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BARIS YI; TAN E; KALYONCU F; ARTVINLI M; SAHIN AA
Digital clubbing in hashish addicts [letter]
Chest. 1990 Dec; 98(6): 1545-6
[NO ABSTRACT]
BOGUSZ M
Anmerkungen zu: 'Tetrahydrocannabinole im Haar von Haschischrauchern' S.Balabanova et al. und zu der Antwort Dr. Balabanova auf die Bemerkungen von H. Kaferstein und G. Sticht. [Comments on: 'Tetrahydrocannabinols in hair of hashish smokers', S. Balabanova
Z Rechtsmed. 1990; 103(8): 621-2
[NO ABSTRACT] THC and hair analysis
CHUNKO, JOHN A
LSD now: 1973.
Journal of Drug Education; 1973 Win Vol. 3(4) 339-351
Conducted a questionnaire survey of 1,221 undergraduates and 1,279 7-12th graders concerning their reasons for and frequency of use of hallucinogenic drugs (e.g., LSD, mescaline, and psilocybin). Ss were from 16 widely separated and culturally distinct states and specific poll sites ranged from lightly urban to densely metropolitan settings. Results show that 5.4% of the Ss had used LSD and other hallucinogenic drugs (excluding marihuana and hashish), of whom more than half were current users. The highest frequency of use was among undergraduates, with 7.0% of all undergraduates polled having used these drugs. 75.5% of current users used the drugs 3-5 times/mo, and 93.4% of the current users generally enjoyed the experience. 97.3% of the current users felt that the experience had influenced their outlook on life, and 50.3% reported that use caused a predominantly religious or mystical experience. Implications for drug abuse prevention are discussed.
CULVER, CHARLES M; KING, FRANCIS W
Neuropsychological assessment of undergraduate marihuana and LSD users.
Archives of General Psychiatry; 1974 Nov Vol 31(5) 707-711
Administered an extended battery of neuropsychological tests to 3 groups of 42 college seniors (LSD/mescaline users; marihuana/hashish users; and controls) who were matched on predrug usage intellectual and personality dimensions. The study was replicated 1 yr later. In the combined-years' analyses, the 3 groups showed statistically significant differences only on the Trail Making Test: LSD/mescaline users performed within normal limits but significantly worse than either of the other 2 groups. Since the 3 groups also differed significantly in the extent of their alcohol usage, a covariance analysis was carried out that indicated that this variable did not account for the LSD/mescaline group's performance on the Trail Making Test.
DELAY J, PICHOT P, LEMPERIERE T, NICOLAS-CHARLES P
Effets psycho-physiologiques de la Psilocybine. (Psycho-physiological effects of Psilocybin.)
Compt.rend.Acad.sc. Paris; 247:1235 (1958)
10 mg doses of Psilocybin were given orally or sublingually to 4 normal subjects and 14 patients with various mental diseases, including schizophrenia. Psilocybin caused hallucinations and dream-like states, recall of affective memories and changes of mood. These effects varied from case to case. Thus, Psilocybin is not a psychotropic agent but, like hashish, mescaline and LSD, belongs to the group of substances for which the authors suggest the name 'psychodysleptics'. The somatic effects of Psilocybin will be reported later.
DEMBO R; WILLIAMS L; LA VOIE L; GETREU A; BERRY E; GENUNG L; SCHMEIDLER J; WISH
A longitudinal study of the relationships among alcohol use, marijuana/hashish use, cocaine use, and emotional/psychological functioning problems in a cohort of high-risk youths.
Int J Addict. 1990 Nov; 25(11): 1341-82
There is increasing recognition that children involved in the justice system often have serious, multiple problems in the areas of physical abuse, sexual exploitation, and alcohol/other drug use (ADM). Using data collected in a longitudinal study of detained juveniles, we test a model of the relationships of these problems. Significant over-time interrelationships are found among these problems. Research and policy implications of these important findings are drawn.
DEMBO R; WILLIAMS L; WISH ED; BERRY E; GETREU A; WASHBURN M; SCHMEIDLER J
Examination of the relationships among drug use, emotional/psychological problems, and crime among youths entering a juvenile detention center.
Int J Addict. 1990 Nov; 25(11): 1301-40
Urine testing and confidential interviews of youths entering a juvenile detention center in a southeastern city produced some striking results in regard to their drug use, delinquent behavior, and emotional/psychological problems. Recent users of marijuana/hashish and cocaine had higher rates of referral to juvenile court for property and drug offenses than nonusers. The results suggest that interviewing and urine testing of youthful detainees for drug use at the point of entry into secure detention is a promising method for screening youngsters with histories of delinquent behavior. Implications of these findings are drawn.
DRAKULIC, SLOBODAN
DRUG ADDICTION IN YOUNG PEOPLE; NARKOMANIJE MLADIH
Revija za Sociologiju; 1973, 3, 3-4, 109-113.
IN 1967 & 1968, DRUG ADDICTION GAINED NEW ADHERENTS IN YUGOSLAVIA. NO EXACT STATISTICS ON THE NUMBER OF YOUNG PEOPLE ADDICTED IN YUGOSLAVIA EXIST. IN ANALYZING THE ROOTS OF THE PROBLEM, United States LITERATURE IS HELPFUL, BUT NOT EXACTLY APPLICABLE TO YUGOSLAV CONDITIONS; THERE ARE SIMILARITIES & ALSO GREAT SOCIAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE 2 COUNTRIES. A DRAWBACK OF EXISTING YUGOSLAV LITERATURE IS THAT IT IS AUTHORED BY MD'S, PSYCHOLOGISTS & PSYCHIATRISTS, & IT IS LOADED WITH 'NEVER AGAIN' CONFESSIONS WHICH DO NOT GIVE A CLEAR PICTURE OF THE CAUSES OF THE PHENOMENON. THE APPROACH TO THE PROBLEM IS GENERALLY CLINICAL. A SURVEY OF YOUNG DRUG ADDICTS IN ZAGREB WAS UNDERTAKEN, FACILITATED BY PERSONAL ACQUAINTANCE WITH THE INTERVIEWEES BY THE RESEARCHER. YUGOSLAV YOUTH TAKE LSD, HASHISH, & MARIJUANA & MESKALINE IN MUCH SMALLER MEASURE. THE DRUGS USED ARE NOT ADDICTIVE; THE STATEMENTS OF SELF-PROCLAIMED EXPERTS TO THE CONTRARY ARE NOT BASED ON RESEARCH DATA. DRUG ADDICTION AMONG YUGOSLAV YOUTH IS MARKED BY RELIANCE ON DRUGS OF THE NONADDICTIVE TYPE. THE REASONS GIVEN FOR THE ENJOYMENT OF DRUGS VARIED FROM PLEASURE, TO CONSCIOUSNESS EXPANSION, & PEER GROUP PRESSURE. S. KARGANOVIC
FISCHLER, MICHAEL L
Drug usage in rural, small town New England.
Journal of Altered States of Consciousness; 1975-76 Vol 2(2) 171-183
Junior high school, senior high school, and undergraduate college students from a rural area in New England completed a questionnaire on drug use. Results show that only 38% of the males and 33% of the females had used LSD, hashish, marihuana, barbiturates, heroin, amphetamines, cocaine, mescaline, or glue. The extent and specific sociopsychological correlates of drug usage, and significant differences in drug usage among students, were analyzed and are discussed.
GARFIELD, MARK D; GARFIELD, EMILY F
A longitudinal study of drugs on a campus
International Journal of the Addictions; 1973 Vol. 8(4) 599-611
Compared results of a follow-up survey (1971) of drug use among 100 undergraduates at a suburban residential university on the West Coast with the results of 2 previous studies done in 1969 and 1970. Ss completed a 49-item questionnaire designed to distinguish between various drugs used most often (e.g., alcohol, marihuana, hashish, and LSD). Results show that (a) marihuana use has leveled off at approximately 69%, (b) a previous correlation between marihuana use and seniority was not obtained, (c) there were approximately 2 times as many female marihuana users as male (76 vs 36%), (d) there were no increases in hashish use, (e) there was a 5% increase in LSD use (12 vs 7% in 1969), (f) reported mescaline use is 9% higher than LSD use (28 vs 19%, although this suggests that Ss are aware of pharmacological differences between the drugs), (g) wine is the most frequently used form of alcohol, and (h) alcohol consumption increases with seniority. It is suggested that similar patterns of drug use are occurring at other colleges and universities.
GOULD, LEROY C; ET AL
Sequential patterns of multiple-drug use among high school students.
Archives of General Psychiatry; 1977 Feb Vol 34(2) 216-222
Only recently have multiple-drug use studies involving more than heroin and marihuana begun to be reported in the literature. Four of these studies have found evidence that multiple-drug use is a progressive phenomenon, although the particular pattern of multiple-drug use reported in different populations varies somewhat. The present study examined the patterns of multiple-drug use reported by a random sample of 1,094 high school students living in greater New Haven, Connecticut, in the 1972-1973 academic year. Scalogram analysis revealed a progressive relationship for 9 drugs: alcohol, marihuana, hashish, barbiturates, amphetamines, LSD, mescaline, cocaine, and heroin. Cigarettes and glue were not found to play a part in this pattern. The temporal order in which Ss reported that they had begun using each drug supports the results of scalogram analysis only in part.
GRUNER, LEROY
Heroin, Hashish, and Hallelujah: The Search for Meaning
Review of Religious Research; 1984, 26, 2, Dec, 176-186.
Examined is the concept of meaning, or purpose, in life as an operating variable in a religiously oriented drug rehabilitation program (Teen Challenge [TC]). Findings are based on research conducted during the summer of 1975 in India, Holland, Germany, France, Guam, & Hawaii. Subjects (total number of cases = 128 TC resident participants) perceived increased meaning or purpose in life as they progressed through this 3-phase, 1-year program. In all countries studied, this variable was low in social status at the inception of the program, but increased significantly throughout the year until it reached a high level in the third & final phase.
Hashish: True Adventures of a Red Sea Smuggler in the Twenties. Henry de Monfreid. Penguin Books. 1985 reprint. paperback. 218 pages. $5.95. [box 5m]
HOROWITZ, JOSEPH L; SEDLACEK, WILLIAM E
University student attitudes and behavior toward drugs.
Journal of College Student Personnel; 1973 May Vol. 14(3) 236-237
Anonymously polled 2,141 undergraduates about their drug use and behavior. 47% used marihuana and 1% used heroin. Men tended to use all drugs more than women. Residence was significant in the frequency of marihuana use, while class, sex, and the Residence * Sex * Class interaction were not. Commuters who did not live with a relative used marihuana most frequently, followed by students in residence halls, fraternities or sororities, and commuters living with a relative. The belief that the university should not turn in students selling drugs was a predictor of use of marihuana, hashish, amphetamines, LSD, and cocaine, and interest in attending a drug education program was predictive of the use of LSD, cocaine, heroin, and dimethyltryptamine. Ss took a harder line on drugs other than marihuana and a harder line on selling than on using. A factor analysis indicated that turning in others, drug use, and drug services accounted for 100% of the common variance.
JOHNSTON, LLOYD D; AND OTHERS
Drug Use among American High School Students, College Students, and Other Young Adults. National Trends Through 1985.
Journal of Chemical Education; v62 n4 p328-31 Apr 1985
Drug use and related attitudes of U.S. high school seniors from the graduating classes of 1975-1985 and young adults in their late teens and early- to mid-twenties were studied, as part of an ongoing research project. Eleven classes of drugs were assessed: marijuana (including hashish), inhalants, hallucinogens, cocaine, heroin, other natural and synthetic opiates, stimulants (amphetamines), sedatives, tranquilizers, alcohol, and cigarettes. Several subclasses of drugs were also covered: PCP and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), amyl and butyl nitrites, and barbiturates and methaqualone. Attention was focused on drug use at the higher frequency levels rather than whether respondents had ever used various drugs. Of concern were: age of first use; the seniors' own attitudes and beliefs; and the attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors of others in the seniors' social environment, including perceived drug availability. The use of non-prescription stimulants, including diet pills, stay-awake pills, and pseudo-amphetamines were also reported, along with cocaine use among young people. Findings include sex differences in drug use, differences related to college plans, regional differences, and differences related to population density. The implications of findings for prevention efforts were addressed. (SW)
JOHNSTON, LLOYD D; AND OTHERS
Use of Licit and Illicit Drugs by America's High School Students, 1975-1984.
Journal of Chemical Education; v62 n4 p328-31 Apr 1985
Two of the major topics treated in this report are the current prevalence of drug use among American high school seniors, and trends in use since 1975. Also reported are data on school grade of first use, trends in use at earlier grade levels, intensity of drug use, attitudes and beliefs among seniors concerning various types of drug use, and their perceptions of certain relevant aspects of the social environment. The eleven separate classes of drugs distinguished are marijuana (including hashish), inhalants, hallucinogens, cocaine, heroin, natural and synthetic opiates other than heroin, stimulants, sedatives, tranquilizers, alcohol, and cigarettes. Separate statistics are also presented here for several sub-classes of drugs: PCP and LSD, barbiturates and methaqualone, and amyl and butyl nitrites. Occasions of medically supervised use of the psychotherapeutic drugs were excluded. Attention was focused on high frequency levels of drug use and an indirect measure of dosage per occasion was introduced to differentiate levels of drug use. The 'Other Findings' section includes data on the use of non-prescription stimulants, daily marijuana use, effects of post high school environments and role transitions on drug use, and the issue of distinguishing maturational change from period effects and class cohort differences. Findings are supported by numerous tables. (Author/MCK)
LANGER, JOHN
'Dealing' Culture: The Rationalization of the 'Hang-Loose' Ethic
Australian and New Zealand Journal of Sociology; 1976, 12, 2, Jun, 82-90.
The individual engaged in the distribution of psychedelic drugs on a regular basis is usually described as a `dealer'. Focus is on dealers at the middle level of the drug distribution hierarchy in an attempt to discuss the apparent changes in selling psychedelics, particularly marijuana & hashish, over the past 10 years. Weber's thesis on rationalization is used to examine the emergence of a coherent set of understandings that drug sellers share in common & employ to manage & evaluate their practical entrepreneurial affairs, & locate their identity within the drug scene. This `dealing culture' was found to contain a number of significant properties including a complex of techniques required to operate a successful business, criteria for judging professional conduct, a self-consciously paranoid world-view & an ideology created to maintain the moral validity of the dealer's work.
LUCCHINI, RICCARDO
Law and Drug Dependence: The Case of Switzerland: The Application of Federal Law to Narcotics; Loi et toxicodependance: le cas de la Suisse. L'Application de la loi federale sur les stupefiants
Revue francaise des affaires sociales; 1983, 37, 3, July-Sept, 145-164.
Switzerland, like every other nation, has laws regulating the production, distribution, & consumption of narcotics. The latest major revision of these laws was adopted in 1975. The illegal consumption of drugs is perceived by the government as a type of deviant behavior that the society may punish by stigmatizing the offenders. The Swiss antidrug laws are designed to help drug abusers seek treatment & discourage abuse by those with no prior narcotics experience. The medical model of drug abuse has now been replaced by a psychosocial model. In 1980, Switzerland had 5,831 convictions for possession or consumption of hashish, 2,827 for heroin, 745 for LSD, 585 for cocaine, 257 for amphetamines, & 248 for morphine. Foreigners are relatively more frequently convicted of drug offenses than are Swiss citizens.
MINATOYA, LYDIA Y; SEDLACEK, WILLIAM E
A New Look at Freshmen Attitudes and Behavior Toward Drugs.
American Mental Health Counselors Association Journal; v2 n1 p38-45 Jan 1980
In a study of 404 University of Maryland, College Park, incoming freshmen who complete an anonymous poll regarding their behavior and attitudes toward drugs, approximately 60 percent reported using marihuana. Thirty-five percent said they used it once a month or more. Hashish had been sampled by about one-third of the freshmen, with 10 percent using it once a month or more. About 15 percent acknowledged having used cocaine, speed, downers, and PCP; however, fewer than five percent reported using these substances once a month or more often. DMT, heroin, mescaline, and LSD had been tried by five percent or less of the freshmen respondents, and monthly or more frequent usage of these substances was reported by fewer than one percent of those sampled. Alcoholic beverages were the most frequently used substances. Over 90 percent of the incoming freshmen had drunk beer, wine, or hard liquor, and over half drank once a month or more frequently. Cigarettes had been tried by about 48 percent of the sample, which was roughly equivalent to the percentage who had tried marihuana. Twenty-two percent continued using cigarettes once a month or more often. The most frequently cited reasons for drinking alcoholic beverages were to get drunk, to relieve boredom, and to be more friendly. For other substances, the most frequent reason was to get high; the only exception was cigarette smoking, which was done to relieve general anxiety, tension, nervousness, and irritability. (Author/LB)
MOSCHOVAKIS, A; ET AL
Cannabis interferes with nest-building behavior in mice.
Psychopharmacology; 1978 Vol 58(2) 181-183
Nest-building behavior has never been used to answer questions concerning the psychotomimetic effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). In this study, several fractions of cannabis and tobacco pyrolysis products were tested consecutively in the same procedure. The following drugs were injected ip under a saline-drug-saline schedule: dextroamphetamine (6 mg/kg), pentobarbital (25 mg/kg), THC (10, 5, 2.5 mg/kg), the cannabis fractions designated I-sub(S ) (water soluble products), II-sub(S ) (nonsoluble, nonvolatile products), III-sub(S ) (what is inhaled by a hashish smoker), and analogous fractions of tobacco pyrolysis products designated III-sub(B ) (what is inhaled by a common tobacco smoker), II-sub(B), and I-sub(B). The effects of THC (10 mg/kg), II-sub(S), and III-sub(S ) were similar in disrupting the normal behavioral pattern. Amphetamine, THC (5 mg/kg), and II-sub(B ) disrupted normal behavior as well. The similarity of the effects of II-sub(S ) and III-sub(S ) was unexpected in view of the different contents of cannabinoids in these fractions. Also unexpected was the similarity of the effects of THC (10 mg/kg) and III-sub(S ) (40 mg/kg containing 7% THC), as well as the activity of fraction III-sub(B).
PINELL, PATRICE
Paradise Lost; Le Paradis perdu
Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales; 1986, 62-63, June, 100-104.
The life story of a French male drug addict is recounted, quoted verbatim from a recorded open-ended interview. The subject was contacted at a detoxification center at Reims, France. He describes the transition from using hashish & LSD in a 'counterculture' milieu to heroin addiction & heavier involvement as a drug dealer. After the breakup of his marriage, the failure of several attempts at detoxification, & spells of imprisonment for theft, integration into mainstream society now seems impossible. The links between different types of drug consumption & the social conditions of 'underground' life are clearly described. C. Waters
Roll Away the Stone. editor: Israel Regardie. Llewellyn Publications. Saint paul, Minn. 1968. contains The Herb Dangerous by Aleister Crowley and essays on the psychology of hashish. 241 pages (photocopy velobound in anthology "Pot and Khat"). [box v3]
SCHERER, SHAWN E
Hard and soft hallucinogenic drug users: Their drug taking patterns and objectives.
International Journal of the Addictions; 1973 Vol. 8(5) 755-766
Compared the hallucinogenic drug-use patterns and objectives of undergraduate hard (e.g., LSD or amphetamines) and soft (marihuana or hashish) drug users with nonusers. 43 male and 37 female 18-27 yr old undergraduates completed a questionnaire to classify them into non-, soft-, and hard-drug users: 36 Ss were classified as nonusers, 28 as soft-drug users, and 16 as hard users. 37.5% of the hard users had used drugs before entering college vs 4% of the soft users. 43% of the hard users reported using drugs because their friends did, vs only 21% of the soft users. Drug users rated themselves as experiencing more social pressure to use drugs than nonusers and were almost completely in favor of the legalization of marihuana and hashish. Hard users reported greater frequencies of cannabis use than soft users, who reported a wide frequency range in their reported cannabis use. Data on parental relationships, concurrent alcohol use, and perceived dangers of drugs are also presented.
Siegel, Ronald K & Hirschman, Ada E.
Edmond Decourtive and the First Thesis on Hashish: A Historical Note and Translation.
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 23/1:85-86. (1991)
Siegel, Ronald K. & Hirschman, Ada E.
Hashish and Laughter: Historical Notes and Translations of Early French Investigations.
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 17/2:87-91. (1985)
SIMMEN, R; VON ARX, S; STAUB, S; DITTRICH, A
Internationale Studie uber veraanderte Wachbewusstseinszustande (ISASC): Teil 2: Ergebnisse in der deutschsprachigen Schweiz. (International study on altered states of consciousness (ISASC): II. Results from the German-speaking part of Switzerland.)
Psychologie Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Psychologie und ihre Anwendungen; 1981 Vol 40(3) 201-218
Conducted a field study in German-speaking Switzerland as part of the ISASC to test the external validity of previous experimental studies on altered states of consciousness (ASCs). 184 Ss described their most recent ASC using a questionnaire that was the dependent varible in the previous studies. 92% of the ASCs were induced by drugs, mainly hashish and LSD. Results show that the present field study corresponds well with the previous ones. Three primary scales that measure the mystical experience, fear of loss of control, and altered visual perception were combined to form a secondary scale that describes common aspects of ASCs as a whole. (French abstract)
STEWART, ROBERT W
Story Says Drug Foe Rep. Rohrabacher Is Ex-User
Los Angeles Times, Oct 19 1990; sec B, p 1 col 2
Dana Rohrabacher, a prominent conservative who favors drug testing for congressional staffs and supports strong anti-drug legislation, used marijuana, hashish and LSD as a young man, according to the Nov 5, 1990 issue of the New Republic; photo.
Tales of Hashish: A Literary Look at the Hashish Experience. edited and annotated by Andrew C. Kimmens. William Morrow & Co. New York. 1977. paperback. 287 pages. $4.95. [box 5m]
Tennant, Jr., Forest S. & Groesbeck, C. Jess.
Psychiatric Effects of Hashish.
Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 27:133-136. (1972)
WECHSLER, HENRY
Alcohol Intoxication and Drug Use among Teen-Agers
Journal of Studies on Alcohol; 1976, 37, 11, Nov, 1672-1677.
In a survey of alcohol & illicit drug use among adolescents, 662 students from junior high schools & 1,053 from senior high schools in 2 eastern Mass communities completed a questionnaire. In city A, a predominantly lower middle class & middle class semi-industrial city, & town B, a middle class & upper middle class residential town, 46% & 47% of the senior high school students & 25% & 23% of the junior high school students were moderate drinkers, & 26% & 16% of the seniors & 7% & 13% of the juniors were heavy drinkers; the rest were light drinkers or abstainers. In all schools, except town B's junior high schools, significantly fewer light than moderate drinkers & fewer moderate than heavy drinkers had used illicit drugs. In city A, 11% of the moderate drinkers & 36% of the heavy drinkers reported amphetamine use; 12% & 31% barbiturates; 7% & 27% lysergide (LSD); 61% & 81% marihuana; & 24% & 53% less common drugs such as cocaine, hashish, mescaline & methaqualone. In town B, the respective proportions were 8% & 34% (amphetamines); 7% & 37% (barbiturates); 6% & 24% (LSD); 67% & 95% (marihuana); & 26% & 73% (less common drugs).
WETZ, RAINER
Young People and Drugs; Jugendliche und Rauschmittel
Soziale Welt; 1972, 23, 2, 169-187.
A survey was undertaken among 163 students from general HSch's & 248 from vocational Sch's (306 were male & 100 were female; 5 did not indicate their sex). The age-range was 13-21, with 54% in the 17-18 yr old group. Personality dimensions such as aggressiveness, inhibition, repression, etc, & drug abuse were studied. 33.3% had at one time consumed an intoxicating drug & 32% said they had consumed hashish; most of these were male & were more likely to be from the vocational than from the general HSch. 12% admitted to having consumed LSD; 4 of them injected it & 45 took it orally. Sleeping pills, tranquilizers, & amphetamines were also mentioned. General conclusions are: contrary to PO intoxicating drug consumers are not a homogeneous group; hippie appearance was no indicator of drug use & a relatively large group were well integrated in the existing society, showing only partial deviancy. It is suggested that the processes be studied by which drug consumption is learned.