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ShroomDex: Information about mushroom growing

Bache, Christopher M
A reappraisal of Teresa of Avila's supposed hysteria.
Journal of Religion and Health; 1985 Win Vol 24(4) 300-315
Offers a reassessment of Teresa of Avila's severe seizures that were a characteristic feature of her mysticism. The diagnosis of hysteria is no longer viable; an alternative analysis is developed by phenomenologically comparing Teresa's seizures to parallel experiences of Ss in LSD-assisted psychotherapy. It is argued that Teresa's seizures were perinatal symptoms, representing the emergence and reintegration of primitive psychological systems and might be described as the growing pains of transpersonal consciousness. They reflect not degenerative psychopathology but progressive movement toward higher states of consciousness. (11 ref)

BAUM, RUDY M
New variety of street drugs poses growing problem
Chemical & Engineering News, 9-SEP-1985 Vol 63 pg 7-16
Designer drugs - analogs of compounds with proven pharmacological activity made by underground chemists - present novel challenges to law enforcement officials, legislators, and scientists. Fentanyl, it's p-flouro-, alpha-methyl-,alpha-methyl-acetyl, and 3-methyl analogs, meperidine and it's analogs MPPP and PEPAOP are discussed, as well as the parkinson's disease-inducing synthesis side-products MPTP and PEPTP and the toxic hazards to both the addicts who consume and the chemist who produce them. Mention is made of issues surrounding the legal status of the psychedelic MDMA and its use in therapy.

BUCKMAN, JOHN
Brainwashing, LSD and CIA: Historical and Ethical Perspective
International Journal of Social Psychiatry; 1977, 23, 1, spring, 8-19.
The history of various attempts at thought control & chemical warfare is reviewed. Brainwashing, thought control, industrial & national espionage, & covert activities are becoming more sophisticated. These issues have been revived & accentuated by the Vietnam War, Watergate, the CIA investigations, & the Patty Hearst trial. Historical & ethical perspectives of these activities are explored. There is a growing level of individual & international mistrust which complicates the issues of individual freedom, civil rights, & human experimentation.

DUNFORD, MARTIN; HOLLAND, JACK
Police Trouble, and a Note on Drugs. (2)
THE REAL GUIDE - AMSTERDAM (The Guide for the '90s; Prentice Hall Travel
DRUGS: Some residents claim that the liberal municipal attitude toward the sale of drugs has attracted all sorts of undesirables to the city. This is partly true, but the 'cleaning up' of the Zeedijk, once Amsterdam's heroin-dealing quarter, seems to have made open trafficking less frequent and the city a safer place. Amsterdam has sanctioned the sale of cannabis at the Melkweg and Paradiso nightspots, and at many coffee shops, since the 1960's. It's also acceptible to smoke in some bars, but since many are strongly against it, don't make any automatic assumptions. If in doubt, ask the barperson. Purchasing, transporting, or consuming cannabis products elsewhere is inadvisable. Although busts are rare, legally you're allowed to possess only 28 grams for personal use. Bear in mind, also, that while there's a lively and growing trade in cocaine and herion, possession of either could mean a stay in one of The Netherland's lively and growing prisons. For drug-related problems, the Drug Advice Center, Keisergracht 812 (Mon.-Fri. 1:00-3:00pm; phone: 23-78-65), offers help and advice.

EMBODEN WILLIAM
Peganum harmala, Syrian Rue
Narcotic Plants
Syrian rue is a name used to describe a woody perennial shrub found growing in dry areas of the Mediterranean, in northern India, Mongolia, and Manchuria. Known to botanists as Peganum harmala of the family Zygophyllaceae, it is famous for its use in producing the dye called 'Turkish Red,' which is obtained from the abundant seed. It is used to produce color characteristic of all the Iranian and Turkish carpets. Dioscorides spoke of this plant in his famous codex (Codex Vindobonensis) of the first century. The written history of this plant extends over a thousand years. In Egypt the oil from this seed is sold as 'zit-el-harmel' and has the reputation of being an aphrodisiac. Medicinal uses extend to its use in treating diseases of the eyes, as a vermifuge, soporific, lactogogue, etc. The seed is widely known as a narcotic, and analyses reveal harmaline, harmalol, and harmine. Harmine is now in use in research on mental disease, encephalitis, and inflammation of the brain. Small doses are stimulating to the brain and reportedly are therapeutic, but in excess harmine depresses the central nervous system. During the Second World War, Nazi 'scientists' used harmaline to advantage as a truth serum. In reality there is no truth serum, but an alteration in thresholds of consciousness may make a person loquacious. A crude preparation of the seed is more effective than any extract because of the presence of related indoles. The Douvans of Bokhara used to inhale the smoke of burning Peganum harmala seed and became quite exuberant, much in the manner of the people of South America using caapi, which has the same class of chemicals. This is one of the few clues as to possible historical uses in a shamanic context, and at this time no one has done any thorough research on it.

GRINSPOON, LESTER; BAKALAR, JAMES B
Purity of street LSD
'Psychedelic Drugs Reconsidered'; 1979
According to data compiled by the PharmChem Research Foundation, a California organization, the only psychedelic drugs now generally available on the street are LSD, PCP, and to a lesser extent MDA. Almost no one takes the trouble to manufacture mescaline or psilocybin, because their effects resemble those of LSD and the much larger amounts required make the expense too great. Mescaline is available only in the form of peyote buttons and psilocybin only in the form of psychedelic mushrooms, which have been discovered growing all over the United States; they are increasingly sought after in the wild (see Pollock 1975 a; Weil 1977 a) and, with difficulty, can also be cultivated (see Oss and Oeric 1976). (Many 'psilocybin mushrooms,' incidentally, are just commercial mushrooms laced with LSD.) Anything labeled as pure or synthetic mescaline, psilocybin, or THC is almost certainly either LSD or PCP, or else contains no drug. Some chemicals closely related to LSD have been synthesized to sidestep the law; the one most often available is the acetylated variant, ALD-52, which is almost as potent as LSD itself. As for the quality of illicit LSD, adulterants and substitutes must be distinguished from products of improper synthesis. Since the variable physical and psychological effects of LSD sometimes resemble those of strychnine, belladonna, or amphetamine, there are rumors that illicit LSD often contains these substances. But laboratory analysis, especially the work of PharmChem Research Foundation, shows that illicit LSD rarely contains adulterants, although the advertised dose is usually two to five times the actual one. The major problem is imputities that are by-products of careless or inadequate synthesis. In the manufacturing process, ergotamine or other ergot alkaloids are reduced to lysergic acid (d-lysergic acid monohydrate), which is then converted to LSD. The whole procedure, and especially the last stage, in which LSD is separated from iso-LSD by chromatography, is rather delicate; it requires skill and good equipment. The government has tried to cut off the supply of chemical precursors; but illicit chemists are usually able to obtain enough, because several ergot derivatives are used as medicines and the quantities needed are small: by on estimate, 70 kg of ergotamine tartrate is enough to supply the American LSD market for a year (McGlothlin 1974 b). The only impurity regularly found by the PharmChem Laboratory, aside from occasional traces of ergotamine, is iso-LSD: it is very similar to LSD in chemical structure (the same atoms in a slightly different arrangement) but pharmacologically inactive. It is rarely present in a proportion of more than 15 percent and appears to have no effect on the drug action. So street LSD seems to be reasonably pure.

Growing the Hallucinogens: How to Cultivate and Harvest Legal Psychoactive Plants. Hudson Grubber. Twentieth Century Alchemist. 1973. paperback. $3.95. [box 9m]

Growing Wild Mushrooms: A Complete Guide to Cultivating Edible and Hallucinogenic Mushrooms, revised edition. text and photosgraphs by Bob Harris, illustrations by Susan Neri. (velobound in anthology "Sacred Mushrooms"). Wingbow Press. Berkeley. 1976. [box v1]

Grubber, H. 1973.
Growing the Hallucinogens.
San Francisco: High Times/Level Press

Grubber, Hudson.
Growing the Hallucinogens
Twentieth Century Alchemist, 1973. 32 p.

Harris, Bob.
Growing Wild Mushrooms: A Complete Guide to Cultivating Edible and Hallucinogenic Mushrooms.
Berkeley: Wingbow Press. (1976)

OSS O T; OERIC O N; [MCKENNA, DENNIS & TERENCE]
Psilocybin: Magic Mushroom Grower's Guide.
Psilocybin: Magic Mushroom Grower's Guide; 1976 Berkeley: And/Or Press.
Procedure for growing Psilocybe cubensis mushrooms from spores using agar, rye grain, and sterile kitchen techniques. Discussion of history and lifecycle of mushrooms.

POLLOCK SH
Magic Mushroom Cultivation (1)
Magic Mushroom Cultivation. Herbal Medicine Research Foundation. ISBN 0-930074-01-7
THE RICE-CAKE TECHNIQUE: This technique is extremely easy and highly recommended for its convenience in growing Psilocybe cubensis mushrooms. All that is needed is a pressure cooker, some canning jars, uncontaminated live mushroom starter (mycelia), and brown rice. Either long grain or short grain brown rice may be used. The former is usually more economical. Do not use white rice. It is inferior in quality to brown rice because most of the vitamins have been lost in converting brown to white rice. Into each quart jar place 1/4 cup brown rice and between 1/3 to 1/2 cup tap water. One-half cup or more of water is too much because the rice will turn into mush rather than a cake. One-third cup water leads to a dry cake that is adequate, but mycelia grow faster on the wetter cakes resulting from use of more than 1/3 cup of water. Up to 1/8 teaspoon of agricultural gypsum (calcium sulphate) may be added to each jar prior to sterilization to serve as a buffer, but gypsum is not really necessary. Some cubensis strains seem to prefer it, but so do many contaminants. It seems more practical not to bother using gypsum except for purposes of experimentation to find out if a particular strain will fruit more aggressively with it. In most cases it probably will not make any difference. Invert the dome of each two-piece lid and place it on the mouth of each canning jar with the rubber seal facing upward. Then loosely screw on the lid bands. Pressure cook the jars at 15 lbs. pressure for an hour. Actually 45 minutes at 15 lbs. pressure is adequate, but an hour gives even greater likelihood of complete sterilization. Allow the pressure cooker to cool and remove the jars, screwing the bands tighter until ready to inoculate the rice-cakes with mushroom mycelia. Using a flame-sterilized probe, carefully transfer a piece of agar medium containing live uncontaminated mycelia into each jar. It is best to loosen the jar lid beforehand so that it will lift off easily. To make the transfer, cut out a section of the agar medium containing mycelia using a flame-sterilized scalpel or probe. Then spear the agar block of mushroom starter with the probe, lift up the lid of the jar, and drop in the piece of mushroom starter. Close the lid but do not screw it too tight since it is necessary for growing mycelia to breathe. To enhance the rate of mycelial growth, very soon after the jar is inoculated the lid can be screwed tight and the jar shaken to bring the piece of mushroom starter into contact with more of the rice-cake surface. Then loosen the lid before setting the jar in place to incubate. In about four weeks mushrooms will start to grow. Sometimes they commence after only three weeks, but they may frequently take up to six weeks to appear. This depends a lot on the strain and room temperature.

POLLOCK SH
Magic Mushroom Cultivation (2)
Magic Mushroom Cultivation. Herbal Medicine Research Foundation. ISBN 0-930074-01-7
The mycelia can be grown in the dark but light is needed when it is time for the fungus to make mushrooms. As little as five minutes twice a day from an overhead incandescent light in a closet can be sufficient to initiate mushroom formation. But much better crops seem to come when fluorescent 'grow lights' are used for longer periods during the day. When mushrooms are growing, the lid of each jar should be very loose since much condensation occurs as the mushrooms breathe. Some growers remove the lids completely at this time or replace the domes with a double layer of paper towels. The towels can be secured in place with the lid bands and the jars may be set near a window for natural light. Paper towel tops should be sprayed with water at least once a day to help maintain a humid environment. As the rice-cake dries, fruition is promoted. But if the dome is left very loosely in place, fruiting continues much longer. Sometimes fruiting occurs for three months or more! Mushrooms will keep appearing after harvesting of previous crops. To harvest the magic mushrooms, a fancier can reach in through the mouth of the jar and pull them out. It is best to grasp each new mushroom near the bottom of the stem and give it a twist. If the mushroom cap is tugged, it might just break off from the stem. Alternatively, a long knife may be used to cut the mushrooms at the bottom of the stem. Still another method is to turn the jar facing down so that the cake will fall near the orifice. This makes it easier to grasp the mushrooms. Sometimes it is advantageous after a second or third harvest to flip the cake over in the jar before putting the lid back on. This maneuver often promotes a luxuriant fruiting from the newly exposed rice-cake surface. When the cakes have dried out too much for mushrooms to appear, they can be squirted with water from a spray bottle to induce another fruiting or better yet used as spawn for a mushroom garden on compost. If there is absolutely no sign of contamination, the cakes themselves may be fried or broken up and cooked in mushroom soup or other cuisine for a psychedelic experience. One cake is usually sufficient for two to four enthusiasts. The rice-cake technique is very efficient. A 14 ounce package of brown rice can be obtained often for less than fifty cents and is enough for seven quart jars. When the cakes have completely become covered by mycelia, small pieces can be cut out with a sterilized scalpel or probe and transferred to newly prepared rice-cakes in other jars. This will not interfere significantly with mushroom production and will insure a continuing supply of magic San Isidro mushrooms. San Isidro [Psilocybe cubensis] is the only species that has been observed so far to make mushrooms on rice-cakes. Rice-cake medium nevertheless can be used to grow mycelia or other Psilocybe species besides cubensis. Psilocybe cyanescens and subaeruginascens mycelia thrive on brown rice, whereas baeocystis, caerulescens, semilanceata, stuntzii, subaeruginosa, and zapotecorum mycelia spread more slowly on this medium. Brown rice also supports growth of Panaeolus mycelia. With further experimentation, especially with temperature regulation, modifications of the rice-cake technique may render it useful for obtaining fruit from various magic mushroom species.

Psilocybe Cubensis Compost Mushroomkit- 7 page Homestead Company instructions for growing sacred mushrooms. circa early 1990's. [box 5m]

ROBBINS, THOMAS; ANTHONY, DICK
Getting Straight with Meher Baba: A Study of Mysticism, Drug Rehabilitation and Postadolescent Role Conflict
Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion; 1972, 11, 2, Jun, 122-140.
There is a growing segregation of adult instrumental roles from the kind of expressive relationships associated with familial settings. Many modern adolescents therefore rebel at the prospect of participating in conventional adult occup's. A frequent reaction in recent yrs has been to drop out of career roles & to cultivate expressive, 'loving' life-styles in 'street scenes' & communes. But the hippie counterculture has generated problems of its own. In the early days of the movement it was widely believed that drug use would usher in a new era of spontaneity & universal affection, but many soon realized that drug use involved them in roles that contradicted the love ethic. Moreover, many soon found themselves ill at ease in a milieu so radically at odds with the traditional work ethic. By joining the Meher Baba cult, the S's of this study rejected the counter culture in favor of a different way of fulfilling the need for postadolescent expressive relationships. The Maher Baba cult, which opposes drug use, legitimates expressive relationships by deriving them from converts' perceived affective relationships with Meher Baba, who is seen as the personification of the latent identity of all persons & as quintessentially 'loving.' His immanence universalizes & thus legitimates loving relationships not only among Baba Lovers, but among everyone. By enjoining 'soc service,' Baba deprives the drop-out life-style of legitimacy, endows work with expressive meaning, & facilitates his followers' reassimilation into conventional work roles.

ROBBINS, THOMAS
Cults, Converts and Charisma: The Sociology of New Religious Movements
Current Sociology / Sociologie Contemporaine; 1988, 36, 1, spring, i-250.
An investigation of new religious movements (NRMs) in North America & Europe, with focus on the United States & the spiritual ferment that has stricken the country over the past two decades. Analysis is divided into three overlapping stages: (1) mid-1960s-early 1970s-characterized by countercultural protest, political activism, psychedelic drug use, & mysticism; (2) late 1960s-mid 1980s-when countercultural values became assimilated into the larger culture so that the resurgence of 'old time religion' coexisted alongside new social movements & religio-therapeutic cults, as well as a growing anticult movement; & (3) late 1970s-present-marked by a leveling off & settling down of NRMs & controversies surrounding them. Focus is on the second stage, & sociological analyses are offered of a variety of new movements, their critics & converts, & the conversion-commitment-disengagement process. Major theories that have been advanced to explain the rise of NRMs in terms of sociocultural transformations & dislocations are reviewed, along with several typologies that have attempted to classify NRMs. The organizational patterns & institutionalization of NRMs are described together with how their study illuminates the interfaces between the sociology of religion, social movements, & medicine. Methodological issues & questions of objectivity, sympathy, & responsibility connected with NRM research are reviewed. 795-Item Bibliography.

Shachter, Burt
Growing up under the mushroom cloud.
Social Work; 1986 May-Jun Vol 31(3) 187-192
Examines research on the awareness among children and youths of a possible nuclear catastrophe. Studies indicate a growing fear of nuclear war among both USSR and US children. It is suggested that the nuclear threat adversely affects children in identity formation, confidence in adults, developing inner resources for coping with death, and the willingness to invest in family relationships and other personal commitments. Implications for mental health professionals include becoming more attuned to clues related to nuclear anxieties and despair. Professionals should also gain a better understanding of the interplay between developmental experience, intrapsychic life, and family processes and a potentially catastrophic nuclear confrontation. It is also noted that the child's developmental stage should be considered in selecting the mode of reassurance (e.g., simpler, more direct modes of reassurance are appropriate for younger children).

STAMETS, PAUL; CHILTON, J S
Growing Parameters for Psilocybe cubensis (1)
The Mushroom Cultivator: A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home; Agarikon Press, Olympia WA; Chapter IX, p 196-203
Growing Parameters for Psilocybe Cubensis
SPECIES: Psilocybe cubensis (Earle) Singer
= Stropharia cubensis Earle
= Stropharia cyanescens Murr
= Stroparia caerulescens (Pat.) Sing
= Naematoloma caerulescens Pat
= Hypholoma caerulescens (Pat.) Sacc. & Trott
STRAINS: Strains of Psilocybe cubensis are available from private and commercial stocks. The American Type Culture Collection, which sells cultures to educational organizations and research facilities, has stock cultures of several wild strains. Note that the strains listed below are only some of those that are presently circulating. There are many more. Some strains may originate from the same region but have features not in agreement with those described here
Amazonian: Medium to large mushrooms on rye grain; thick whitish stems; tenaciously attached to the casing
Ecuadorian: Medium sized mushrooms on rye grain; hemispheric caps; abundant primordia former; high yielding on compost; thin whitish stems; easily picked
Matias Romero: Medium to large mushrooms on rye grain; early fruiter; thick whitish stems and tenaciously attached
Misantla: Medium sized mushrooms on rye grain; thin yellowish stems; tall standing and easily picked
Palenque: Large mushrooms on rye grain; high yielding; and easily picked
COMMON NAMES: San Isidro; Cubensis
GREEK ROOT: Psilocybe comes from the Greek root 'psilos' meaning bald head and cubensis, a name Earle assigned to this mushroom because it was first recognized as a new species from specimens collected in Cuba.

STAMETS, PAUL; CHILTON, J S
Growing Parameters for Psilocybe cubensis (2)
The Mushroom Cultivator: A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home; Agarikon Press, Olympia WA; Chapter IX, p 196-203
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: A medium to large size mushroom having a cap that becomes convex to plane in age and is usually pigmented chestnut brown to deep yellowish or golden brown. The cap surface is finely fibrillose, sometimes covered with scattered, fugacious, cottony scales that soon disappear. The partial veil is membranous, well developed and typically leaving a persistent annulus on the upper regions of the stem. The stem is often longitudinally striate, powdered above the annulus and often covered with dense fibrils below. Flesh bruising bluish or bluish green Its spores purplish brown in mass.
NATURAL HABITAT: Naturally found in horse or cow pastures, in dung or in soil enriched with manure. Psilocybe cubensis is a widely distributed species that is found throughout tropical and subtropical zones of the world and is common in the pasturelands of the gulf coast of the southern United States and eastern Mexico.

STAMETS, PAUL; CHILTON, J S
Growing Parameters for Psilocybe cubensis (4)
The Mushroom Cultivator: A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home; Agarikon Press, Olympia WA; Chapter IX, p 196-203
Type of Casing: After fully run, cover with the standard casing whose preparation is described in Chapter VII. Layer to a depth of 1-2 inches The casing should be balanced to an initial pH of 6.8-7.2