sounds) to 50 undergraduates and 50 hippies, matched for age, sex, race, IQ, and social class, who had used LSD. It was hypothesized that (a) hippies would select color more frequently than form, show a greater tolerance for high-intensity stimulation, and exhibit lower perceptual acuity than college students; and (b) hippies who reported bad drug experiences would be more similar to undergraduates than hippies who reported good drug experiences. Significant differences were found on the Color-Form Attention Test, Judgment of Sounds, and autokinetic tests only. No differences were found between hippies reporting good and bad drug experiences. Findings are discussed in terms of perceptual style and theory.

BROWER, KIRK J; SIEGEL, RONALD K
Hallucinogen-induced behaviors of free-moving chimpanzees.
Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society; 1977 Apr Vol 9(4) 287-290
Studied the effects of the hallucinogen N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) on the behavior of 2 island groups of 4 chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes ) each. One target S from each group was selected for treatment, and individual and social behaviors were scored according to a quantitative observational system. Low doses of DMT (.5-3.0 mg/kg) caused dose-dependent increases in duration of vocalization, fear grimace, and locomotion. Higher doses (4.0 mg/kg) tended to decrease these behaviors as well as others such as self-grooming. Social aggregation tended to decrease with increasing doses, and social interactions between target Ss and others were rare. Results tend to support the hypothesis that hallucinogens increase social spacing and isolation.

BROWNE, RONALD G; HO, BENG T
Role of serotonin in the discriminative stimulus properties of mescaline.
Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior; 1975 May-Jun Vol 3(3) 429-435
Trained male Sprague-Dawley rats to discriminate intraperitoneally administered mescaline from saline in a 2-lever operant chamber for food reinforcement. Reward was contingent upon responses made greater than 15 sec apart on the appropriate lever paired with either drug or saline administration. Following the establishment of discriminative response control by mescaline, Ss were tested for stimulus generalization produced by mescaline after (a) blockade of peripheral and central serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) receptors with cinanserin, methysergide, or cyproheptadine; (b) blockade of peripheral 5-HT receptors with xylamidine tosylate; and (c) depletion of brain 5-HT with the tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitor p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA). Results show that all 3 central 5-HT antagonists greatly reduced the discriminability of mescaline, while the peripheral antagonist xylamidine tosylate was without effect. These agents at the doses employed did not affect the discriminability of saline. Depletion of 5-HT with PCPA potentiated the effects of a subthreshold dose of mescaline and slightly reduced the discriminability of saline. Results indicate that mescaline produces its discriminative stimulus properties by directly stimulating central serotonergic receptors.

BUCK KJ; HEIM H; HARRIS RA
Reversal of alcohol dependence and tolerance by a single administration of flumazenil.
J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1991 Jun; 257(3): 984-9
Chronic exposure to ethanol is associated with the development of tolerance to the acute effects of ethanol and a withdrawal syndrome characterized by anxiety and seizure susceptibility. In the present study we examined the ability of flumazenil (Ro15-1788), a benzodiazepine receptor antagonist, to reverse neuronal and behavioral manifestations of ethanol tolerance and dependence. A single injection of flumazenil (10 mg/kg, 14 hr before withdrawal) to mice administered a liquid diet containing ethanol for 10 days, reduced seizure severity during withdrawal from ethanol. Acute tolerance to ethanol-induced hypothermia was not sensitive to flumazenil treatment, but tolerance and diazepam-induced cross-tolerance to the ataxic effects of ethanol were reversed by a single injection of flumazenil given 2 to 26 hr before evaluation of tolerance. At a biochemical level, the ability of benzodiazepine inverse agonists (e.g., Ro15-4513) to reduce the activity of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor-operated chloride channels may represent a neuronal manifestation of ethanol dependence (Buck and Harris, 1990). Flumazenil treatment of ethanol-dependent mice 14 hr before isolation of brain membrane vesicles partially reversed the augmentation of Ro15-4513 inhibition of muscimol-stimulated 36Cl- uptake in vitro. These results demonstrate that brief occupation of benzodiazepine receptors by an antagonist may reset the cellular mechanisms responsible for the development of ethanol tolerance and dependence, and support the hypothesis that increased sensitivity to benzodiazepine inverse agonists is involved in the development of ethanol dependence.

BUCKHOLTZ NS; ZHOU DF; FREEDMAN DX; POTTER WZ
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) administration selectively downregulates serotonin2 receptors in rat brain.
Neuropsychopharmacology. 1990 Apr; 3(2): 137-48
A dosage regimen of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) that reliably produces behavioral tolerance in rats was evaluated for effects on neurotransmitter receptor binding in rat brain using a variety of radioligands selective for amine receptor subtypes. Daily administration of LSD [130 micrograms/kg (0.27 mumol/kg) intraperitoneally (IP)] for 5 days produced a decrease in serotonin2 (5-hydroxytryptamine2, 5-HT2) binding in cortex (measured 24 hours after the last drug administration) but did not affect binding to other receptor systems (5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, beta-adrenergic, alpha 1- or alpha 2-adrenergic, D2-dopaminergic) or to a recognition site for 5-HT uptake. The decrease was evident within 3 days of LSD administration but was not demonstrable after the first LSD dose. Following 5 days of LSD administration the decrease was still present 48 hours, but not 96 hours, after the last administration. The indole hallucinogen psilocybin [1.0 mg/kg (3.5 mumol/kg) for 8 days] also produced a significant decrease in 5HT2 binding, but neither the nonhallucinogenic analog bromo-LSD [1.3 mg/kg (2.4 mumol/kg) for 5 days] nor mescaline [10 mg/kg (40.3 mumol/kg) for 5 or 10 days] affected 5-HT2 binding. These observations suggest that LSD and other indole hallucinogens may act as 5-HT2 agonists at postsynaptic 5-HT2 receptors. Decreased 5-HT2 binding strikingly parallels the development and loss of behavioral tolerance seen with repeated LSD administration, but the decreased binding per se cannot explain the gamut of behavioral tolerance and cross-tolerance phenomena among the indole and phenylethylamine hallucinogens.

Buckholtz, Neil S; Zhou, Dongfeng; Freedman, Daniel X; Potter, William Z
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) administration selectively downregulates serotonin2 receptors in rat brain.
Neuropsychopharmacology; 1990 Apr Vol 3(2) 137-148
A dose regimen of LSD (130 mg/kg) that reliably produces behavioral tolerance in rats was evaluated for effects on neurotransmitter receptor binding in the brains of male rats, using a variety of radioligands selective for amine receptor subtypes. Results show that behavioral tolerance to LSD is associated with a decrease in 5-hydroxytryptamine2 (5-HT2) receptor binding. This finding parallels the development and loss of behavioral tolerance seen with repeated LSD administration, but the decreased binding itself cannot explain the gamut of behavioral tolerance and cross-tolerance phenomena among the indole and phenylethylamine hallucinogens.

Bulletin on Narcotics. Special Issue Devoted to Catha edulis (khat) volume XXXII, No. 3- 1980. United Nations. New York. 1981. 63 pages plus 11 pages of close-up photos. photocopy velobound in Pot and Khat: An Anthology. [box v3]

BURGER, ALFRED
Hallucinogenic Agents
Medicinal Chemistry. Third edition; Part II
The investigation of a third magic drug, ololiuqui, took an unexpected turn. Ololiuqui [also called coaxihuitl (Aztec), badoh (Zapotec), yucu-yaha (Mixtec), xtabentum (Maya), flor de la Virgen, yerba del las serpientes (Spanish), snake plant, etc.] is a green twining herb of three species of the wild American morning glory, with long white blossoms and round brown (badoh) or black (badoh negro) seeds. The priests ate this plant to induce visions and satanic hallucinations, believed to have been messages from the gods. The patients of professional soothsayers (piuleros) drank alcoholic beverages (pulque, aguardiente, etc.) containing the crushed seeds; in the ensuing sleepy-narcotic state they revealed information about themselves that the piulero could use to forecast the client's future or prescribe for his illness. The brown seeds have been identified as Rivea corymbosa; the black seeds, as Ipomoea violacea.

BURGER, ALFRED
Hallucinogenic Agents
Medicinal Chemistry. Third edition; Part II
The investigation of a third magic drug, ololiuqui, took an unexpected turn. Ololiuqui [also called coaxihuitl (Aztec), badoh (Zapotec), yucu-yaha (Mixtec), xtabentum (Maya), flor de la Virgen, yerba del las serpientes (Spanish), snake plant, etc.] is a green twining herb of three species of the wild American morning glory, with long white blossoms and round brown (badoh) or black (badoh negro) seeds. The priests ate this plant to induce visions and satanic hallucinations, believed to have been messages from the gods. The patients of professional soothsayers (piuleros) drank alcoholic beverages (pulque, aguardiente, etc.) containing the crushed seeds; in the ensuing sleepy-narcotic state they revealed information about themselves that the piulero could use to forecast the client's future or prescribe for his illness. The brown seeds have been identified as Rivea corymbosa; the black seeds, as Ipomoea violacea.

BURNETT JH
Mycogenetics. Mutagenic Agents (Chapter)
Mycogenetics; an introduction to the general genetics of fungi. p32 ISBN 0-471-12551-1 QK602.B87
Spontaneous mutants occur in most cases with low frequency. Tatum and others (1950) tested Neurospora [a mold] for a wide range of auxotrophic mutants and found only 1 in 3000 cultures tested, i.e., only one mutant gene from all the thousands tested. In tests for mutations at specific loci the frequency is equally low ... 3/10^6 oidia (3 mutants per million) from methionine-requiring met-8 to wild-type, met-8+ in the mushroom Coprinus lagopus (Moore, 1969). Mutation-inducing agents: 245nm UV irradiation, ethylmethane sulphonate (EMS), and N-methyl-N-nitrosoguanidine (NG) are effective mutagens in the mushroom Coprinus lagopus. It should be realized that no two fungi necessarily respond alike to the same mutagenic agencies, nor indeed in the same way as do other organisms. For example, NG is a most potent chemical mutagen for E. coli [a bacterium] and quite effective with Saccharomyces cerevisiae [brewer's yeast] but it is no more effective with Coprinus lagopus than UV irradiation. It is necessary, therefore, to experiment with different mutagenic agents if work with any fungus not hitherto studied is contemplated. It is usually found with all mutagens that an effective yield of mutants is only achieved when the proportion of survivors from the material exposed is very low, say 5%-1% or less. Large numbers of spores or nuclei, therefore, must be exposed to obtain a worthwhile yield. In the case of the mushroom Agaricus bisporus the mycelium is macerated in a blender to give fragments of, preferably, 2-4 cells in length and these are then treated with the mutagenic agent (Raper & Miles, 1958; Raper, Raper & Miller, 1972) (see also: Day & Anderson, 1961). Nitrous acid, which deaminates nucleotides, substituting hydroxyl groups for the amino groups and thus altering base-pairing in DNA, is one of the most effective chemical mutagens. It is an unstable compound prepared by dissolving sodium nitrite at a pH of 4.6.

Butelman, Eduardo R
A novel NMDA antagonist, MK-801, impairs performance in a hippocampal-dependent spatial learning task.
Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior; 1989 Sep Vol 34(1) 13-16
Examined whether N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) neurotransmission and long-term potentiation are implicated in memory. The compound (+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo (a,d) cyclohepten-5,10-imine maleate (MK-801) has recently been classified as a potent and selective NMDA antagonist acting at the associated ion channel. After determination of the highest dose of MK-801 at which increases in activity (measured in photocell activity cages and a 3-arm maze) were not observed (0.2 mg/kg), male rats that had been previously trained to obtain food pellets in an 8-arm radial maze up to criterion were tested with 0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg doses. Dose-related decreases in efficiency in the task were found. Findings support (1) the suggestion that NMDA antagonists cause impairments in working memory and (2) the status of long-term potentiation as a physiological model of memory.

Butelman, Eduardo R
The effect of NMDA antagonists in the radial arm maze task with an interposed delay.
Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior; 1990 Mar Vol 35(3) 533-536
Tested a physiological model of memory, in which N-Methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors mediate the triggering of hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP), in 26 male rats through the effect of the noncompetitive NMDA antagonist MK-801 on the radial-arm-maze task performance with a 15-min delay interposed at the midpoint choice. In 2 experiments, substereotypical drug doses of MK-801 and phencyclidine (a dissociative anesthetic with NMDA antagonist properties) were given ip, before the trial or at the start of the delay. Efficiency was impaired in both tasks, but near-instantaneous use of encoded information seemed to be unaffected. This evidence supports a proposed role for NMDA-mediated pathways (and possibly LTP) in delayed stages of memory formation or use.

CALLAHAN PM; APPEL JB
Differences in the stimulus properties of 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine in animals trained to discriminate hallucinogens from saline.
J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1988 Sep. 246(3). P 866-70.
The stimulus properties of 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and several related compounds were compared to those of (+)-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and mescaline (3,4,5-trimethoxyphenylethylamine) in a two-lever, water-reinforced, drug discrimination task. In animals trained to discriminate LSD (0.08 mg/kg) from saline (n = 8), LSD-like responding occurred during substitution (generalization) tests with sufficiently high doses of (+/- )-2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine, LSD, mescaline, psilocybin and (-)-MDA; saline appropriate responding occurred after (+)-MDA and both (+)- and (+)- and (-)-MDMA. In animals trained to discriminate mescaline (10 mg/kg; n = 8), (-)-MDA, (+)-MDA, (-)-MDMA and (+)-MDMA as well as (+/- )-2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine, LSD, mescaline and psilocybin mimicked the training drug. Neither (+)-amphetamine nor cocaine produced mescaline-like responding; fenfluramine substituted partially for mescaline but not LSD. Because all of the phenylisopropylamine enantiomers mimicked the potent hallucinogen mescaline (10 mg/kg), these results do not support suggestions that similarities in the behavioral effects of 'designer' drugs such as MDA and MDMA to those of hallucinogens are limited to (-)-MDA. They also indicate that, although LSD and mescaline may be pharmacologically similar (in other assays), these compounds do not have identical stimulus properties.

CALLAHAN PM; APPEL JB
Differentiation between the stimulus effects of (+)-lysergic acid diethylamide and lisuride using a three-choice, drug discrimination procedure.
Psychopharmacology Berl. 1990; 100(1): 13-8
The discriminative stimulus properties of (+)-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and lisuride hydrogen maleate (LHM), were compared in a three-choice, water reinforced (FR 20) situation in which rats were required to press one lever following LSD (0.08 mg/kg), a second lever following LHM (0.04 mg/kg), and a third lever following saline. Reliable drug-appropriate responding was established in 72 sessions. Dose-response tests with LSD and LHM indicated that, as dose increased, the per cent of responding on the lever associated with the particular training drug also increased; little or no cross-transfer occurred between LSD and LHM. In generalization tests, the serotonin (5-HT) agonist quipazine substituted for LSD but not LHM while the dopamine (DA) agonist apomorphine mimicked LHM but not LSD; an unrelated compound, pentylenetetrazol (PTZ), produced responding on the saline-appropriate lever. In combination tests, 5-HT antagonists (e.g., BC-105 and low doses of pirenperone) blocked responding on the LSD lever while DA antagonists (e.g., haloperidol and much higher doses of pirenperone) blocked LHM-appropriate responding. These data suggest that the three-lever (D-D-N) procedure is similar to, but can be more sensitive than the two-lever (D-N) procedure (because it can differentiate between LSD and LHM); they therefore at least partially support the hypothesis that three-choice discriminations can be conceptualized as two separate, two-choice (D-N) discriminations (Jarbe and Swedberg 1982). The results also confirm suggestion that the stimulus effects of LSD and LHM are mediated by different mechanisms; the primary action of LSD is serotonergic (5-HT2), while that of LHM is dopaminergic (White 1986).

Callahan, Patrick M; Appel, James B
Differentiation between the stimulus effects of (+)-lysergic acid diethylamide and lisuride using a three-choice, drug discrimination procedure.
Psychopharmacology; 1990 Jan Vol 100(1) 13-18
Trained 11 female rats to discriminate between LSD and lisuride hydrogen maleate (LHM) in a 3-choice, water reinforced procedure. As dose increased, the percent of responding on the lever associated with the particular training drug also increased. In generalization tests, the serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)) agonist quipazine substituted for LSD, while the dopamine (DA) agonist apomorphine mimicked LHM. In combination tests, 5-HT antagonists blocked responding on the LSD lever while DA antagonists blocked LHM-appropriate responding. The hypotheses that D-D-N can be conceptualized as 2 separate, D-N discriminations and that the stimulus effects of LSD and LHM are mediated by different mechanisms are supported.

CALLAWAY CW; WING LL; GEYER MA
Serotonin release contributes to the locomotor stimulant effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine in rats.
J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1990 Aug; 254(2): 456-64
Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is a phenylethylamine with novel mood-altering properties in humans. MDMA shares the dopamine-releasing properties of amphetamine but has been found to be a more potent releaser of serotonin (5-HT). The present study undertook to determine the relative roles of dopamine and 5-HT release in MDMA-induced locomotor hyperactivity. S-(+)MDMA produced dose-dependent increases of rat locomotion. Investigatory behaviors such as holepokes and rearings were suppressed by (+)MDMA. Pretreatment with the selective 5-HT uptake inhibitors fluoxetine, sertraline and zimelidine inhibited (+)MDMA-induced locomotor hyperactivity but failed to antagonize the reduction of holepokes and rearings. Because 5-HT uptake inhibitors have been found previously to block the MDMA-induced release of 5-HT in vitro, and because fluoxetine was found to have no effect on (+)amphetamine-induced hyperactivity, the present results suggest that (+) MDMA-induced locomotor hyperactivity is dependent on release of endogenous 5-HT. Additionally, prior depletion of central 5-HT with p-chlorophenylalanine partially antagonized the (+)MDMA-induced hyperactivity, although catecholamine synthesis inhibition with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine did not block the effects of (+)MDMA. Taken together, these studies suggest that (+)MDMA increases locomotor activity via mechanisms that are dependent on the release of central 5-HT and that are qualitatively different from the mechanism of action of (+)amphetamine.

CAMERON, O G; APPEL, J B
Drug-induced conditioned suppression: Specificity due to drug employed as UCS.
Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior; 1976 Feb Vol 4(2) 221-224
The classical conditioning potential of several drugs was tested in 16 male Sprague-Dawley rats by pairing a light CS with the drug UCSs; these stimuli were superimposed on a VI 30-sec schedule for water reinforcement. All drugs were administered ip. Conditioning (suppression of barpressing in the presence of the CS) was definitely demonstrated with psilocybin (2.0 mg/kg,) was suggested but not clearly shown with LSD (0.13 mg/kg), and was not evident with methyl atropine nitrate (50 mg/kg) or pentobarbital (25 mg/kg). Results indicate that previously demonstrated drug-induced conditioned suppression is not a nonspecific effect of unconditioned suppression but depends on the type of drug employed.

CARDER, BROOKS; CHENG, ROSALIE S
Behavioral disinhibition by mescaline.
Life Sciences; 1976 Mar Vol 18(6) 585-591
In 3 experiments, 62 female Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to a conditioned emotional response procedure in which sucrose drinking was suppressed by a tone previously paired with shock. Suppression of drinking during the tone was reduced by ip mescaline (50 mg/kg) independently of whether training took place under mescaline or placebo. Additional data on the effect of mescaline on sucrose drinking indicated that the result could not be attributed to an increased drive to drink sucrose. It is proposed that mescaline releases behavior from inhibitory control. A number of studies from the literature are cited which supported this hypothesis.

CARDER, BROOKS; SBORDONE, ROBERT
Mescaline treated rats attack immobile targets.
Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior; 1975 Sep-Oct Vol 3(5) 923-925
24 male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to a series of targets (72 other rats or a rat model) in a shock-induced aggression situation. Control Ss fought most with moving targets, such as another normal S, and did not attack immobile targets, such as a dead S or a rat model. Ss treated with 15 mg/kg mescaline showed a similar pattern of target control, though they bit frequently while controls did not bite. Ss treated with 50 mg/kg delivered vigorous biting attacks to a variety of targets but fought most with the immobile dead S. They failed to attack only the rat model. Many of the data are consistent with the hypothesis that mescaline releases aggressive behavior from inhibitory control, leading to longer and more vigorous attacks on a wider variety of targets. This hypothesis, however, fails to explain why stationary targets were most effective for Ss treated with 50 mg/kg mescaline, while only moving targets were effective for controls.

Carli M; Samanin R
Serotonin2 receptor agonists and serotonergic anorectic drugs affect rats' performance differently in a five-choice serial reaction time task.
Psychopharmacology-(Berl); 1992; 106(2); P 228-34
A five-choice serial reaction time task was used to study the effects of serotonin (5-HT) receptor agonists and antagonists on accuracy of performance and food-motivated behaviour. Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), 0.1 mg/kg IP and quipazine, 2.5 mg/kg IP significantly reduced the percentage of correct responses and increased the percentage of omissions with no effect on other measures such as latency to collect the reinforcement or to respond correctly. The effects of LSD and quipazine were reversed by 1-2 mg/kg ritanserin, a potent 5-HT2 and 5-HT1C receptor antagonist. Metachlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP) 2.5 mg/kg IP, an agonist at 5-HT1B and 5-HT1C receptors, and d-fenfluramine (DF) 1.25 mg/kg IP, a releaser of 5-HT from nerve terminals and inhibitor of 5-HT uptake, increased the percentage of omissions and the latency to respond correctly or to collect the reinforcement with no effects on the correct responses. Effects similar to those of mCPP and DF were obtained by 60 min access to food before testing. Haloperidol, 0.1 mg/kg IP, did not affect the percentage of correct responses or the latency to collect the reinforcement, but significantly increased the proportion of errors of omission and the latency to respond correctly. The results show that 5-HT2 receptor agonists cause attentional disturbances at doses that have no marked effect on motivation for food or speed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

CARLSSON, MARIA; SVENSSON, ANDERS
Interfering with glutamatergic neurotransmission by means of NMDA antagonist administration discloses the locomotor stimulatory potential of other transmitter systems.
Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior; 1990 May Vol 36(1) 45-50
Compared the behavioral effects produced in monoamine-depleted male mice when either of the noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonists MK-801 or ketamine was combined with the alpha-adrenergic agonist clonidine or with the muscarinic antagonist atropine. There was a pronounced stimulation of locomotion. Furthermore, in monoamine-depleted rats, MK-801, as well as the competitive NMDA antagonist AP-5, interacted synergistically with clonidine to enhance locomotor activity. Findings suggest that central glutamatergic systems exert a powerful inhibitory influence on locomotion. Interfering with this inhibitory force by administration of an NMDA antagonist promotes locomotion and discloses the activational potential of other transmitter systems. Results are discussed in relation to (1) the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and (2) implications for the treatment of Parkinson's disease.

CARPENTER, WILLIAM T; FINK, EDWARD B; NARASIMHACHARI, NEDATHUR; HIMWICH, HAROLD
A test of the transmethylation hypothesis in acute schizophrenic patients.
American Journal of Psychiatry; 1975 Oct Vol 132(10) 1067-1071
An investigation of 3 aspects of the transmethylation hypothesis found that 26 acutely schizophrenic patients were no more likely to have bufotenine or N,N-dimethyltryptamine present in urine or elevated serum indolethylamine N-methyltransferase activity than 10 normal controls. It is concluded that these are naturally occurring substances.

CARROLL ME
PCP and hallucinogens.
Adv Alcohol Subst Abuse. 1990; 9(1-2): 167-90
In this review phencyclidine and related arylcyclohexylamines and hallucinogens, using LSD as the prototype, are considered as two distinct classes of abused drugs. Within these classes drugs that are found on the street are discussed, and a current epidemiological summary is provided. The abuse liability and dependence potential of these drugs are evaluated by considering four major determinants of their abuse. First, is the ability of a drug to function as a positive reinforcer and increase the probability of operant behavior leading to its delivery. Animal data describing the reinforcing effects of PCP are reviewed with respect to the influence of variables controlling drug-reinforced behavior; however, there are no animal models of hallucinogen-reinforced behavior. Several methods of quantifying reinforcing efficacy are discussed. A second determinant is the subjective effects of the respective drugs. These effects are described and compared across drugs based on clinical reports in humans and drug discrimination studies in animals. A third determinant is the behavioral and physiological toxicity that results from acute and chronic use of these drugs. Clinical reports and results of sensitive tests that have been developed for laboratory animals are reviewed. A fourth determinant is the dependence potential that exists with these drugs, measured by tolerance development and the extent to which behavioral and physiological disturbances occur when drug use is terminated.

CHEN J; PAREDES W; LOWINSON JH; GARDNER EL
Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol enhances presynaptic dopamine efflux in medial prefrontal cortex.
Eur J Pharmacol. 1990 Nov 6; 190(1-2): 259-62
Acute administration of 1.0-2.0 mg/kg delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta 9-THC) increased presynaptic dopamine (DA) efflux in the medial prefrontal cortex of rats, as measured by intracerebral microdialysis in awake, behaving rats. These data are congruent with suggestions that (1) marijuana's euphorigenic effects and abuse potential may be related to augmentation of presynaptic DA mechanisms, and (2) the medial prefrontal cortex may be an important site of action for drugs of abuse in general and for delta 9-THC in particular.

CHEN JP; PAREDES W; LI J; SMITH D; LOWINSON J; GARDNER EL
Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol produces naloxone-blockable enhancement of presynaptic basal dopamine efflux in nucleus accumbens of conscious, freely-moving rats as measured by intracerebral microdialysis.
Psychopharmacology Berl. 1990; 102(2): 156-62
This study examined the effects of acute administration of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta 9-THC), the psychoactive ingredient in marijuana, on extracellular efflux of dopamine (DA) and its metabolites as measured by in vivo microdialysis in nucleus accumbens of conscious, freely-moving rats. delta 9-THC, at low doses (0.5-1.0 mg/kg), which significantly enhance brain stimulation reward (intracranial self-stimulation), significantly increased DA efflux in nucleus accumbens. Augmentation of DA efflux by delta 9-THC was abolished by removal of calcium (Ca++) ions from the perfusion fluid, indicating a Ca(++)-dependence of delta 9-THC's action. Augmentation of DA efflux by delta 9-THC was either totally blocked or significantly attenuated by doses of naloxone as low as 0.1 mg/kg. Given the postulated role of mesocorticolimbic DA circuits in mediating and/or modulating brain stimulation reward, the present data raise the possibility that marijuana's rewarding effects, and hence its euphorigenic effects and abuse potential, may be related to pharmacological augmentation of presynaptic DA mechanisms. Additionally, the DA mechanisms enhanced by marijuana appear to be modulated by an endogenous opioid peptide system.

Chirwa, S S; Stafford Segert, I; Soja, P J; Chase, M H
Strychnine antagonizes jaw-closer motoneuron IPSPs induced by reticular stimulation during active sleep.
Brain Research; 1991 May Vol 547(2) 323-326
In chronic unanesthetized normally respiring cats, stimulation of the nucleus reticularis pontis oralis induced inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) in masseter motoneurons during active sleep but not during wakefulness or quiet sleep. Strychnine (a glycine receptor antagonist), when applied juxtacellularly by microiontophoresis to masseter motoneurons, specifically suppressed the active sleep-dependent IPSPs. In contrast, bicuculline did not suppress the active sleep-dependent IPSPs. Thus, these IPSPs appear to be mediated by the putative neurotransmitter glycine.

CLARK, H WESTLEY; SEES, KAREN L; NATHAN, JOEL A
Clinical and legal aspects of nonphysician prescription of vitamins, amino acids and other nutritional supplements. Special Issue: Pharmacological adjuncts and nutritional supplements in the treatment of drug dependence.
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs; 1988 Jul-Sep Vol 20(3) 355-374
Discusses the potential medical complications and legal ramifications of substance abuse therapy incorporating nutritional supplements. The pharmacological aspects of vitamins and amino acids are described. It is suggested that nonphysicians (e.g., social workers, psychologists) who make use of nutritional supplements should be aware of risks that are not normally encountered in their practice. It is concluded that the use of nutritional supplements in augmenting neurotransmitter functions during treatment for psychoactive substance abuse should only be recommended by drug dependence treatment specialists who are aware of potential consequences.

COATES RA; FAREWELL VT; RABOUD J; READ SE; MACFADDEN DK; CALZAVARA LM; JOHNSON J
Cofactors of progression to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in a cohort of male sexual contacts of men with human immunodeficiency virus disease.
Am J Epidemiol. 1990 Oct; 132(4): 717-22
In a cohort of 249 male sexual contacts of men with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or an AIDS-related condition in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 143 cohort members were seropositive on enrollment and 16 seroconverted between initial recruitment in July 1984 to July 1985 and December 1988. Data on age, smoking and drinking status, recreational drug use, and history of sexually transmitted diseases and other diseases were obtained from interviews at induction and during follow-up on the cohort members every 3 months. Cox relative risk regression models, in which time was calculated from estimated date of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection for seroprevalent cohort members and from 90 days prior to the first positive test for seroconverters, examined the potential effect of use of a variety of recreational drugs and the occurrence of selected infections on the risk of development of AIDS. Thirty-five cohort members developed AIDS while under study. No significant association with risk of progression to AIDS was noted for use of various recreational drugs (singly or in combination), history of specific infections, age at enrollment, or smoking and drinking status at enrollment. Only estimated duration of HIV infection appeared to be associated with increasing risk of development of AIDS.

COCHRAN, DORIS M
Colorado River Toad - Bufo alvarius
Living Amphibians of the World, p 12, p 96, p 103
In the southwest of the US, the Colorado River Toad, Bufo alvarius, is attracted to cattle troughs, and its numbers may actually be in the increase since man began to make these reservoirs. ... One of the large species with an especially potent poison, the Colorado River Toad, Bufo alvarius, has been known to exude enough poison to cause the death of a police dog that was unlucky enough to seize the animal in it's mouth. ... In addition to a pair of large bean-shaped parotoid glands behind his eyes, he had another long gland running the full length of the calf of each leg. Only one other kind of toad, Bufo alvarius, from the southwestern United States and adjoining Mexico. The lethal qualities of its secreted poison has already been mentioned.

COCHRAN, JOHN K; AKERS, RONALD L
Beyond Hellfire: An Exploration of the Variable Effects of Religiosity on Adolescent Marijuana and Alcohol Use
Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency; 1989, 26, 3, Aug, 198-225.
After describing Travis Hirschi's & Rodney Stark's 'Hellfire hypothesis' of the link between religiosity & delinquency (see SA 19:1-2/71E7824), several of its subsequent revisions-eg, the antiasceticism, norm qualities, & moral communities hypotheses-are tested using questionnaire data on adolescent substance use & delinquent behavior (N = 3,065 seventh-twelfth graders in 3 midwestern US states who were part of the original Boys Town study by Ronald L. Akers et al (eg, see SA 28:2/80K6604). After controlling for age, race, gender, & socioeconomic status, regression analysis reveals only moderate support for the link between religiosity & deviance, in contrast to previous studies. Only when secular norms & values are ambiguous, & religious standards condemn a particular act, does religiosity have a definite deterrent impact, supporting the antiasceticism hypothesis. Additional research is needed to specify the social contexts that modify the effects of religion on delinquency.

Cohen, Sidney.
The Therapeutic Potential of LSD-25.
In Featherstone & Simon 1959:251-258. (1959)

Cohen, Sidney; Krippner, Stanley
Editors' introduction.
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs; 1985 Oct-Dec Vol 17(4) 213-217
Discusses the variety of human-LSD interactions that have occurred since LSD has been discovered. Research possibilities in cognitive and humanistic psychology, as well as in the chemistry of neurotransmitters and brain formation are described. Psychotherapeutic potentials of LSD include its use with alcoholics and with dying patients. It is concluded that LSD is useful for opening the doors of perception where precepts, concepts, and emotions ultimately fuse. (13 ref)

COHEN, SIDNEY
The major tranquilizers.
Drug Abuse and Alcoholism Newsletter; 1975 Nov Vol 4(10) 1-4
Evaluates the impact of antipsychotic and neuroleptic drugs (e.g., reserpine and chlorpromazine) on chronic psychotic patients and on the practice of hospital psychiatry since the development of the drugs in the 1950s. The 'resolution' in the management of the psychotic patient has been contributed to by the phenothiazines, the rauwolfia alkaloids, the butyrophenones, and the thioxanthines, of which the phenothiazines have been most important. It is stressed that the antipsychotic tranquilizers are not sedatives; their specific effect is the blocking of dopamine receptor sites. Excessive firing of dopaminergic neurons in the limbic system has been postulated to be a cause of disorders like the schizophrenias. The potential side effects of neuroleptic drugs and of neuroleptic polypharmacy are detailed, including physical dependence; cardiac irregularities; drug-induced psychosis, depression, and agitation; and occasionally, sudden death. It is concluded, however, that neuroleptics have not been used to their full potential and that better results could be obtained by learning to identify side effects earlier in treatment and by instituting more flexible dosage schedules during maintenance.

COLASANTI BK
A comparison of the ocular and central effects of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabigerol.
J Ocul Pharmacol. 1990 Winter; 6(4): 259-69
Both delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta 9-THC) and cannabigerol, two naturally occurring marihuana cannabinoids, produced only a modest fall in intraocular pressure after acute topical application to the eyes of cats. After chronic administration unilaterally to the cornea via Alzet osmotic minipumps and connecting extraocular cannulas, however, a considerable fall in ocular tension amounting to 4 to 7 mm Hg occurred. After systemic administration of delta 9-THC to rats, polyspike discharges appeared in the cortical electroencephalogram initially during wakefulness and behavioral depression. These polyspikes subsequently became evident within rapid eye movement sleep episodes. Cannabigerol was devoid of this effect. After removal of either sympathetic or parasympathetic input to the eyes of cats, the intraocular pressure lowering effect of delta 9-THC was not changed. Neither delta 9-THC nor cannabigerol altered the rate of formation of aqueous humor. On the other hand, both cannabinoids produced a two-to three-fold increase in aqueous outflow facility. These results suggest that cannabigerol and related cannabinoids may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of glaucoma.

COLONNA, L; PETIT, M; LEPINE, J P
Bromocriptine in affective disorders: A pilot study.
Journal of Affective Disorders; 1979 Sep Vol 1(3) 173-177
12 endogenously depressed inpatients (9 bipolar, 1 schizoaffective, and 2 unipolar) and 3 excited inpatients (2 schizoaffective and 1 bipolar manic) were treated for 15 days with varying doses of bromocriptine: 10-15 mg for depressed patients and 5-10 mg for excited patients. Results show that bromocriptine appeared to be most effective in the Ss with a manic or schizoaffective excitation. As the present dosages were 10% of the doses needed to produce good clinical effect in Parkinson's disease, it is hypothesized that the present CNS mechanism of drug action is at a presynaptic dopamine receptor. Only 3 of the depressed Ss showed a good response.

Commins, D L; Vosmer, G; Virus, R M; Woolverton, W L; et al
Biochemical and histological evidence that methylenedioxymethylamphetamine (MDMA) is toxic to neurons in the rat brain.
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics; 1987 Apr Vol 241(1) 338-345
Administered d,l-3,4-methylenedioxymethylamphetamine (MDMA (10, 20, or 40 mg/kg, sc, and 20 mg/kg)) to male Sprague-Dawley rats and guinea pigs, respectively, twice a day for 4 days, 2 wks before decapitation. Norepinephrine, dopamine, and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), which is also called serotonin, levels were assayed in the hippocampus, hypothalamus, striatum and neocortex. In rats, MDMA produced dose-dependent reductions in 5-HT in all brain regions examined. The highest dose also reduced norepinephrine and/or dopamine in some regions. MDMA depleted 5-HT in all regions of the guinea pig brain assayed. In both species, repeated administration of MDMA reduced the V-sub(max) but not the K-sub(m) of 5-HT uptake 2 wks after administration. Findings suggest that MDMA is toxic to serotonergic and, to a lesser extent, catecholaminergic neurons.

Conti, Lisa H; Maciver, Caroline R; Ferkany, John W; Abreu, Mary E
Footshock-induced freezing behavior in rats as a model for assessing anxiolytics.
Psychopharmacology; 1990 Dec Vol 102(4) 492-497
Examined anxiolytics and other central nervous system (CNS) acting drugs injected ip for effects on footshock-induced freezing (FSF) in male rats. Diazepam, buspirone (BUS), and 2 competitive N-methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) antagonists reduced duration of FSF, and Ss injected with these compounds with known anxiolytic effects spent at least 1.4 of 4 post-shock min locomoting. The highest dose of amphetamine (AMP) also reduced FSF, but AMP-treated Ss did not locomote or rear after footshock, suggesting fear. A noncompetitive NMDA antagonist and haloperidol had no effect on FSF, while an anxiogenic beta carboline tended to increase duration of the response. Except for BUS, no compounds that reduced FSF were analgesic in a hot plate test. FSF may represent a simple measure of defensive behavior that may be useful for detecting compounds with anxiolytic potential.

CORBETT, DALE
Possible abuse potential of the NMDA antagonist MK-801.
Behavioural Brain Research; 1989 Sep Vol 34(3) 239-246
Studies with 16 rats show that selective antagonists of the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor such as MK-801 may have therapeutic potential in the treatment of ischemic brain injury. However, some drugs (e.g., ketamine and phencyclidine) with potent NMDA antagonist properties are also addictive. Intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) is facilitated by drugs of abuse such as cocaine and amphetamine and thus is useful for screening compounds with potential abuse liability. Low doses of the NMDA antagonist, MK-801, were also found to facilitate ICSS, suggesting that this compound may possess abuse potential.

COWARD, D M; DIXON, A K; URWYLER, S; WHITE, T G; ET AL
Partial dopamine-agonistic and atypical neuroleptic properties of the amino-ergolines SDZ 208-911 and SDZ 208-912.
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics; 1990 Jan Vol 252(1) 279-285
SDZ 208-911 and SDZ 208-912, 2 partial dopamine agonists, were equipotent to the classical neuroleptic haloperidol as inhibitors of apomorphine-induced gnawing behavior and conditioned avoidance responding in male rats. The 2 agonists showed high affinity for central D-2 receptors in vitro and elevated striatal homovanillic acid levels. However, in contrast to haloperidol, they strongly inhibited prolactin secretion and induced contralateral circling behavior in 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned Ss. The 2 agonists could be effective against both positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia (SCZ), while reducing incidence of dystonic and parkinsonian side-effects. Clinical testing of these agents might illuminate the role of dopaminergic activity in SCZ.

CROWLEY, WILLIAM R; FEDER, HARVEY H; MORIN, LAWRENCE P
Role of monoamines in sexual behavior of the female guinea pig.
Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior; 1976 Jan Vol 4(1) 67-71
In 2 experiments, ovariectomized Hartley guinea pigs, rendered sexually receptive by subcutaneous injections of estradiol benzoate and progesterone, were treated with drugs that are known to affect monoamine receptor activity. Treatment with the dopamine receptor stimulant apomorphine or the serotonin agonist LSD resulted in a suppression of lordosis behavior that lasted for several hours. The noradrenergic receptor stimulant clonidine potentiated the performance of lordosis (i.e., increased the duration of individual lordosis responses), while the noradrenergic receptor blocker phenoxybenzamine abolished sexual receptivity. Administration of dopaminergic or serotonergic receptor blockers (pimozide and methysergide, respectively) did not facilitate lordosis. In fact, methysergide produced a brief inhibition of sexual behavior. Results indicate that noradrenergic neurons may be involved in the induction of female sexual behavior in the guinea pig. Dopamine, and possibly serotonin, may serve as transmitters that inhibit lordosis in this species.

Cunningham, K A; Appel, James B
Neuropharmacological reassessment of the discriminative stimulus properties of d -lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD).
Psychopharmacology; 1987 Jan Vol 91(1) 67-73
The neuropharmacological mechanisms underlying the behavioral effects of LSD were assessed by comparing discriminative stimulus properties of LSD with those of agonists and antagonists that act selectively at putative serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptor subtypes (5-HT1 and 5-HT2). 23 male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained to discriminate LSD (0.08 mg/kg) from saline and given substitution tests with one of several compounds that act selectively at either 5-HT1 or 5-HT2 sites. Although commonalities may exist among 5-HT agonists, the present results demonstrate that such agonists are not identical. Since putative 5-HT1 agonists did not mimic LSD and the LSD cue was potently blocked by 5-HT2 antagonists, it appears that 5-HT2 neuronal systems are of greater importance than 5-HT1 systems in mediating the discriminative stimulus effects of LSD.

D'IAKOV NK
Sochetannoe primenenie metodov detoksikatsii v kompleksnom lechenii ostrykh otravlenii u detei. [Combined use of detoxification methods in the complex treatment of acute poisoning in children]
Vestn Khir. 1990 Oct; 145(10): 79-80
Dihydroergocristine (DHEC) and dihydroergotamine (DHE) were investigated on canine saphenous veins in vivo and on canine saphenous veins and basilar arteries in vitro. Following local i.v. infusion in vivo, the venoconstrictor response to DHEC was about 30% weaker than that produced by DHE. When administered orally, however, both ergot alkaloids elicited similar venoconstrictor effects. In vitro maximal contractile responses to DHEC and DHE of basilar arteries were only 20-30% of those produced by 5-HT, whereas in saphenous veins both DHEC and DHE elicited similar maximal effects as those observed with 5-HT. In saphenous veins, methiothepin antagonized venoconstrictor responses to 5-HT, DHEC, and DHE within the same concentration range, being significantly less potent when tested against noradrenaline. The reverse was true for yohimbine, which was significantly more potent against noradrenaline than against 5-HT, DHEC, and DHE. It is suggested that the venoconstrictor responses to both DHEC and DHE are mediated through 5-HT1-like receptors.

DACKIS CA; GOLD MS; DAVIES RK.SWEENEY DR
Bromocriptine treatment for cocaine abuse: the dopamine depletion hypothesis.
Int J Psychiatry Med. 1985-86. 15(2). P 125-35.
The authors review the evidence that cocaine exerts its rewarding effects through the acute activation of dopamine (DA) pathways in the brain. Chronic cocaine administration is hypothesized to lead to DA depletion, which results in cocaine craving and cocaine abstinence states. Treatment of these states with bromocriptine, a DA/antagonist, appears to have efficacy with acute and maintenance trials, and may represent a new adjunctive treatment for cocaine abuse. DA antagonists appear to exacerbate cocaine craving, which is consistent with the DA depletion hypothesis of chronic cocaine abuse. Theoretical issues relating to drug addiction and endogenous reward centers are discussed.

DANIELL, LAURA C
The noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonists, MK-801, phencyclidine and ketamine, increase the potency of general anesthetics.
Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior; 1990 May Vol 36(1) 111-115
Tested the potency of general anesthetics from different chemical classes after pretreatment with subanesthetic doses of noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonists in male mice. Changes in general anesthetic potency were assessed by determination of alteration of duration of loss of righting reflex for ethanol and pentobarbital and changes in the minimum alveolar concentration for the volatile anesthetics halothane and diethyl ether. The ability of the noncompetitive NMDA antagonists MK-801, phencyclidine (PCP), and ketamine to increase the potency of general anesthetics paralleled their potency as NMDA antagonists and their affinity for the PCP receptor site of the NMDA receptor-ionophore complex. Block of central NMDA receptors may contribute to the production of anesthesia by a variety of agents.

DATTA, RANAJIT K; GHOSH, JAGAT J; ANTOPOL, WILLIAM
Mescaline-induced changes of brain cortex ribosomes: Effect of mescaline on the binding of aminoacyl-transfer ribonucleic acid to ribosomes of brain tissue.
Biochemical Pharmacology; 1974 Jun Vol. 23(12) 1687-1692
Used a field survey method to examine the relationship between psychopathology and acute adverse reactions to psychoactive drugs. A paper-and-pencil measure of acute adverse reactions was developed and administered to 530 college students with drug-use experience. Acute adverse reactions were hypothesized to covary positively with regression, schizophrenia, and drug usage, and to covary negatively with adjustment and paranoia. These hypotheses were supported. The hypotheses that usage of LSD and mescaline would covary positively with regression and covary negatively with adjustment were also supported. A hypothesis that schizophrenia would positively covary with LSD and mescaline usage was not confirmed. Regression was also found to be related to marihuana usage. A recursive linear model was developed in an attempt to integrate and explain these results.

DAVIS, MICHAEL; GALLAGER, DOROTHY W; AGHAJANIAN, GEORGE K
Tricyclic antidepressant drugs: Attenuation of excitatory effects of d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) on acoustic startle response.
Life Sciences; 1977 Apr Vol 20(7) 1249-1257
In experiments with a total of 244 male Sprague-Dawley albino rats, a dose o(5 mg/kg, ip) of one of the tricyclic antidepressant drugs chlorimipramine (CIMI), desipramine (DMI), imipramine (IMI), and chlordesipramine (C-DMI) blocked the excitatory effects of a low dose (30 mug/kg, ip) of LSD on the acoustic startle response. Over a dose range of 1-5 mg/kg, CIMI and DMI were about equally potent in blocking the LSD effect, despite the fact that both drugs actually increased brain levels of LSD. In contrast, alpha-methylparatyrosine (100 mg/kg) did not block the effect of LSD on startle. By themselves, DMI, IMI, and C-DMI increased startle amplitude 20-30%, whereas CIMI alone had no effect. The ability of CIMI and IMI to block the excitatory effect of LSD on startle is consistent with the hypothesis that prior cessation of raphe cell firing caused indirectly by these drugs with no resultant change in 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) availability should preempt the ability of LSD to increase startle by directly inhibiting raphe cell firing and decreasing 5-HT availability. The finding that the other tricyclics also block the effect of LSD is not explained by that hypothesis. Results are discussed in terms of the serotonin hypothesis of the action of hallucinogenic drugs on behavior.

DAVIS, MICHAEL; SHEARD, MICHAEL H
Biphasic dose-response effects of N-N-dimethyltryptamine on the rat startle reflex.
Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior; 1974 Nov-Dec Vol 2(6) 827-829
Measured the startle reflex in 4 groups of 10 male Sprague-Dawley albino rats each after intraperitoneal injection of saline or .12, .25, .50 or 4.0 mg/kg N-N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT). Low doses (.25 and .50) of DMT augmented startle, but the high dose (4.0) depressed startle. This biphasic dose-response relationship is consistent with the hypothesis that startle is enhanced when midbrain raphe neurons are inhibited but depressed when cells postsynaptic to raphe neurons are also inhibited.

de Borhegyi, Stephan F
Pre-Columbian Pottery Mushrooms from Mesoamerica.
American Antiquity 28(3):328-338. (1963)

de C Bechelli, Luiz P; Giubilei, Mauricio; Martins, Ronaldo; Addor, Manoel C
Avaliacao do potencial de dependencia da fencamfamina em alcoolatras recem-tratados: Estudo duplo-cego e cruzado com placebo. (Evaluation of the potential for dependence on fencamfamine in recently-treated alcoholics: A double-blind, crossover, placebo-con
Jornal Brasileiro de Psiquiatria; 1989 Mar-Apr Vol 38(2) 91-94
Studied the potential drug dependency effects of fencamfamine and caffeine in former chronic alcoholic patients. Human subjects: 40 Brazilian adults (alcoholism). All Ss were former chronic alcoholics who had completed abstinence treatment. Ss were given capsules containing 10 mg fencamfamine, 200 mg caffeine, or placebo, once a day, for 6 days. The reinforcing properties and positive subjective effects of the drugs were evaluated daily, using the Profile of Mood States by D. M. McNair et al (1971/1981) and several Addiction Research Center Inventory subscales (e.g., the Amphetamine Significant Scale and the Marginally Significant Scale by H. E. Hill et al (1963)), the Benzedrine Group Variability Scale by C. A. Haertzen (1966), and the short forms of the MBG-10 and the LSD-21 scales by D. R. Jasinski et al (1968). Clinical and biochemical tests were also used. The results were analyzed statistically, using an analysis of variance (ANOVA). (English abstract)

DE MONTIGNY, C; AGHAJANIAN, G K
Preferential action of 5-methoxytryptamine and 5-methoxydimethyltryptamine on presynaptic serotonin receptors: A comparative iontophoretic study with LSD and serotonin.
Neuropharmacology; 1977 Dec Vol 16(12) 811-818
Studied the effects in male Charles River albino rats of iontophoretic application of 5-methoxytryptamine (5-MeOT) and 5-methoxydimethyltryptamine (5-MeODMT) on serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) containing neurons of the midbrain raphe nuclei (presynaptic area) and on neurons of 2 representative postsynaptic areas--lateral geniculate body (ventral nucleus) and amygdala (median, cortical and basolateral nuclei)--which both receive dense 5-HT input from midbrain raphe. The effects of 5-MeOT and 5-MeODMT were compared to that of LSD and 5-HT applied to the same neurons. All 4 substances depressed neuronal firing in the 3 areas. LSD, 5-MeODMT, and 5-MeOT exerted a much more powerful effect on presynaptic (5-HT) neurons, whereas 5-HT was slightly more active in depressing postsynaptic (amygdala and geniculate) neurons. Ratios of pre- and postsynaptic efficacies were 5.6, 4.3, 1.8, and 0.7 for LSD, 5-MeODMT, 5-MeOT, and 5-HT, respectively. Since a correlation between the hallucinogenic efficacy of indoleamines and their preferential presynaptic effect has been described, these results are in agreement with the reported hallucinogenic potency of 5-MeODMT and suggest that 5-MeOT could also have psychotomimetic properties.

DE RIOS, MARLENE D; WINKELMAN, MICHAEL
Shamanism and altered states of consciousness: An introduction. Special Issue: Shamanism and altered states of consciousness.
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs; 1989 Jan-Mar Vol 21(1) 1-7
Discusses the issue of shamanism and altered states of consciousness (ASC) from a cross-cultural and multidisciplinary perspective. It is argued that shamanism is a cultural adaptation of hunting and gathering societies to the biological potential for ASC and that the specific nature of this manifestation changes as societies become more complex. The role of ASC in understanding shamanic phenomena, religious experiences, and modern manifestations of the potential for trance are examined. It is concluded that Western cultural avoidance of ASC has prevented the integration of these perspectives into the understanding of psychology, consciousness, and knowledge of the world.

DE RIOS, MARLENE D
A modern-day shamanistic healer in the Peruvian Amazon: Pharmacopoeia and trance. Special Issue: Shamanism and altered states of consciousness.
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs; 1989 Jan-Mar Vol 21(1) 91-99
Addresses the functions and successes of shamanistic healers in the context of psychoneuroimmunology. Background information on Amazonian urban healing, and on a contemporary healer, is presented. In the case of the healer, who uses powerful hallucinogenic plant potentiators, the influence of traditional shamanic roots in the region is integrated with new beliefs. The combination of biologically potent resources represented in the healer's plant pharmacopoeia and his shamanistic-mystical, psychospiritual strategies create a powerful healing milieu.

DE SANO CF; PERSINGER MA
Geophysical variables and behavior: XXXIX. Alterations in imaginings and suggestibility during brief magnetic field exposures.
Percept Mot Skills. 1987 Jun. 64(3 Pt 1). P 968-70.
12 male and 12 female volunteers were evaluated for their suggestibility before and after an approximately 15-min. exposure to either sham, 1-Hz or 4-Hz magnetic fields that were applied across their mid-superior temporal lobes. During the field-application subjects were instructed to view a green light that was pulsating at the same frequency as the field and to imagine encountering an alien situation. Results were commensurate with the hypothesis that weak brain-frequency fields may influence certain aspects of imaginings and alter suggestibility.

de Souza, Errol B; Battaglia, George; Insel, Thomas R
Neurotoxic effects of MDMA on brain serotonin neurons: Evidence from neurochemical and radioligand binding studies.
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences; 1990 Oct Vol 600 682-698
Studied the effects of systemic administration of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) administration in rodents and rhesus monkeys. Data show widespread and long-lasting degeneration of serotonin neurons in the brain without major effects on catecholamine neurons. The severity of lesions produced by MDMA depended on the dose administered; MDMA was more potent in monkeys than rats. The neurodegenerative effects of MDMA were long-lasting with respect to neuronal regeneration (i.e., recovery of serotonin uptake sites). Serotonin content remained 40-50% below normal up to 1 yr later, suggesting that functional recovery from the effects of MDMA may be permanently impaired.

DE ZUBIRIA A; HORNER WE; LEHRER SB
Evidence for cross-reactive allergens among basidiomycetes: immunoprint-inhibition studies.
J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1990 Jul; 86(1): 26-33
Allergenic cross-reactivity among six basidiomycete species (Calvatia cyathiformis, Coprinus quadrifidus, Psilocybe cubensis, Pleurotus ostreatus, Ganoderma meredithae, and Pisolithus tinctorius) was determined by immunoprint inhibition. Extensive cross-reactivity was demonstrated among Coprinus quadrifidus, Psilocybe cubensis, and Pleurotus ostreatus of the order Agaricales, and Calvatia cyathiformis of the order Lycoperdales. However, G. meredithae (order Aphyllophorales) and Pisolithus tinctorius (order Sclerodermatales) did not demonstrate significant cross-reactivity with the other basidiomycete species. Generally, the two most potent inhibitors were Psilocybe cubensis and Pleurotus ostreatus. Inhibitory dose-response curves of a major allergenic band (isoelectric point, 9.3) were obtained by densitometry. Significant cross-reactivity was demonstrated for the 9.3 band among the species of the order Agaricales and with Calvatia cyathiformis. The most potent inhibitors were again Psilocybe cubensis and Pleurotus ostreatus. Thus, there is substantial allergenic cross-reactivity among the species of the order Agaricales tested and with Calvatia cyathiformis but not between these four species and G. meredithae or Pisolithus tinctorius. These studies support earlier RAST-inhibition observations of shared allergenic epitopes among basidiomycetes, especially epitopes within the Agaricales. The presence of shared epitopes suggests the possibility of devising a panel of skin test reagents representative of a large group of basidiomycetes.

DEAKIN, J F; GREEN, A R
The effects of putative 5-hydroxytryptamine antagonists on the behaviour produced by administration of tranylcypromine and l -tryptophan or tranylcypromine and l -DOPA to rats.
British Journal of Pharmacology; 1978 Oct Vol 64(2) 201-209
In adult male Sprague-Dawley rats, the putative 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptor blocking drugs methysergide (10 mg/kg) and methergoline (5 mg/kg) abolished some components of the hyperactivity syndrome that follows administration of tranylcypromine and levotryptophan. Hyperactivity and hyperreactivity were potentiated with a resultant increase in automated locomotor activity counts. Propranolol (20 mg/kg) inhibited all features of the syndrome. The same results were obtained when the behavior was elicited by parachloroamphetamine or tranylcypromine and tryptamine. None of the putative 5-HT receptor antagonists affected brain 5-HT turnover. Microinjections of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine into the spinal cord resulted in a 70% fall in cord 5-HT concentrations without an effect on brain 5-HT concentrations. The behavioral response to the putative 5-HT receptor agonist, 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (2 mg/kg), was potentiated. Pretreatment with alpha-methylparatyrosine delayed the onset of all components of the behavior elicited by tranylcypromine/tryptophan by 60 min, indicating an involvement of catecholamines in the syndrome.

DELAY J, PICHOT P, LEMPERIERE T, NICOLAS-CHARLES P, QUETIN A M
Les effets somatiques de la Psilocybine. (The somatic effects of Psilocybin.)
Ann.med.-psychol., Paris; 117:891 (1959)
Psilocybin was given trials in 13 normal subjects and 36 trials in 30 psychiatric patients. The normal subjects were given 5-14 (usually 10) mg Psilocybin orally, the patients were given 6-14 (average 9.2) mg orally or 6-10 (average 6.5) mg s.c. or 6-15 (average 9.5) mg i.m. NEUROVEGETATIVE SYMPTOMS: Mydriasis, changes in pulse rate (usually slowing) and blood pressure (usually moderate hypotension) and vasomotor disorders (flushes, sweating, feeling of coldness). NEUROLOGICAL SYMPTOMS: Increased patellar reflex, vertigo or disorder of coordination, tremor (emotionally induced tremor disappeared in 1/3 fo the cases), muscle-twitching, hyperaesthenia, or hyperalgesia, headache. OTHER SYMPTOMS: Weakness, drowsiness, gastro-intestinal disorders (nausea, gastric and intestinal cramping, dryness of the mouth) in half of the cases. The symptoms varied greatly from case to case. The most frequent were: mydriasis, vasomotor disorders, and changes in heart rate, blood pressure and reflexes. Fatigue and headache occurred mainly in the normal subjects.

DERR JS; PERSINGER MA
Geophysical variables and behavior: LIV. Zeitoun (Egypt) apparitions of the Virgin Mary as tectonic strain-induced luminosities.
Percept Mot Skills. 1989 Feb. 68(1). P 123-8.
Temporal analyses were completed between the occurrence of intense displays of exotic luminous phenomena over a church in Zeitoun (Egypt) during the years 1968 through 1969 and regional seismicity. These phenomena, viewed by thousands of onlookers, began one year before an unprecedented increase (factor of 10) in seismic activity about 400 km to the southeast. Monthly analyses also demonstrated a moderate (0.56) correlation between increases in seismicity and the occurrence of luminous phenomena during the same or previous month. These results were interpreted as further support for the hypothesis that most anomalous (terrain-related) luminous phenomena are generated by factors associated with tectonic strain. Refs: 14.

DIMPFEL W; SPULER M; NICHOLS DE
Hallucinogenic and stimulatory amphetamine derivatives: Fingerprinting DOM, DOI, DOB, MDMA, and MBDB by spectral analysis of brain field potentials in the freely moving rat (Tele-Stereo-EEG).
Psychopharmacology; 1989 Jul Vol 98(3) 297-303
Analyzed telemetric (Tele-Stereo-EEG) recordings of field potentials from brain activity of 32 freely behaving rats before and after ip injection of the enantiomeric hallucinogenic amphetamine derivatives R-DOB ((-)-1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromophenyl)-2-aminopropane), R-DOM ((-)-1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylyphenyl)-2-amino-propane) and R-DOI ((-)-1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane) and the nonhallucinogenic amphetamine derivatives S-MBDB ((+)-N-methyl-1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)butanamine) and S-MDMA ((+)-3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine), and S-(+)-amphetamine. Results indicate that dopaminergic mechanisms may be responsible for the stimulatory properties of amphetamines, while serotonergic mechanisms, particularly those involving the 5-hydroxytryptamine2 (5-HT2) receptor, may be responsible for the halluncinogenic properties of certain substituted amphetamine derivatives.

DIRENFELD L K
The Genesis of the EEG and its relation to Electromagnetic Radiation
Journal of Bioelectricity, 2(2&3), 111-121 (1983)
The dominant frequencies in the human EEG are 8-13 Hz (Alpha), 4-7 Hz (Theta), less than 4 Hz (Delta) and greater than 13 Hz (Beta). The conventional explanation of the mechanisms for these dominant rhythms involves the effect of electrical activity in the thalamus on the cortical synaptic potentials that are recorded in an EEG. Although electrical activity in the thalamus is of prime importance in determining what is recorded by the EEG, it is not known why the dominant rhythms recorded are of those specific frequencies. These dominant frequencies may be related through evolution to some aspect of the environment. This paper is devoted to a consideration of the possible relation between the brain's electrical activity and external electromagnetic fields.

Discover, December 1992
Plants - Oh, Wilbur
Stipa robusta, "Sleepy Grass" to its friends, is a tough plant. Not only does it survive in the rugged terrain of the southwestern Rocky Mountains, but it has also evolved a unique defense against animals that graze on its feathery plumes. It harbors a fungus called Acremonium, which produces a powerful poison that can knock a horse cold for up to a week. The fungus gets passed on to future generations through the plant's seeds. "The fungus gets a home and gets fed, and the grass gets protection from critters that want to eat it," says Indiana University biologist Keith Clay. "So it's a mutually beneficial association, not a disease." In pastures where every other type of vegetation has been nibbled to the ground, one can easily spot the sleepy grass - tall, proud, and untouched.
Clay and his co-workers Richard Petroski and Richard Powell from the US Department of Agriculture have now isolated the chemical that gives the sleepy grass fungus its potent punch. It is an alkaloid called lysergic acid amide. Alkaloids are the poisons in hundreds of poisonous plants, and lysergic acid amide has been found before in a few of them, but never in such high concentrations as in sleepy grass.
Lysergic acid amide is a potent sedative in humans as well; Central American Indians are said to quiet crying infants by feeding them a single sleepy-grass seed. In fact, in the 1950s American pharmaceutical manufacturers (who didn't know about the sleepy grass connection) considered marketing the compound as a prescription sleeping aid. Bu the idea ran aground on a public relations problem. Lysergic Acid amide has a close chemical relative called lysergic acid diethylamide, which is more commonly known as LSD. "When the pharmaceutical industry discovered the compound's link to LSD and all the problems associated with that," says Clay, "they essentially dropped it."

Doblin, Richard
Pahnke's 'Good Friday experiment': A long-term follow-up and methodological critique.
Journal of Transpersonal Psychology; 1991 Vol 23(1) 1-28
To investigate the potential of psychedelic drugs to facilitate mystical experience, W. Pahnke (1963) administered psilocybin or placebo to 20 White male Protestant divinity students before Good Friday services. The present study critiques the preparation phase of the experiment, Pahnke's questionnaire for measuring mystical experience, and completeness of his reporting. Between 1986 and 1989, the present author recorded personal interviews with 16 of the original Ss. All 16 were readministered the 100-item questionnaire used for 6-mo follow-up in the original experiment. The original experiment found that psilocybin Ss who experienced a mystical experience would, after 6 mo, report a substantial amount of positive, and virtually no negative, persisting changes in attitude and behavior. The present study further supports these findings.

DOMINO, EDWARD F; DEMETRIOU, SANDRA; TUTTLE, THOMAS; KLINGE, VALERIE
Comparison of the visually evoked response in drug-free chronic schizophrenic patients and normal controls.
Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology; 1979 Feb Vol 46(2) 123-127
Recorded visual evoked responses (VERs) from 13 drug free male chronic schizophrenics (CSs mean age 35 yrs) and 11 normal male controls (mean age 28 yrs). The stimulus was an unpatterned flash of single intensity. There were no consistent differences between CSs and controls in wave peak latencies or amplitudes in any brain area tested. When the CSs were separated on the basis of high (H) and low (L) tryptophan uptake the H uptake group exhibited normal VERs, while in the occipital regions, the low uptake group exhibited prolonged latencies and an increased amplitude for Wave V when compared to normals. From Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale scores, Hs indicated a greater degree of psychopathology than did Ls. Results do not support an indole hallucinogen hypothesis for process schizophrenia. (French summary)

Downing, Joseph
The psychological and physiological effects of MDMA on normal volunteers. The MDMA Conference (1986, Oakland, California).
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs; 1986 Oct-Dec Vol 18(4) 335-340
Administered 2-methylamino-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-propane (MDMA) to 21 Ss to provide baseline data on cardiovascular, biochemical, and neurobehavioral effects of the drug. Only 14 Ss completed the MDMA experience report. Doses ranged from 0.8 to 1.9 mg per pound of body weight, the mean dose being 1.14 mg per pound. Data are provided on Ss' demographic characteristics, previous MDMA experiences, other drug use, general health, negative and positive MDMA effects, preferred frequency of use and recommended legal status for MDMA, and cardiovascular, biochemical, and neurobehavioral responses to MDMA. MDMA has consistent and predictable psychological effects that are transient and free of clinically apparent major toxicity; however, there is insufficient evidence to accurately judge either the drug's potential harm or benefit.

DOYLE SA; BURSTEIN SH; DEWEY WL; WELCH SP
Further studies on the antinociceptive effects of delta 6-THC-7-oic acid.
Agents Actions. 1990 Aug; 31(1-2): 157-63
The antinociceptive effects of delta 6-THC-7-oic (THC-7-oic) acid have been investigated further with particular regard to the influence of certain experimental parameters in the hot plate test. These included the degree of the thermal stimulus, the nature of the vehicle and a possible role for copper in the response. A temperature effect similar to that seen with nonsteroidalantiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) was observed, 55 degrees produced observable antinociception, however, at a surface temperature of 58 degrees C no drug effect was seen. Non-aqeous vehicles such as peanut oil increased the potency of THC-7-oic acid. Finally, the substitution of purified water for tap water reduced the drug response which could be partially restored by adding copper to the purified drinking water. An increase in the inhibitory effect when copper was added was also seen in vitro in a cell culture model where the acid reduced prostaglandin synthesis induced by THC. Our findings suggest that THC-7-oic acid probably acts by mechanisms similar to the NSAIDs and that the above mentioned experimental conditions can greatly influence the outcome of studies with this agent.

DRAGUNOW M
Adenosine receptor antagonism accounts for the seizure-prolonging effects of aminophylline.
Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1990 Aug; 36(4): 751-5
The mechanism of action of aminophylline in prolonging seizures was tested in amygdala-kindled rats. Aminophylline prolonged the afterdischarge duration of kindled seizures. This seizure-prolonging action of aminophylline was strongly antagonized by the adenosine A1 agonist cyclohexyladenosine and partially antagonized by the benzodiazepine partial agonist RO 15-1788. However, the specific benzodiazepine antagonist CGS 8216 did not affect the seizure-prolonging action of aminophylline. Also, the potent anticonvulsant effect of diazepam on kindled seizures, which was completely antagonized by CGS 8216, was unaffected by aminophylline. Furthermore, a range of benzodiazepine inverse agonists, GABA antagonists, phosphodiesterase inhibitors and xanthines did not prolong afterdischarge durations. These results demonstrate that the seizure-prolonging action of aminophylline is due to block of A1 adenosine receptors since it is prevented by adenosine A1 agonists.

DUGAN GM; GUMBMANN MR
Toxicological evaluation of morning glory seed: subchronic 90-day feeding study.
Food Chem Toxicol. 1990 Aug; 28(8): 553-9
Diets containing 0.8, 2.53 and 8.0% field variety morning glory seed were fed to male and female rats (20 per group) in a 90-day subchronic feeding study. Gross clinical observations, body weight, and feed and water intake were recorded weekly. At 90 days, all surviving rats were autopsied, organs were weighed, and blood chemistry analyses, haematology, and bone-marrow evaluation for evidence of clastogenic effects were performed. Tissues from control (0% seed) and high-dose (8.0% seed) rats were examined histologically. Effects of morning glory seed were noted mainly in the high-dose group of both sexes. These included increases in mortality, feed consumption (on a body-weight basis), water consumption, serum alkaline phosphatase and potassium, white blood cell count, and brain and liver weights (as a percentage of body weight); body-weight gain and serum glucose were decreased. Significant changes seen in high-dose females alone were: increased haemoglobin, serum constituents (urea nitrogen, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase, and ornithine carbamyl transferase), and organ weights (heart, kidney, spleen and pancreas as a percentage of body weight), and decreases in serum albumin, total protein, albumin:globulin ratio, and calcium. Significant changes occurring in high-dose males alone were: increased testicular weight (as a percentage of body weight), increased serum phosphorus, and decreased serum cholesterol. Liver degeneration in the high-dose females was greater than that in the controls. Mortality at 8.0% seed in the diet was 40% in males and 10% in females. At 0.8% seed, the only parameter that differed significantly from that of the controls was a final body-weight reduction in females without a corresponding reduction in feed consumption.

DUNFORD, MARTIN; HOLLAND, JACK
Police Trouble, and a Note on Drugs. (2)
THE REAL GUIDE - AMSTERDAM (The Guide for the '90s; Prentice Hall Travel
DRUGS: Some residents claim that the liberal municipal attitude toward the sale of drugs has attracted all sorts of undesirables to the city. This is partly true, but the 'cleaning up' of the Zeedijk, once Amsterdam's heroin-dealing quarter, seems to have made open trafficking less frequent and the city a safer place. Amsterdam has sanctioned the sale of cannabis at the Melkweg and Paradiso nightspots, and at many coffee shops, since the 1960's. It's also acceptible to smoke in some bars, but since many are strongly against it, don't make any automatic assumptions. If in doubt, ask the barperson. Purchasing, transporting, or consuming cannabis products elsewhere is inadvisable. Although busts are rare, legally you're allowed to possess only 28 grams for personal use. Bear in mind, also, that while there's a lively and growing trade in cocaine and herion, possession of either could mean a stay in one of The Netherland's lively and growing prisons. For drug-related problems, the Drug Advice Center, Keisergracht 812 (Mon.-Fri. 1:00-3:00pm; phone: 23-78-65), offers help and advice.

DURANTEAU L; CHANSON P; LAVOINNE A; HORLAIT S; LUBETZKI J; KUHN JM
Effect of the new dopaminergic agonist CV 205-502 on plasma prolactin levels and tumour size in bromocriptine-resistant prolactinomas.
Clin Endocrinol Oxf. 1991 Jan; 34(1): 25-9
Bromocriptine is currently and successfully used for the treatment of pituitary prolactinomas. However, bromocriptine appears unable to normalize plasma prolactin levels in about 10% and to reduce tumour size in one-third of cases. The lack of normalization of plasma prolactin levels in spite of a daily dose of bromocriptine equal to or higher than 15 mg suggests a bromocriptine resistance. We compared the long-term effects of bromocriptine and CV 205-502 (a non-ergot derivative D2 dopamine agonist) on plasma prolactin levels and tumour size in seven bromocriptine-resistant prolactinomas. Bromocriptine reduced significantly (P less than 0.001) plasma prolactin levels (from 2307 +/- 518 to 568 +/- 279 micrograms/l) (conversion to Sl units: 1 microgram/l = 20 mU/l). Visual field defects observed in five patients improved in four. However, CT scan analysis showed a decrease in tumour size in only three patients. Except for transient and minor side-effects at the beginning of the treatment, CV 205-502 was well tolerated in five of seven patients. In the remaining two patients nausea and vertigo occurred with high dosages of CV 205-502 and it was necessary to reduce the daily dose. CV 205-502 lowered plasma prolactin to levels similar to those obtained after bromocriptine therapy in four cases. In the three remaining patients, CV 205-502 was more potent than bromocriptine as demonstrated by the further 90% reduction in plasma levels obtained in one case and by the normalization of plasma prolactin levels in the two other cases. One woman became pregnant during CV 205-502 treatment. ...

DUTEIL J; RAMBERT FA; PESSONNIER J; HERMANT JF; GOMBERT R; ASSOUS E
Central alpha 1-adrenergic stimulation in relation to the behaviour stimulating effect of modafinil; studies with experimental animals.
Eur J Pharmacol. 1990 May 3; 180(1): 49-58
Single administration of the new drug modafinil was followed by an increase in locomotor activity in mice and in nocturnal activity in monkeys. Stereotyped behaviour in mice and rats, and potentiation of amphetamine-induced stereotyped behaviour were not observed; however, at the highest dose used, a slight potentiation of apomorphine-induced stereotyped behaviour was observed in rats. The modafinil-induced increase in locomotor activity in mice was prevented by the centrally acting alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonists, prazosin and phenoxybenzamine, and by reserpine but not by the mixed dopamine D-1/D-2 antagonist, haloperidol, the dopamine D-2 antagonist, sulpiride, the peripherally acting alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonist, phentolamine, the alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist, yohimbine, the beta-adrenoceptor antagonist, propranolol, or by the catecholamine synthesis inhibitor, alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine. Likewise, the modafinil-induced increase in nocturnal activity in monkeys was prevented by prazosin. Interestingly, modafinil did not produce obvious peripheral sympathetic effects in mice and rats (no salivation, no contraction of the pilomotor muscles, slight mydriasis only at high doses). Therefore, modafinil appears to produce a strong stimulating effect in rodents and in primates. These effects could be linked to modulation (stimulation) of central alpha 1-adrenoceptors unaccompanied by peripheral sympathetic effects, which is unexpected.

Edwards, Melanie L; Strube, Michael J
Recommended regulation of common drugs: The relative influence of facts vs. labels.
Journal of Applied Social Psychology; 1987 Aug Vol 17(8) 739-750
Examined the hypothesis that individuals are more influenced by a drug name than by its side effects when making recommendations regarding regulation. 127 undergraduates recommended the amount of regulation that should exist for 8 drugs ranging from aspirin to LSD. One-third of the Ss were asked to make recommendations based only on the drug name. Another third made recommendations based only on the facts associated with the drugs (side effects, symptoms). A final third made recommendations based on both facts and the drug name. Results indicate that, when given only the facts, Ss' recommendations deviated greatly from the actual regulation of the drugs but that the facts were ignored if Ss knew the name of the drug. The implications for self-regulated drug use are discussed.

EISNER B G, COHEN S
Psychotherapy with lysergic acid diethylamide
J.Nerv.& Ment.Dis. 127:528 (1958)
22 patients (5 inpatients and 17 outpatients) with conditions ranging from depressive states to borderline schizophrenia were given an average of 4 to 5 weekly sessions with LSD. Dosage was started at 25 mcg. orally and built up in 25 mcg. increments to 125 mcg. In a few instances 250 mcg were given. During the sessions one therapist was in constant attendance. During stressful periods the presence of a male and female therapist speeded the therapeutic process. Music and other aids (photographs and a mirror) were found to facilitate the action of the drug. Follow up studies lasted 6 to 7 months. The main criteria of improvment was continuing succession in behavioral adaptation as assessed by 3 persons (2 therapists and 1 person in close contact with the patient). Improvement was noted in 16 of the 22 cases and was not restricted to any one diagnostic category. However, patients with anxiety, compulsiveness, depressive states and anxiety whti alcoholism made a good response. Inadequate schizoid personalities made a poor response. The potential dangers of LSD (suicide or suicidal preoccupation and depression) are pointed out. Caution in the selection of patients is therefore indicated.

Ekholm, Gordon F.
The Possible Chinese Origin of Teotihuacan Cylindrical Tripod Pottery and Certain Related Traits.
35th ICA 1:39-45. (1964)

el-Beheiry A; Souka A; el-Kamshoushi A; Hussein S; el-Sabah K.
Hyperprolactinemia and impotence.
Arch Androl. 21(3): p211-4, 1988.
Topic: Bromocriptine, prosexual substances, nootropics

ELLIOTT, MARK L; SBORDONE, ROBERT J
Drug-induced ataxia in opponents elicits 'pathological' fighting in undrugged rats exposed to footshock.
Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior; 1982 Jan Vol 16(1) 63-66
Hypothesized that ataxic behavior by a rat drugged with LSD, mescaline, alcohol, or pentobarbital would elicit biting behavior in the undrugged opponent, regardless of the drug that induced the ataxia. 100 male Sprague-Dawley rats served as Ss. One member of a pair of Ss was administered either mescaline, LSD, pentobarbital, or ethanol ip 20 min prior to exposure to footshock in the presence of an undrugged opponent. At high doses, all drugs elicited biting from the undrugged S of sufficient intensity to produce injury to its drugged opponent. Low doses produced species-typical fighting behavior, which consisted of striking each other with their forepaws while upright, and failed to elicit biting. Biting attacks by the undrugged S were highly correlated with ataxic behavior by the drugged S. Conversely, species-typical aggressive behavior was highly correlated with behaviors such as boxing or upright threat posture. Results suggest that drug-induced ataxic behavior may disinhibit mechanisms that regulate intraspecies behavior, thus producing behavior that is more typical of interspecies aggression.

ELPHICK M; ANDERSON SM; HALLIS KF; GRAHAME SMITH DG
Effects of carbamazepine on 5-hydroxytryptamine function in rodents.
Psychopharmacology Berl. 1990; 100(1): 49-53
The effects of carbamazepine (CBZ) on brain 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) function were investigated in rodents pretreated with CBZ acutely or for 14 days. In behavioural experiments, mice pretreated with 14 days CBZ showed increased 5-HT2-mediated head twitch behaviour after injection of carbidopa (25 mg/kg) followed by 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP, 100 mg/kg). However, no change in head twitches after 5-methoxy,N,N,-dimethyltryptamine (5MeODMT 5.0 mg/kg), a direct agonist, was observed. Chronic CBZ administration to rats did not alter either the behavioural syndrome induced by 8-hydroxy-2-dipropylaminotetralin (8-OH-DPAT, 1.0 mg/kg), an index of postsynaptic 5-HT1A responses, or hypothermia after 8-OH-DPAT (0.5 mg/kg) which is thought to reflect presynaptic 5-HT1A activity. Both hyperactivity and the behavioural syndrome seen after tranylcypromine (20 mg/kg) followed by L-tryptophan (100 mg/kg) were decreased by prior treatment with CBZ (14 days). Accumulation of 5-HTP after administration of the amino acid decarboxylase inhibitor NSD1015 (100 mg/kg) was decreased after acute CBZ (50 mg/kg) in hippocampus. However, after 14 days oral treatment no change in this measure of 5-HT synthesis was seen, in either hippocampus or frontal cortex. CBZ (50 microM) added to superfused brain slices did not affect potassium-stimulated [3H]-5-HT release. However, hippocampal slices from rats pretreated with CBZ (14 days) showed increased potassium-stimulated [3H]-5-HT release. CBZ (14 days) did not alter 5-HT2 binding in rat frontal cortex. ...

ELSOHLY MA; JONES AB; ELSOHLY HN
Cross-reactivity of selected compounds in the Abbott TDx cannabinoid assay.
J Anal Toxicol. 1990 Sep Oct; 14(5): 277-9
Immunoassay procedures, both enzyme immunoassay and radioimmunoassay, continue to be widely used to screen samples for recent marijuana use by analyzing the urine samples for 11-nor-delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid (11-nor-delta 9-THC-9-COOH) (the major urinary metabolite of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol [delta 9-THC]). Using commercially available immunoassay reagents, the cross-reactivity of the antiserum utilized in Abbott's TDx cannabinoid assay (a fluorescence polarization immunoassay) was evaluated. This cross-reactivity was evaluated against a group of cannabinoids and noncannabinoid phenolic constituents of Cannabis, some cannabinoid metabolites, and other agents that appear in normal urine samples. In general, the antiserum was equally reactive toward 11-nor-delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid, its glucuronide, and the corresponding delta 8-isomer, which was the acid moiety utilized in standards and controls of the assay prior to January, 1990. Reduced binding to the antiserum was observed with hydroxylated derivatives of delta 9- and delta 8-THC, and the other cannabinoids, in general, exhibited limited binding potentials toward the antibody. For the noncannabinoid constituents, no binding was observed at the highest concentrations evaluated (40 mg/L).

EMBODEN, WILLIAM
Dionysus as a shaman and wine as a magical drug.
Journal of Psychedelic Drugs; 1977 Jul-Sep Vol 9(3) 187-192
The legend of Dionysus was developed when fine potable wine and proper vessels for it became available. Festivities centering around wine intoxication were held twice annually in ancient Greece. During the feast, law and order were suspended and ambitions and fears were enacted in follies with singing and dancing.

Emrich HM; Weber MM; Wendl A; Zihl J; von Meyer L; Hanisch W
Reduced binocular depth inversion as an indicator of cannabis-induced censorship impairment.
Pharmacol.Biochem.Behav; 1991 Nov; 40(3); P 689-90
Measurements of binocular depth inversion using a stereoscopic slide projection with polarized light were performed in healthy volunteers before and after cannabis intake. Since binocular depth inversion represents an illusion occurring in the perception of semantically meaningful objects projected in a 3-D inverted fashion, the hypothesis can be tested that cannabis-induced 'psychedelic states' represent a condition in which the human CNS is unable to correct implausible perceptual hypotheses. The data demonstrate a strong cannabis-induced impairment of binocular depth inversion.

EVANS EB; WENGER GR
The effects of cocaine in combination with other drugs of abuse on schedule-controlled behavior in the pigeon.
Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1990 Oct; 37(2): 349-57
The present experiment sought to provide information regarding the consequences of combining cocaine with other drugs of abuse. The effects of cocaine alone and in combination with d-amphetamine, caffeine, morphine or delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol were determined in five male white Carneaux pigeons responding under a multiple fixed-ratio 30, fixed-interval 600 schedule (mult FR FI). Drug interactions were studied by redetermining the cocaine dose-response curve in the presence of various fixed doses of the other drugs. Under the mult FR FI schedule, when cocaine (1 to 10 mg/kg) was combined with inactive doses of d-amphetamine (0.1, 0.3, 1.0, and 1.8 mg/kg), caffeine (10, 30, and 100 mg/kg), morphine (0.3, and 1.0 mg/kg), and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (0.1 mg/kg), the FR and FI response rate dose-response curves were not shifted relative to the cocaine-alone curves. When cocaine was combined with an active dose of a drug which decreased response rate when given alone (0.3 mg/kg delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and 3 mg/kg morphine), the position of the response rate dose-response curves shifted compared to the cocaine-alone curves. The most frequent and consistent outcome of these interactions can be described as less than or approximately equal to an effect-additive interaction. Thus, these data indicate that the potential consequences of coabusing cocaine with the drugs tested in the present experiment can most often be predicted from the effects of each drug when taken alone.

Evans, Clifford & Meggers, Betty J.
Transpacific Origin of Valdivia Phase Pottery on Coastal Ecuador.
36th ICA 1:63-67. (1964)

EVANS, WAYNE O; KLINE, NATHAN S
Psychotropic Drugs in the Year 2000: Use by Normal Humans
Psychotropic Drugs in the Year 2000: Use by Normal Humans; 1971 Thomas Books
[NO ABSTRACT] The future of psychotropic drugs and their potental use for enhancing performance of normal humans.

FABIAN WD JR; FISHKIN SM
Psychological absorption. Affect investment in marijuana intoxication.
J Nerv Ment Dis. 1991 Jan; 179(1): 39-43
Absorption (a trait capacity for total attentional involvement) was reported to increase during episodes of marijuana intoxication. Several subsets of the absorption scale items specifically characterized marijuana intoxication, and groups of users and nonusers showed differential affective involvement with these experiences. Additionally, within the drug-using group, a positive correlation between frequency of marijuana use and affective ratings of these experiences was found. The findings support the hypothesis that a specific type of alteration in consciousness that enhances capacity for total attentional involvement (absorption) characterizes marijuana intoxication, and that this enhancement may act as a reinforcer, possibly influencing future use.

FARNSWORTH,NR: BINGEL,AS: CORDELL,GA: CRANE,FA: FONG,HHS
Potential Value of Plants As Sources of New Antifertility Agents I.
J Pharm Sci 644:535-598 (1975)

FAURBYE, ARILD; PIND, K
The presence of N-methylated and N-acetylated indole amines in the urine of schizophrenics and controls.
Foreign Psychiatry; 1973 Sum Vol. 2(2) 3-10
Used gas and thin-layer chromatography to test for the presence of 3 toxic amines in the urine of 4 female schizophrenics and 3 female nurses. The amines found in the urine of both groups were dimethyltryptamine, (DMT), bufotenine, and 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MODMT). These amines may, therefore, be regarded as normal metabolic products. It is noted that DMT can produce schizophreniform symptoms in humans. Data is presented suggesting that the effects of 5-MODMT are similar to those of DMT and that 5-MODMT may be a more potent drug. Difficulties in determining the specific amine content in urine are noted.

FELDMAN, HARVEY
Street Status and Drug Users
Trans Action; 1973, 10, 4, May-Jun, 32-38.
By 1969, drug use had become an integral part of street life in East Highland. The decision not to take drugs was said by street-wise youth to be more difficult than the decision to take drugs. Based on a combination of risk components (physical harm, addiction potential, parental discovery, police, intragroup dangers) & type of drug (heroin, other opiates, barbiturates, cough medicines, LSD, esoteric forms, diet pills, marijuana), a hierarchy of social types is developed. Aspirants to the top are charted on a continuum from 'faggot' to 'asshole' to 'solid guy' to 'tough guy' to 'crazy guy' at the top. Young men are viewed as making choices regarding drug use & associated social position, not as retreating into drugs. At the top, 'their use of heroin solidifies a view of them as bold, reckless, criminally deviant--all praiseworthy qualities from a street perspective.' G. Schmeling

FENERTY CA; LINDUP WE
Effect of beta-carboline derivatives on the binding of L-tryptophan and diazepam to bovine and human albumin.
Biochem Pharmacol. 1991 Jun 1; 41(11): 1589-94
The effects of 12 beta-carboline derivatives on the binding of L-tryptophan and diazepam to bovine and human albumin have been investigated to seek similarities between the indole binding site on albumin and the benzodiazepine receptor in the brain. The binding of L-tryptophan and diazepam was measured at 37 degrees and pH 7.4 by equilibrium dialysis. Norharmane was the most potent inhibitor of the binding of L-tryptophan and diazepam to both bovine and human albumin. The kinetics of the inhibitory effects of several of the beta-carbolines were studied. Norharmane decreased the value (n) for the number of binding sites for the binding of L-tryptophan to both bovine and human albumin. Norharmane and harmane decreased the apparent association (Ka) but increased n for the interaction of diazepam with bovine albumin. Norharmane also had a similar effect on the binding of diazepam to human albumin. The similarities between the inhibitory effects of the beta-carbolines on the binding of L-tryptophan and diazepam to albumin and the affinity of the beta-carbolines for the central benzodiazepine receptor point to some common structural requirements for binding to the receptor and to albumin.

FERNANDEZ GUASTI A; ROLDAN ROLDAN G; LARSSON K
Anxiolytics reverse the acceleration of ejaculation resulting from enforced intercopulatory intervals in rats.
Behav Neurosci. 1991 Apr; 105(2): 230-40
The enforced interval of copulation (EIC) consists of the artificial prolongation of the interintromission interval, induces a reduction in the number of intromissions preceding ejaculation, and is accompanied by an anxiety like behavioral repertoire. The administration of the benzodiazepine anxiolytics diazepam, chlordiazepoxide, flurazepam, and flunitrazepam produced a dose-dependent inhibition of the EIC effect with a concomitant increase in mounting. These actions were blocked by the central benzodiazepine antagonist Ro 15-1788. The anxiogenic agent beta-carboline Zk 39106 had no effect. Treatment with pentobarbital also produced a blockade of the reduction in the number of intromissions during EIC, whereas muscimol and bicuculline lacked this effect. The serotonergic anxiolytic buspirone reversed the facilitatory action induced by EIC; however, two putative serotonergic antianxiety agents, 8-OH-DPAT and ipsapirone, did not modify or potentiate it, respectively. Finally, the nonanxiolytic serotonergic compounds 5-hydroxytryptophan and TFMPP drastically increased the number of mounts but did not antagonize the reduction of intromissions produced by EIC. These results suggest that an increase in the anxiety levels may be responsible for the excitatory action of EIC on sexual behavior.

FERTZIGER, ALLEN P; FISCHER Roland
Interaction between narcotic antagonist (naloxone) and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in the rat.
Psychopharmacology; 1977 Vol 54(3) 313-314
LSD administration in 16 Sprague-Dawley rats elicited a diphasic reaction consisting of a brief excitable period (up to 8 min) followed by a prolonged catalepsy (8 min-1 hr). While the cataleptic response was antagonized by a single injection of naloxone (given 30 min after LSD administration), pretreatment with naloxone shortened the excitable phase and potentiated the catalepsy. Implications for treating LSD-induced 'bad trips' are noted.

FINNEGAN, KEVIN T; KANNER, MARILYN I; MELTZER, HERBERT Y
Phencyclidine-induced rotational behavior in rats with nigrostriatal lesions and its modulation by dopaminergic and cholinergic agents.
Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior; 1976 Dec Vol 5(6) 651-660
The peripheral administration of the psychotomimetic drug phencyclidine (PCP) induces a dose-related ipsilateral rotation in unilateral substantia nigra electrolytically-lesioned rats. The 3 experiments reported here show that the intensity of this rotation can be modulated in male Sprague-Dawley rats by administration of various dopaminergic and cholinergic agents. Injection of alpha-methylparatyrosine methylester (125 mg/kg) or haloperidol (1 mg/kg) inhibited the ipsilateral circling behavior. Pimozide (1 mg/kg) also inhibited the rotation, but to a lesser extent. The anticholinergic agent trihexyphenidyl (5 mg/kg) potentiated, and the cholinomimetic drug arecoline (5 mg/kg) depressed, the rotation induced by PCP (7.5 mg/kg). It is probable that PCP possesses significant dopaminergic and anticholinergic properties. The capacity of PCP to induce rotation in this model may be related to its effects on dopaminergic and cholinergic neurons in the rat striatum. Thus, PCP may induce rotational behavior by potentiating dopaminergic transmission, by blocking cholinergic activity, or both; both of these effects have been demonstrated to be important in the generation of circling behavior in rats with nigrostriatal lesions.

FLEISHER, LLOYD N; GLICK, STANLEY D
Hallucinogen-induced rotational behavior in rats.
Psychopharmacology; 1979 Vol 62(2) 193-200
LSD, mescaline, and 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine in normal female Sprague-Dawley rats induced dose-dependent rotation, which was consistent in direction from week to week. The direction of LSD-induced rotation for individual Ss was the same as amphetamine-induced, but not apomorphine-induced, rotation. Of 3 postsynaptic serotonin antagonists (methysergide, cyproheptadine, and 2-bromo-LSD), only methysergide induced rotation. Levo-LSD induced weak rotation and was approximately 6 times less potent than dextro-LSD. Parachlorophenylalanine pretreatment increased the sensitivity to LSD, whereas alphamethylparatyrosine pretreatment blocked LSD-induced rotation. Simultaneous administration of LSD and amphetamine or LSD plus scopolamine induced rotation significantly greater than amphetamine alone. Apomorphine plus LSD induced rotation similar in magnitude to apomorphine alone. Results suggest that the mechanism by which hallucinogens induce rotation is consistent with an inhibitory action on the serotonin-containing midbrain raphe neurons. Methysergide-induced rotation could result from partial antagonism of postsynaptic serotonin receptors in the substantia nigra or striatum. The dopaminergic properties of LSD may attenuate rotation resulting from disinhibition of nigrostriatal activity by interacting with presynaptic nigrostriatal dopamine autoreceptors.

Ford, Lisa M; Norman, Andrew B; Sanberg, Paul R
The topography of MK-801-induced locomotor patterns in rats.
Physiology and Behavior; 1989 Oct Vol 46(4) 755-758
Characterized locomotor patterns (LMPs) in 8 male rats given systemic injections of the novel, noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist, MK-801, and in 8 male, saline-treated controls. At low systemic doses, MK-801 produced an activity pattern most similar to LMPs for less potent noncompetitive NMDA antagonists; this was typified by hyperactive locomotor behavior, with increases in distance traveled, speed, and clockwise/anticlockwise locomotion, and a marked decrease in rearing behavior. Although MK-801 elicited some LMPs similar to those for sympathomimetic agents, including hyperactivity and increased stereotypy, it did not produce increased rearing behavior, the most prominent sympathomimetic effect.

Foster RS; Mulcahy JJ; Callaghan JT; Crabtree R; Brashear D.
Role of serum prolactin determination in evaluation of impotent patient.
Urology (USA). 36(6): p499-501, 1990.
Topic: Bromocriptine, prosexual substances, nootropics

FRANK DA; BAUCHNER H; PARKER S; HUBER AM; KYEI ABOAGYE K; CABRAL H; ZUCKERMAN B
Neonatal body proportionality and body composition after in utero exposure to cocaine and marijuana.
J Pediatr. 1990 Oct; 117(4): 622-6
The relationship of maternal use of marijuana and cocaine during pregnancy to measures of neonatal body proportionality and body composition was assessed in a multiethnic sample of 1082 newborn infants. Maternal use of marijuana and cocaine during pregnancy was ascertained by self-report and by an enzyme-multiplied immunoassay technique for screening of urine samples obtained prenatally and again post partum. After each substance was analytically controlled for use of the other and for other potentially confounding variables, detection of marijuana metabolites in maternal urine was associated (p less than 0.05) with depressed mean arm muscle circumference and nonfat area of the arm but not with any measure of neonatal fatness. In contrast, detection of cocaine in maternal urine was associated (p less than 0.05) with decrements of subscapular fat folds and of the fat and nonfat areas of the arm. Although both substances were associated with depressed birth weight, there was no decrement of neonatal ponderal index or of the arm circumference/head circumference ratio in association with exposure to either substance. We conclude that both marijuana exposure and cocaine exposure during pregnancy are associated with symmetric intrauterine growth retardation, but that deficits are in differing compartments of intrauterine growth. These findings suggest that marijuana may retard fetal growth through maternal-fetal hypoxia, whereas cocaine may alter nutrient transfer to the fetus and fetal metabolism.