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Abraham, Henry D
Do psychostimulants kindle panic disorder?
American Journal of Psychiatry; 1986 Dec Vol 143(12) 1627
To extend T. A. Aronson and T. J. Craig's (see PA, Vol 72:23515) finding of a possible link between cocaine use and subsequent panic disorder, the present author reports his observations of 8 patients suffering from continuous visual disturbance linked to LSD use and suggests that a possible mechanism by which drug sensitivity could present with panic is the pharmacological kindling of epileptiform activity within the limbic system. (4 ref)

ANDREOLI, A
(Emotional and cognitive structures and psychosis: New perspectives on the study of the hallucinatory experience with psychodysleptics.)
Annales Medico Psychologiques; 1976 Apr Vol 1(4) 501-553
Discusses 'model psychoses,' comparing those of the classic experimental kind with the psychotic-like symptoms and hallucinatory experience brought about by psychodysleptic drugs, mescaline, or LSD. An attempt is made, by analyzing the biochemical, neurophysiological, and psychopathological processes by which these drugs give rise to abnormal states, to test several hypotheses enunciated in recent years on the interdependence of affective and cognitive 'structures'; e.g., Piagetian ideas about the formation of schema for time, space, and causality, or the view that the psychotic brain is one in a state of physiological hyperarousal. The concepts put forward, based on affective-cognitive interdependency, offer new insights for an understanding of how the psychic apparatus matures during normal growth, as well as a basis for understanding how destructuration may occur in the adult from either a toxic or psychotic origin.

BECKER, HOWARD S
Consciousness, power and drug effects.
Journal of Psychedelic Drugs; 1974 Jan Vol 6(1) 67-76
Discusses the social context of drug experiences by considering the amount and kind of knowledge available about the drug to the user. Information control in 3 drug-use settings is examined: illegal use, medically prescribed, and involuntary use through chemical warfare. The impact of dosage, main and side effects, and pharmaceutical research and communication structures are considered. The physician's need for professional dominance over patients is discussed, along with a review of the physician's drug information system. The physician's often incomplete knowledge of pharmaceutical research is noted.

BERTOLUCCI D'ANGIO M; SERRANO A; SCATTON B
Mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic systems and emotional states.
J Neurosci Methods. 1990 Sep; 34(1-3): 135-42
We have used the technique of in vivo voltammetry with carbon fibre electrodes to investigate further the involvement of ascending mesencephalic dopaminergic systems in emotional states in freely moving rats. In Sprague-Dawley rats, forced locomotion caused an increase in extracellular DOPAC levels in the striatum and nucleus accumbens but not in the prefrontal cortex. Immobilization (4 min) or systemic injection of the anxiogenic agent methyl-beta-carboline carboxylate enhanced extracellular DOPAC in both prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens but not in striatum whereas tail-pinch provoked a selective increase in this parameter in the nucleus accumbens. These data suggest that mesolimbic and mesocortical dopaminergic systems can be specifically activated by certain kinds of anxiogenic stimuli. To evaluate the relationship between emotional status and the response of mesocortical dopaminergic neurons to stress, we investigated the effects of stressful conditions on dopamine metabolism in the prefrontal cortex of 2 genetically selected lines of rats which differ drastically in their level of emotionality. Introduction of the animals into an unfamiliar environment, application of a high-intensity loud noise or immobilization were associated with an increase in extracellular cortical DOPAC levels in the hypoemotional (RHA) but not in the hyperemotional (RLA) line. These results suggest that the increase in cortical dopamine metabolism induced by stress is not connected to the emotional reaction caused by the aversive nature of the stressor but may reflect activation of cognitive processes in an attempt to cope with the stressor.

BLISS, KITTY
LSD and Psychotherapy
Contemporary Drug Problems; 1988, 15, 4, winter, 519-563.
A retrospective look at the discovery of LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) in 1943, the import of this event for mental health professionals, & subsequent attempts by psychotherapists & researchers to utilize LSD as either a psychotomimetic (psychosis mimic) or a therapeutic tool or facilitator. Emphasis is on the two types of psychotherapy that grew out of the use of LSD as a facilitator: psycholytic therapy, in which only small amounts of LSD were used to augment more traditional therapy, & psychedelic therapy, where large amounts of LSD were used in lieu of any kind of talk therapy. Some of the factors, such as 'bad trips' & flashbacks, that led to LSD's demise as a psychotherapeutic aid are chronicled. Ironically, these drawbacks & LSD's subsequent popularity with the 1960s youth culture transformed what had previously been considered a beneficial treatment for psychoneurotic patients into a widespread medical & psychiatric problem.

BRON, BERNHARD
Motivation and effect of phantastica-consumption.
Praxis der Kinderpsychologie und Kinderpsychiatrie; 1976 May-Jun Vol 25(4) 128-139
Investigated the theory that drug abuse is frequently an auto-therapeutic attempt, a resistance against unbearable wishes, and an attempt to restore an unstable ego. 66 juvenile cannabis- and LSD users were examined in terms of their motivations and the effect of drug abuse. Various psychodynamic and social factors of drug abuse were found, and there was a striking correlation between specific motivations and psychopathology following drug abuse. The improvement of interpsychic conflicts and tensions expected from drug consumption were reversed in almost all cases. For example, phase specific conflicts and crisis situations were aggravated by drug use, and negative personality traits became more distinct.

COCHRAN, DORIS M
Colorado River Toad - Bufo alvarius
Living Amphibians of the World, p 12, p 96, p 103
In the southwest of the US, the Colorado River Toad, Bufo alvarius, is attracted to cattle troughs, and its numbers may actually be in the increase since man began to make these reservoirs. ... One of the large species with an especially potent poison, the Colorado River Toad, Bufo alvarius, has been known to exude enough poison to cause the death of a police dog that was unlucky enough to seize the animal in it's mouth. ... In addition to a pair of large bean-shaped parotoid glands behind his eyes, he had another long gland running the full length of the calf of each leg. Only one other kind of toad, Bufo alvarius, from the southwestern United States and adjoining Mexico. The lethal qualities of its secreted poison has already been mentioned.

DORNSTREICH, MARK D; MORREN, GEORGE E B
Does New Guinea Cannibalism Have Nutritional Value?
Human Ecology; 1974, 2, 1, Jan, 1-12.
Any attempt to establish the material value of cannibalism in tropical nutrition must be empirical, & placed within a context of local human ecology & a subsistence patterns. An attempt is made to consider (1) how some aspects of a generalized ecological approach to the study of subsistence patterns can be related to cannibalism, (2) suggestions as to what quantitative considerations the practice of cannibalism involves, as well as what kind of ecological data is necessary to research this question from an empirical point of view, & (3) to refer to several accounts of cannibalism as it occurs in New Guinea, & to outline the conclusion that the nutritional benefits or significance of the practice of cannibalism has to be viewed against the background of the behavior of these aborigines. The practice of cannibalism becomes interesting when one considers its historical persistence, its frequent occurrence & its labeling--by anthropologists--as a manifestation of bizarre behavior. The question of nutritional value of cannibalism is examined; this cannot properly be determined except in the context of the total subsistence economy & local human ecology. A format for the empirical investigation of food-getting & new ethnographic information about New Guinea cannibalism is presented. It is determined that this practice does have nutritional value for tropical peoples living at low-medium population densities & exploiting a diverse range of animal foods.

DRAGUNOW M
Adenosine receptor antagonism accounts for the seizure-prolonging effects of aminophylline.
Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1990 Aug; 36(4): 751-5
The mechanism of action of aminophylline in prolonging seizures was tested in amygdala-kindled rats. Aminophylline prolonged the afterdischarge duration of kindled seizures. This seizure-prolonging action of aminophylline was strongly antagonized by the adenosine A1 agonist cyclohexyladenosine and partially antagonized by the benzodiazepine partial agonist RO 15-1788. However, the specific benzodiazepine antagonist CGS 8216 did not affect the seizure-prolonging action of aminophylline. Also, the potent anticonvulsant effect of diazepam on kindled seizures, which was completely antagonized by CGS 8216, was unaffected by aminophylline. Furthermore, a range of benzodiazepine inverse agonists, GABA antagonists, phosphodiesterase inhibitors and xanthines did not prolong afterdischarge durations. These results demonstrate that the seizure-prolonging action of aminophylline is due to block of A1 adenosine receptors since it is prevented by adenosine A1 agonists.

DUNFORD, MARTIN; HOLLAND, JACK
Smoking.
THE REAL GUIDE - AMSTERDAM (The Guide for the '90s; Prentice Hall Travel
('SMOKING' COFFEE HOUSES) BASJOE: Kloveniersburgal 62. Dark and convivial coffee shop. BIBA: HAZANSTRAAT 15. iN A STREET OF COFFEE SHOPS, THIS IS ONE OF THE BEST. BON AMI: Brouwersgracht 137. Very loud music. THE BULLDOG: Leidseplein 13-17; O.Z. Voorburgwal 90; O.Z. Voorburgwal 132 Helkveld 7. The biggest and most famous of the coffee-shop chains, this has come a long way from its pokey Red Light district-dive origins. With a main branch housed in the former police station on glitzy Leidseplein (the 'Palace'), the Bulldog has now reached the height of - and commerical success. The dope they sell comes in neat little brand-labeled packets and the Leidsplein branch has a large cocktail bar, coffee shop, juice bar, souvenir shop, and a GVB ticket counter. EXTASE: Oude Hoogstraat 2. Part of a chain run by the initiator of the Hash Info Museum. Considerably less chichi than the big cheeses. FAIRY NUFF: 2e Laurierdwarstraat 1b. Small and quiet, with a low-key atmosphere. FANCY FREE, Martelaarsgracht 4; Haarlemmerstraat 64; Leliegracht 6. Slick plush, and commerical, very much in The Bulldog mold. GOA, Kloveniersburgwal 42. A member of the Extase chain (see above) GRAND PRIX, Reguliersdwarsstraat 29. Once part of the Prix d'Ami outfit, and little changed since. GRASSHOPPER, N.Z. Voorburgwal 59. One of the city's more welcoming 'smoking' coffee shops, though at times overwhelmed by tourists. HAUSSMANN, Singel 485; Zieseniskade 2. White, modernistic coffee shop with more than a hint of soulessness PIE IN THE SKY, 2e Laurierdwarsstraat 64. Beautiful canal-corner setting, great for outside summer lodging PRIX D'AMI, Haringpakkersteeg 3; Nieuwendijk 239. Super-entrepreneurial Amsterdam chain, but with little of the character of its rivals. ROMA, O.Z. Achterburgwal 162. Red Light district smoker, par of the Extase/Goa concern. RUSLAND, Rusland 16. One of the first Amsterdam coffee shops, and a cramped and vibrant place that's a favorite with both dope fans and tea addicts (43 different kinds). A little worse for the recent extension, but still a cut above the rest. SIBERIE, Brouwersgracht 11. Set up by the former staff of Rusland and notable for the way it has avoided the over-commercialization of the large chains. Very relaxed, very friendly, and worth a visit whether you want to smoke or not. SO FINE, Prinsengracht 30. Long-established, coffee shop, big on atmosphere at night with good food and music. a pool table, and a video room.

ELKIND AH
Drug abuse and headache.
Med Clin North Am. 1991 May; 75(3): 717-32
Substance abuse has been reported frequently in chronic headache patients. The problem exists in most Western countries. Abuse of various compounds frequently leads to a state of dependency. Prescription as well as over-the-counter agents are often abused. Aspirin, acetaminophen, and caffeine are the most frequently abused compounds. Butalbital, ergot alkaloids, NSAIDS, and narcotic and oral or intranasal sympathomimetics are often abused. Patients with chronic daily headache complain of symptoms that may suggest a mixed-type headache. Features of migraine and muscle contraction headache often coexist in these individuals. It has been suggested that the most frequent cause for the transformation of a periodic headache into a daily headache is substance abuse. Substance abuse and drug dependency have multiple causes, and the etiology will reside with the compounds that are used to excess. The problem may arise as a result of poor instructions from the physician, improper diagnosis with gradual escalation in amounts of drug consumed, or a reinforcement mechanism and a brain stimulation-reward effect. The brain reward system has been studied with narcotics and psychomotor stimulants. It may be activated to a lesser degree with ergotamine, barbiturates, and other abused substances. The long-term effects of substance abuse are contingent on the compounds that are used. They may result in organ damage, medical complications, vascular injury, and a refractory state with chronic headache that eludes successful management of the headache disorder. Patients exhibit a less-than-satisfactory quality of life and are often depressed. Treatment includes outpatient care in cooperative, less dependent patients. Often patients will require inpatient management in order to discontinue use of the abused agents. Pharmacologic agents, behavior modification, psychotherapy, dietary intervention, and acupuncture may be necessary to treat the patient. Each patient must be treated by an interested physician, and the patient will require one or more of the preceding measures for a successful outcome. Often abused compounds must be discontinued in order to obtain a satisfactory response in an individual with chronic headache.

Hofmann, Albert
LSD, my problem child
New York : McGraw-Hill, (1980) xiii, 209 p. ; 21 cm.
Translation of LSD, mein Sorgenkind. Translated by Jonathan Ott.
Keywords:
Lysergic acid diethylamide--History.
Psychobiology.
Mind and body.

KAMPHUES J; DROCHNER W
Mutterkorn in Futtermitteln--ein Beitrag zur Klarung moglicher mutterkornbedingter Schadensfalle. [Ergot in feed--the clarification of possible ergot-related infirmity cases]
Tierarztl Prax. 1991 Feb; 19(1): 1-7
Practicing veterinarians should realize that the symptoms of ergot intoxication may differ markedly. Gangrenous alterations (ears, feet, tail) as well as convulsive signs (excitability) are described as typical symptoms of ergotism. It is noteworthy that inadequate development of the udder and lactation failure may also be related to ergot contaminated diets. Ergot contamination of diets is caused by grain infection with Claviceps purpurea and sometimes by infection of grass and weed (in grain). The frequency of ergot contamination is high in rye, triticale and wheat and varies in relation to region, climatic conditions and kind of wheat. For diagnosis of ergot contamination a thorough visual inspection of the used diet is to be recommended. Due to the variation of ergots (infected grain, infected weed) it is difficult to determine the contamination in prepared feed mixtures. The anamnestic procedure, method of visual feed inspection as well as a chromatographic method for detection of ergot alkaloids in feed samples are described to facilitate the detection of possible ergot related cases.

KINO K; YAMASHITA A; YAMAOKA K; WATANABE J; TANAKA S; KO K; SIMIZU K; TSUNOO H
Isolation and Characterization of a New Immunomodulatory Protein, Ling Zhi-8 (LZ-8), from Ganoderma lucidium
The Journal of Biological Chemistry Vol 264, No 1 5-JAN-1989 pp 472-478 QP501.J7
Cultures -- G. lucidium mycelia were kindly provided by Dr. H. Terakawa and N. Kinjoh (Tokyo Medical and Dental University) after isolation of the mycelia from the fruit body. Three stages of culture were employed to grow G. lucidium mycelia for the isolation and purification of LZ-8. First, slant culture was performed in a culture medium consisting of 0.24g of potato dextrose broth and 0.1g of agar in 10ml of H2O, pH 5.7. The mycelia were inoculated onto the slant and cultured for 7 days at 28øC. In the second stage, the mycelia grown on the slant were transferred into 200ml of 2.4% potato dextrose broth, pH 5.7, contained in a 500-ml flask, and this suspension was shaken at 110 cpm at 28øC for 14 days. In the third stage, 20ml of mycelial suspension were inoculated into 200ml of the same culture medium as mentioned above and grown for a further 14 days at 28øC in 10 flasks with shaking. The wet weight of the mycelia obtained from 10 flasks after the last culture stage was 340g following collection of the mycelia by centrifugation at 13,000*g for 10 min at 4øC.

LEONARD, HENRIETTA L; RAPOPORT, JUDITH L
Relief of Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms by LSD and Psilocin.
American Journal of Psychiatry; Vol. 144(9) Sept 1987 p 1239-1240
An unusual case of a patient with both obsessive-compulsive disorder and multiple substance abuse provides strongly suggestive support for a role of the serotonin system in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Adam, a 17-year-old white high school senior, had severe obsessive-compulsive disorder that had begun at age 8. Since age 13, his mind had been so preoccupied by obsessive thoughts that he was unable to do any task spontaneously. All acts had to be done in a certain way and a certain number of times. He showered by lathering the soap 22 times. He was unable to walk down a corridor unless he tapped the correct amount of times on the wall and could not complete any school assignments because written alphabet letters had to end 'in a certain way going up.' He was acutely aware of the irrationality of these thoughts and rituals. Since the age of 14, Adam had extensively abused drugs; he had observed three different kinds of effects on his obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms from these substances: specific selective improvement, nonspecific improvement, and specific worstening. LSD (which he had used more than 100 times) made his obsessive thoughts slightly worse for an hour, followed by total remission for 4-5 hours. 'Mushroom' (psilocin) and mescaline, which he had used about 20 times each, also made the thoughts totally disappear. Cocaine (used more than 100 times) and amphetamine (used about 15 times) worstened the thoughts, so that he would spend hours touching the walls 22 times. In contrast to these selective changes, cannabis, phencyclidine, barbiturates, methaqualone, morphine, codeine, and alcohol did not change the frequency or the intensity of the obsessive thoughts but just 'made everything easier to bear'. The psychedelic drugs LSD, psilocin, and mescaline act on the serotonergic system, both pre- and postsynatptically, at several sites within the brain. Morphine, codeine, and possibly phencyclidine affect opiate receptors, and their effects are not thought to be primarily related to monoamine systems. Amphetamine and cocaine, which worsened the patient's thoughts, both release and block the uptake of catecholamines, resulting in a general stimulation of the CNS. Cannabis's mechanism of action is not known, but it does not act directly on monoamines. Barbiturates and alcohol, which are CNS depressants, affect both excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission, with complex CNS effects not tied directly to monoaminergic systems. The reports of this patient, who had no knowledge of biochemistry, are of great interest, as they are consistent with a serotonin hypothesis of obsessive-compulsive disorder. In addition to the well-documented efficacy of clomipramine in obsessive-compulsive disorder, augmentation of clomipramine by L-tryptophan and lithium has been reported. Furthermore, response to clomipramine has been correlated with higher pretreatment platelet serotonin concentration.

LEONARD, HENRIETTA L; RAPOPORT, JUDITH L
Relief of obsessive-compulsive symptoms by LSD and psilocin.
American Journal of Psychiatry; 1987 Sep Vol 144(9) 1239-1240
Presents the case report of a 17-yr-old patient with severe obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and multiple substance abuse. S had observed 3 different kinds of effects on his OCD symptoms from the substances used, including relief after using psychedelic drugs. The reports of this S are consistent with a serotonin hypothesis on OCD.

LITTLE PJ; MARTIN BR
The effects of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol and other cannabinoids on cAMP accumulation in synaptosomes.
Life Sci. 1991; 48(12): 1133-41
The effects of delta 9-THC and other cannabinoids on cAMP levels in synaptosomes from mouse brains were investigated in order to determine whether cannabinoids produced their behavioral effects through alterations in adenylate cyclase. delta 9-THC (0.01-10 microM) did not significantly alter basal cAMP levels, whereas delta 9-THC and other cannabinoids were able to alter forskolin-stimulated cAMP levels in synaptosomes. In general, three kinds of responses were observed. Some cannabinoids displayed a modest, concentration-dependent decrease in cAMP levels, producing significant inhibition between 1-10 microM. Other cannabinoids, including delta 9-THC and delta 8-THC, appeared to produce a biphasic effect in that inhibition of cAMP was observed only at a single concentration. Finally, some analogs were unable to significantly alter forskolin-stimulated cAMP. There was not a clear relationship between the ability of the cannabinoids to alter cAMP levels in synaptosomes and the behavioral effects observed in mice. However, it was demonstrated that the analogs which are the most potent in producing cannabimimetic effects in mice were the analogs which inhibited cAMP in a concentration-dependent manner. While cannabinoids were able to alter cAMP levels in synaptosomes, the ability to alter cAMP levels does not appear to be absolutely necessary for the production of cannabinoid effects in mice.

LOSCHER W; HONACK D
Anticonvulsant and behavioral effects of two novel competitive N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor antagonists, CGP 37849 and CGP 39551, in the kindling model of epilepsy. Comparison with MK-801 and carbamazepine.
J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1991 Feb; 256(2): 432-40
The orally active competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists CGP 37849 (DL-[E]-2-amino-4-methyl-5-phosphono-3-pentenoic acid) and its ethyl ester CGP 39551 were evaluated in amygdala-kindled rats, a model for complex partial and secondarily generalized seizures. Anticonvulsant and behavioral effects of these novel compounds were compared with those of the noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 [(+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydroxy-5H-dibenzo(a,d)cyclohepten-5,10-imin e] and the antiepileptic drug carbamazepine, one of the major drugs for treatment of partial and generalized seizures in humans. For comparative evaluation, the compounds were injected i.p. at the following doses: 1 to 10 mg/kg (CGP 37849 or CGP 39551), 0.05 to 0.3 mg/kg (MK-801) and 20 to 40 mg/kg (carbamazepine), respectively. In contrast to carbamazepine, CGP 37849, CGP 39551 and MK-801 exerted only weak anticonvulsant effects in fully kindled rats and did not increase the focal seizure threshold. The weak anticonvulsant effects of the NMDA receptor antagonists in kindled rats were associated with profound untoward behavioral effects. The behavioral syndrome induced by the NMDA receptor antagonists in kindled rats was characterized by marked ataxia, hyperactivity and, in case of CGP 37849 and MK-801, stereotypies, such as head weaving. The low or absent effectiveness of the novel NMDA receptor antagonists against kindled seizures suggests that these compounds will not be clinically useful antiepileptics against partial and secondarily generalized seizures. Furthermore, in view of the recent clinical findings on psychotomimetic effects of MK-801 in epileptic patients, the similarities in the excitatory effects produced by CGP 39551, CGP 37849 and MK-801 in kindled rats may indicate that competitive NMDA receptor antagonists may also produce psychotomimetic effects in humans.

Loscher, Wolfgang; Honack, Dagmar
Anticonvulsant and behavioral effects of two novel competitive N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor antagonists, CGP 37849 and CGP 39551, in the kindling model of epilepsy: Comparison with MK-801 and carbamazepine.
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics; 1991 Feb Vol 256(2) 432-440
Evaluated the N-methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists CGP 37849 and its ethyl ester CGP 39551 in amygdala-kindled female rats. Anticonvulsant and behavioral effects of these novel compounds were compared with those of the noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 and carbamazepine. In contrast to carbamazepine, CGP 37849, CGP 39551, and MK-801 exerted only weak anticonvulsant effects in fully kindled Ss and did not increase the focal seizure threshold. The weak anticonvulsant effects of the NMDA receptor antagonists in kindled Ss were associated with profound untoward behavioral effects. Findings suggest that these compounds would not be clinically useful against partial and secondary generalized seizures. These compounds also produce a behavioral syndrome with phencyclidine-like effects.

Loscher, Wolfgang; Honack, Dagmar
The novel competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist CGP 37849 preferentially induces phencyclidine-like behaviors in kindled rats: Attenuation by manipulation of dopamine, alpha -1 and serotonin-sub(1A ) receptors.
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics; 1991 Jun Vol 257(3) 1146-1153
The novel competitive N-methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist dl -(E)-2-amino-4-methyl-5-phosphono-3-pentenoic acid (CGP 37849) produced a phencyclidine (PCP)-like behavioral syndrome (ataxia, locomotion, stereotypies) in amygdala-kindled female rats. Amphetamine-like behavioral alterations of the syndrome (locomotion, stereotypies) were infrequent in nonkindled rats. In dose-response experiments, behavioral scores determined after CGP 37849 were compared with those determined after ip administration of the noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist dizocilpine maleate (MK-801). Behavioral effects produced by CGP 37849 in kindled Ss were indistinguishable from PCP-like behavioral effects induced by MK-801. Kindling appears to induce a hypersensitivity to PCP-like behavioral effects of competitive and noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonists. Increased function of NMDA receptors has been described also in human epileptic tissue.

Lyford, Gregory L; Jarrard, Leonard E
Effects of the competitive NMDA antagonist CPP on performance of a place and cue radial maze task.
Psychobiology; 1991 Jun Vol 19(2) 157-160
Trained 20 male rats to run on a radial maze with a procedure that involved 2 types of learning (place and cue) and 2 memory functions (working and reference memory). After performance had stabilized, Ss were administered injections of saline, as well as the competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist CPP (4, 8, and 16 mg/kg). Choice accuracy on both tasks was significantly impaired by 8 and 16 mg/kg of CPP, whereas running times were significantly slowed only with 16 mg/kg. Results are different from the selective impairment on the place task following disruptive lesions of and kindling within the hippocampus. Care should be taken in attributing changes in behavior following injections of NMDA antagonists to selective effects on the hippocampus.

Marek, Przemyslaw; Ben Eliyahu, Shamgar; Vaccarino, Anthony L; Liebeskind, John
Delayed application of MK-801 attenuates development of morphine tolerance in rats.
Brain Research; 1991 Aug Vol 558(1) 163-165
Investigated the possible involvement of enduring or delayed changes at the N -methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) receptor in the mechanisms of morphine (MOR) tolerance. 40 male rats were treated with the NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 2 hrs after MOR injection during a 4-day induction period of tolerance. On the 5th day, Ss were injected only with MOR, and analgesia was assessed using the hot-plate test. MOR tolerance was significantly reduced by MK-801. Thus, long-lasting or delayed changes at the NMDA receptor seem to underlie the development of MOR tolerance. Moreover, findings indicate that the attenuating effect of MK-801 on the development of MOR tolerance was not attributable to state-dependent learning.

Marek, Przemyslaw; Page, Gayle G; Ben Eliyahu, Shamgar; Liebeskind, John C
N -methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor antagonist MK-801 blocks non-opioid stress-induced analgesia: I. Comparison of opiate receptor-deficient and opiate receptor-rich strains of mice.
Brain Research; 1991 Jun Vol 551(1-2) 293-296
Studied the effects of the NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 and the specific opiate receptor antagonist naloxone on swim stress-induced analgesia (SSIA) in 7-8 wk old male opiate receptor-deficient (CXBK) and opiate receptor-rich (CXBH) mice. Analgesia was assessed after forced swimming using the hotplate test. In CXBK Ss, SSIA was blocked by MK-801 but was completely insensitive to naloxone. In CXBH Ss, SSIA was partially attenuated by naloxone and MK-801, and was nearly abolished by a combination of these drugs. Morphine analgesia was abolished by naloxone but completely unaffected by MK-801 in CXBH Ss. The NMDA receptor appears to be critically involved in the nonopioid component of SSIA.

MASSELE, A.Y.; LUKINDO, G.I.S.; FULGENCE, J.
The pharmacological actions of a crude aqueous extract of khat (MIRAA) on rabbit's duodenum and heart in vitro
Tanzania Medical Journal, v 7(1) pp. 24-26 ( 1992),
Narcotics / Gastrointestinal system / / Cardiovascular system
In this study a crude aqueous extract from fresh leaves and twigs of khat (Miraa) was investigated for its effects in vitro on rabbit's doudenum and perfused heart preparation. There was a significant reduction in spontaneous contraction of the duodenum in the presence of increasing doses of khat extracts. On the rabbit's heart, khat caused an inhibition of spontaneous contractions. It is therefore suggested that chronic habitual abuse of khat may predispose to gastrointestinal and cardiovascular problems in human subjects. . African Index Medicus

MICHAUX H
La Psilocybine. (Experiences et autocritique.) (Psilocybin. Experiences and self-criticism).)
Les Lettres nouv. (Paris) 7:1 (1959)
The author, not a doctor but a well-known writer, tells of 2 personal observations on Psilocybin intoxication. The first experiment with 10 mg. Psilocybin orally was performed in the presence of doctors from the delay group. It was especially remarkable because of the sequence of optical hallucinations, disturbances of body image and finally feeling of depersonalization. During the second experiment with 4 mg. orally, the author isolated himself voluntarily and made an effort to put his experiences in writing. Besides the well-known visions he emphasizes the feeling of deep tranquillity, the lack of interest in any activity which comes into play especially in the kind of experiments in which the subjects are not exposed to the manifold quesitons put by medical observers. In this second experiment, the following fact is also worth mentioning. A medical friend stayed in the adjoining room ready to intervene if any undesirable situation developed. In a conversation with the author, he tried to determine the appearance of forgotten memories and to examine his ability to make contact. Carried away by this game of questions and answers finally he revealed childhood memories.

MORENO, STEVE
[Parenting Information: Drugs. Informacion Para los Padres: Sobre las Drojas.]
American Mental Health Counselors Association Journal; v2 n1 p38-45 Jan 1980
These two booklets provide basic information about drugs and drug abuse and are part of a series of 22 booklets, designed specifically to help parents understand their children and help them to learn. 'Let's Talk about Drug Abuse,' (booklet #18), reviews foreign substances or drugs young people are often exposed to (i.e., tobacco, alcohol, hallucinogens, PCP, and cocaine) and describes how their usage can affect one's future. 'Parents--Learn about Drugs' (booklet #5), specifies the various kinds of drugs (i.e., glue, pills, marijuana, LSD, and heroin) and pinpoints their potential damage to the body and to the mind. The booklets are written with the same text in both English and Spanish, are easy to read, and include illustrations. (MP)

Morris, R G; Halliwell, R F; Bowery, N
Synaptic plasticity and learning: II. Do different kinds of plasticity underlie different kinds of learning? Special Issue: Memory.
Neuropsychologia; 1989 Vol 27(1) 41-59
Discusses 2 types of synaptic plasticity: activity-dependent modulation of presynaptic facilitation (Kandel synapses) and N -methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) receptor triggered alterations in excitatory amino acid transmission (Hebb synapses). Three experiments in which rats received intrahippocampal microinfusion of the NMDA-receptor antagonist d,l -AP5 show that blockade of hippocampal NMDA receptors, under conditions that leave baseline synaptic transmission unaffected, blocked learning that has been linked to the vertebrate hippocampus. Results support the proposal made by T. W. Abrams and E. R. Kandel (see PA, Vol 76:3900) that there may be several logically distinct forms of synaptic plasticity.

Racine, R J; Moore, K A; Wicks, S
Activation of the NMDA receptor: A correlate in the dentate gyrus field potential and its relationship to long-term potentiation and kindling.
Brain Research; 1991 Aug Vol 556(2) 226-239
Conducted 3 experiments with male rats to examine, in chronic preparations, the characteristics of a component unique to the train-evoked response. Stimulation trains (which produce long-term potentiation (LTP)) evoked population excitatory postsynaptic potentials and population spikes in the dentate gyrus that were nearly identical to those evoked by single pulses of comparable intensity. The gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) agonists diazepam and sodium pentobarbital had no significant effect on this component, but the N -methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) antagonists ketamine and MK-801 both depressed it by over 30%. The late component did not appear to be affected by the induction of LTP and was either not affected or was depressed following the completion of kindling. The presence of an NMDA component in the field potential of the chronic preparation allows the monitoring of the levels of NMDA activation over prolonged periods.

ROBBINS, THOMAS; ANTHONY, DICK
Getting Straight with Meher Baba: A Study of Mysticism, Drug Rehabilitation and Postadolescent Role Conflict
Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion; 1972, 11, 2, Jun, 122-140.
There is a growing segregation of adult instrumental roles from the kind of expressive relationships associated with familial settings. Many modern adolescents therefore rebel at the prospect of participating in conventional adult occup's. A frequent reaction in recent yrs has been to drop out of career roles & to cultivate expressive, 'loving' life-styles in 'street scenes' & communes. But the hippie counterculture has generated problems of its own. In the early days of the movement it was widely believed that drug use would usher in a new era of spontaneity & universal affection, but many soon realized that drug use involved them in roles that contradicted the love ethic. Moreover, many soon found themselves ill at ease in a milieu so radically at odds with the traditional work ethic. By joining the Meher Baba cult, the S's of this study rejected the counter culture in favor of a different way of fulfilling the need for postadolescent expressive relationships. The Maher Baba cult, which opposes drug use, legitimates expressive relationships by deriving them from converts' perceived affective relationships with Meher Baba, who is seen as the personification of the latent identity of all persons & as quintessentially 'loving.' His immanence universalizes & thus legitimates loving relationships not only among Baba Lovers, but among everyone. By enjoining 'soc service,' Baba deprives the drop-out life-style of legitimacy, endows work with expressive meaning, & facilitates his followers' reassimilation into conventional work roles.

SCHULTES, RICHARD EVANS; HOFMANN A
Caapi-pinima
Plants of The Gods: Origins of hallucinogenic use. (1979) p 66
COMMON NAME: Caapi-Pinima. BOTANICAL NAME: Tetrapteris methystica R. E. Schult.; T. mucronata Cav. USAGE HISTORY AND ETHNOGRAPHY: Caapi-pinima is employed by the nomadic Maku' Indians of the Rio Tikie' in the northwestern Amazon of Brazil. They call it Caapi, the same as Banisteriopsis. Several writers have mentioned 'more than one kind' of Caapi in the Rio Vaupe's area of Brazil and adjacent Colombia. USAGE CONTEXT AND PURPOSE: Hallucinogenic intoxication. PREPARATION: A drink is prepared from the bark of T. methystica in cold water. The infusion is yellowish, unlike the brownish color of the beverage prepared from Banisteriopsis. CHEMICAL COMPONENTS AND EFFECTS: It has not been possible as yet to carry out chemical examination of T. methystica, but reports of the effects of the drug would suggest that the same or similar beta-carboline alkaloids are present as in Banisteriopsis.

SCHULTES, RICHARD EVANS; HOFMANN A
Caapi-pinima
Plants of The Gods: Origins of hallucinogenic use. (1979) p 66
COMMON NAME: Caapi-Pinima. BOTANICAL NAME: Tetrapteris methystica R. E. Schult.; T. mucronata Cav. USAGE HISTORY AND ETHNOGRAPHY: Caapi-pinima is employed by the nomadic Maku' Indians of the Rio Tikie' in the northwestern Amazon of Brazil. They call it Caapi, the same as Banisteriopsis. Several writers have mentioned 'more than one kind' of Caapi in the Rio Vaupe's area of Brazil and adjacent Colombia. USAGE CONTEXT AND PURPOSE: Hallucinogenic intoxication. PREPARATION: A drink is prepared from the bark of T. methystica in cold water. The infusion is yellowish, unlike the brownish color of the beverage prepared from Banisteriopsis. CHEMICAL COMPONENTS AND EFFECTS: It has not been possible as yet to carry out chemical examination of T. methystica, but reports of the effects of the drug would suggest that the same or similar beta-carboline alkaloids are present as in Banisteriopsis.

STROMBERG, VERNER L
The Isolation of Bufotenine from Pipatdenia peregrina.
Journal of the American Chemical Society; Vol 76 pg 1707 (20-Mar-1954)
The inhalation of a narcotic snuff by the natives of Haiti was a common practice at the time of the discovery of the West Indies. This snuff, called cohoba, was used by the necromancers or priests in their ceremonies and was supposed to enable them to communicate with unseen powers. The ceremonial use of cohoba was described as early as 1496 by Ramon Pane who was with Columbus on his second voyage, but in later years cohoba was confused with tobacco. The chemistry of this snuff has never been studied although the leguminous shrub Piptadenia peregrina is now known to be its source. [1] In the present work there was isolated from the seeds of this plant a crystalline organic base, m.p. 146-147ø, with empirical formula C12H16N2O in 0.94% yield. The ultraviolet absorption spectrum in 0.1 N hydrochloric acid showed a maximum at 295 mæ, a shoulder with a second maximum at 247 mæ. In 0.1 N sodium hydroxide the absorption spectrum shows a shift of the second maximum to 322 mæ. This shift is similar to that observed for the vasoconstrictor 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin). [2] A methiodide, picrate, oxalate and m-nitrobenzoate were prepared. The melting points were in good agreement with the literature values for bufotenine. ... The infrared absorption spectrum of the picrate was identical to that of a picrate of a synthetic sample kindly supplied by Dr. M. E. Speeter of the Upjohn Company. The seeds of Piptadenia peregrina evidently comstitute an excellent source of bufotenine. The leaves and branches do not give an alkaloid test with Meyer's or silicotungstic acid reagents. The seed pods give only a slight positive test.

Swinyard EA; White HS; Wolf HH; Bondinell WE
Anticonvulsant profiles of the potent and orally active GABA uptake inhibitors SK&F 89976-A and SK&F 100330-A and four prototype antiepileptic drugs in mice and rats.
Epilepsia; 1991 Jul-Aug; 32(4); P 569-77
The anticonvulsant profiles of two potent and orally active gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) uptake inhibitors, 1-(4,4-diphenyl-3-butenyl)-3-piperidine-carboxylic acid hydrochloride (SK&F 89976-A) and 1-(4,4-diphenyl-3-butenyl)-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-3-pyridine-carboxylic acid hydrochloride (SK&F 100330-A), were determined with a battery of well-standardized tests in mice and rats and compared with the profiles of phenytoin (PHT), carbamazepine (CBZ), valproate (VPA) and clonazepam (CZP) when subjected to the same tests. ED50 values were calculated and compared with TD50 values for minimal motor impairment to provide protective indexes (PI = TD50/ED50). The anticonvulsant profiles of SK&F 89976-A and SK&F 100330-A were similar and suggest that these compounds raise the threshold for seizure initiation rather than inhibit seizure spread. Like intraperitoneal (i.p.) PHT, CBZ, VPA, and CZP, SK&F 89976-A and SK&F 100330-A inhibited seizures in corneally kindled rats. The profiles of SK&F 89976-A and SK&F 100330-A were most similar to that of CZP and virtually opposite to that of PHT. Intraperitoneal SK&F 100330-A provided complete protection against pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures [subcutaneous (s.c.) PTZ] in mice but was ineffective against seizures induced by maximal electroshock (MES) at doses slightly greater than its TD50. SK&F 100330-A provided complete protection against picrotoxin-induced seizures (s.c. Pic) and against both clonus and forelimb tonic extension induced by NMDA N-methyl-D-aspartate [intracerebral ventricular (i.c.v.)-NMDA] in mice; however, SK&F 100330-A was ineffective against seizures induced by bicuculline (s.c. Bic) and strychnine (s.c. Strych) at doses slightly greater than its TD50. SK&F 89976-A was similar but provided partial protection against NMDA-induced clonus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

The Use of Some Specific Kinds of South American Indian Snuff and Related Paraphernalia. S. Henry Wassen. Goteborg, Sweden. 1965.

TRUZZI, MARCELLO
Nouveau Witches
Humanist; 1974, 34, 5, Sept-Oct, 13-15.
Support is given to the distinction between the 'magical technology' of witchcraft & 'witchcraft as religion.' Increasing popular interest in witchcraft as magical technology (eg, astrology), is catered to through the writings of various 'religious believers in witchcraft.' The existence of both 'good' witches (pagan worshipers) & 'evil' witches (Satan worshipers) compounds the confusion. While many well-known witches are solitary practitioners, group-affiliated witches also exist, usually organizing in covens of up to thirteen members. Rituals practiced among different groups may be extremely diverse. Satanist groups are usually drug- or sex-oriented & Satanism takes a secondary role in these stereotypic groups. The more 'classical' Satanism, whose followers number very few in the United States today, is a kind of religious heresy. One such group, the Church of Satan, rejects the supernatural & practices materialism & hedonism. While white witchcraft thrives during times of economic depression as an escape, black witchcraft has had continued growth in the Church of Satan for many years.

von Eckartsberg, Rolf.
A Kind of Harmonious and Convincing Equilibrium.
In Metzner 1968. (1968)

WALTER H. CLARK & RALPH METZNER: SIDE A: Chemical Ecstasy SIDE B: Entheogens and Psychospiritual Transformation From the 1983 Psychedelics Conference in Santa Barbara, the second of its kind.
(1)Audio-A21-83,

• (1) Kits designed for use or marketed for use in planting, propagating, cultivating, growing, or harvesting of any species of plant which is a controlled substance or from which a controlled substance can be derived.
• (2) Kits designed for use or marketed for use in manufacturing, compounding, converting, producing, processing, or preparing controlled substances.
• ...
• (4) Testing equipment designed for use or marketed for use in identifying, or in analyzing the strength, effectiveness, or purity of controlled substances.
• (5) Scales and balances designed for use or marketed for use in weighing or measuring controlled substances.
• (6) Containers and other objects designed for use or marketed for use in storing or concealing controlled substances.
• ...