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Shrooms! an online resource for magic mushroom enthusiasts Psilly Simon's Mushroom Growin' Guide The Anarchist's Cookbook Guide From the excellent field guide,Mushrooms Demystified by David Arora: Psilocybe cyanescens Psilocybe semilanceata A Field Guide to [Some] North American Magic Mushrooms Psilocybe cubensis Psilocybe subbalteatus Psilocybe caerulescens Mushrooms of Thailand, Australia and New Zealand by John Allen Excerpts from Magic Mushroom Grower's Guide by Oss and Oeric: Mushroom Cultivation Harvesting and Drying Mushrooms The instruction sheet supplied with Homestead spore prints Two excerpts from Steven Pollock's Growing Magic Mushrooms: The Simplest Technique from Scratch The Rice-Cake Technique Growing Psychedelic Mushrooms, by Bill Jones The so-called "Killer Shroom File from Hell" Lucy's Gro-Guide Various excerpts from The Mushroom Cultivator by Stamets and Chilton: Growing Parameters for Psilocybe cubensis Growing Parameters for Psilocybe cyanescens Mushroom Genetics Trouble-Shooting Guide for Mushroom Growers Harvesting and Preserving Mushrooms (from Stevens & Gee) Reflections on Psychedelic Mycophagy by Andrew Weil

ShroomDex: Information about mushroom growing

'SYZYGY'
Highest Quality Mushroom Spores
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You will recieve several million spores on a glass coverslide in a plastic envelope for just $10.00 per sporeprint, plus $1.00 for shipping per order. (Add 4% sales tax in Hawaii.) Send your order to: SYZYGY P.O. Box 619 Honaunau, HI 96726 Offer void where prohibited.

4 Youths Poisoned by Jimson Weed Tea
Stacy Wong, Times Staff Writer
Los Angeles Times 14-May-93
ORANGE -- Three teen-agers lost consciousness and another suffered spasms Thursday morning after they tried to get high by drinking a tea made with jimson weed, a poisonous plant, police said.
The youths, ages 15 to 17, were taken to hospitals and are expected to recover. One remains in intensive care.
Poison control officials said several dozen Southern California teen-agers become ill each year after smoking, drinking or eating parts of the jimson weed, a member of the poisonous nightshade family. Although no fatalities have been recorded, ingesting the plant can cause seizures and severe nerve and muscle damage.
"We have not had any patients die from it, but the potential is there," said Kathy Karlheim, assistant director of the Regional Poison Center at UC Irvine Medical Center in Orange.
Helen Burke, whose 17-year-old son, Travis, is in intensive care after drinking the tea, warned other parents to get rid of the plant if it grows near their homes or if they see their children bring it home.
Burke said the four teen-agers apparently brewed a pot of the jimson weed tea at her house sometime after midnight.

?
Hash nursery wrapped up
De Telegraaf; 25-May-91
DUTCH: Hasj-kwekerij opgerold. Van onze correspondent. TJUCHEM, zaterdag. In het Noordgroningse gehucht Tjuchem heeft de politie gisteren een grote hennep-kwekerij opgerold. De illegale kwekerij was gevestigd in een boerderij aan de Hoofdweg waar dag en nacht het licht brandde om de hasj-planten sneller te laten groeien. De kwekerij liep tegen de lamp nadat elektriciens van het Energiebedrijf Groningen en Drenthe (EGD) deze week ontdeketen dat de eigenaar illegaal stroom van het hoofnet aftapte. TRANSLATION: Hash nursery wrapped up. By our correspondent. Tjuchem, Saturday. In the North-Groning hamlet Tjuchem have the police yesterday a large Cannabis-nursery wrapped up. The illegal nursery was established in a farm by the main road where day and night the light blazed round the hash-plants faster to make grow. The nursery was run in by the lamp after electricians from the Energy concern of Groningen and Drenthe (EGD) this week detected that the proprietor illegal current from the main line tapped.

?
Liberty Cap
Audubon Field Guide to North American Mushrooms; p 273-274
84 LIBERTY CAP. Psilocybe semilanceata (Fr. ex. Secr.) Kum. Strophariaceae, Agaricales. DESCRIPTION: Slimy, narrowly conical, brown to tan cap with brownish gills and smooth, off-white stalk; in pastures and manured areas. CAP: 3/8 to 1 inch (1-2.5 cm) wide; sharply conical, often peaked, and not expanding; sticky, smooth; brownish, fading to tan, bruising blue on margin. GILLS: attached, close, broad; grayish, becoming dark brown. STALK: 2-4 inches (5-10 cm) high, 1/16 inch (1.5 mm) thick; very thing, whitish. VEIL: partial veil evanescent. SPORES: 11-14 x 7-8 microns; elliptical, smooth, with pore at tip. Spore print purple-brown. EDIBILITY: Hallucinogenic. SEASON: Late August - November. HABITAT: Scattered to numerous, in tall grass and grassy hummocks in cow pastures. RANGE: Widely distributed; common in Pacific NW.; also reported in Quebec. LOOK-ALIKES: The hallucinogenic P. pelliculosa and P. silvatica grow in wood chips or mulch, and have conical caps. COMMENTS: This species is one of the most familiar hallucinogens of the Oregon coast.

?
Soma
[Xeroxed item from a mythology dictionary]
SOMA: The name of a plant said to have been first cultivated in Indra's heaven. Indra performed all his heroic deeds while under the influence of the juice extracted from the leaves and stems of this divine herb. It was referred to as 'the King of Plants', and conferred vitality, immortality and inspiration. Originally grown only in the celestial kingdom it was brought to earth by an eagle (syena) and thereafter grew on Mount Mujavat (Mujavant or Mujavanta). The plant was also known to the ancient Persians and is related to the haoma of the Avesta. Soma was raised to the position of a diety and sung of as 'everlasting, omipotent, all-healing, the bestower of riches and giver of immortality.'. In later mythology Soma became a diety of the moon. The whole of the Ninth Book of the Rig-Veda is devoted to praise of Soma. 'Where there is eternal radiance, where life is free, where there is desire and delight, where joy and pleasure abide, there O Soma, make me immortal.' The Soma rite was the basis of the Rig-vedic sacrificial system, and was chiefly concerned with the extracting and preparation of the sacred soma juice, followed by libations to the gods and the ritual drinking of the juice by the priests. The juice was described as sweet, delicious, pure and purifying, inspiring confidence, courage, faith and eloquence. Nothing shows more clearly how far the modern Hindus are removed from the ancient milieu than that fact that today the plant around which so much ritualism had grown up is unidentifiable. ...

?
Colorado River Toad - Bufo alvarius
Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia Vol 5
Bufo alvarius = COLORADO RIVER TOAD / COLORADO TOAD. Grows up to 17.8cm (females larger than males). 'Poison can kill a dog.'

AMES RW
The Influence of Temperature on Mycelial Growth of Psilocybe cubensis, Panaeolus, and Copelandia.
Mycopath. et Mycol. Appl. 9:268-274 (1958)
Temperature. Psilocybin Mushrooms

ANDREOLI, A
(Emotional and cognitive structures and psychosis: New perspectives on the study of the hallucinatory experience with psychodysleptics.)
Annales Medico Psychologiques; 1976 Apr Vol 1(4) 501-553
Discusses 'model psychoses,' comparing those of the classic experimental kind with the psychotic-like symptoms and hallucinatory experience brought about by psychodysleptic drugs, mescaline, or LSD. An attempt is made, by analyzing the biochemical, neurophysiological, and psychopathological processes by which these drugs give rise to abnormal states, to test several hypotheses enunciated in recent years on the interdependence of affective and cognitive 'structures'; e.g., Piagetian ideas about the formation of schema for time, space, and causality, or the view that the psychotic brain is one in a state of physiological hyperarousal. The concepts put forward, based on affective-cognitive interdependency, offer new insights for an understanding of how the psychic apparatus matures during normal growth, as well as a basis for understanding how destructuration may occur in the adult from either a toxic or psychotic origin.

Bache, Christopher M
A reappraisal of Teresa of Avila's supposed hysteria.
Journal of Religion and Health; 1985 Win Vol 24(4) 300-315
Offers a reassessment of Teresa of Avila's severe seizures that were a characteristic feature of her mysticism. The diagnosis of hysteria is no longer viable; an alternative analysis is developed by phenomenologically comparing Teresa's seizures to parallel experiences of Ss in LSD-assisted psychotherapy. It is argued that Teresa's seizures were perinatal symptoms, representing the emergence and reintegration of primitive psychological systems and might be described as the growing pains of transpersonal consciousness. They reflect not degenerative psychopathology but progressive movement toward higher states of consciousness. (11 ref)

BADHAM ER
The effect of light upon basidiocarp initiation in Psilocybe cubensis
Mycologia; Vol 72 (1980) p 136-142
Preparation of cultures - An agar medium (Brodie, 1975) containing relatively low levels of sugars (maltose, dextrose, sucrose), aparagine, peptone, yeast extract, in addition to salts was used Six ml of medium were poured and slanted in plastic test tubes (16x125mm) giving a surface area of 3 square cm Inoculation of these tubes was mde form stock cultures which were grown in the dark for one month in plastic petri plates (15x100mm) with taped lids One 3x3-mm cube was taken from these and placed in each slant tube The slant tube caps were not tightly closed These transfers were made under 'safe' light (15-watt incandescent light filtered by a red filter, Carolina Biological Supply red 650) The cultures were grown for 3 weeks in a well-ventilated but light-tight boxes Both cultures and and light sources were kept in a controlled-temperature room at 21 degrees C +/-2 and under relative humidity of 85% +/- 15% In most cases light treatments were given once per day for 5 days; the cultures were examined on day 6 Exposures were given at the same time each day If manipulations were necessary they were accomplished under the safe light described above

BADHAM, EDMOND R
The influence of humidity upon transpiration and growth in Psilocybe cubensis
Mycologia; Vol 77(6) 1985 p 932-939
... Materials and Methods -- The strain of P. cubensis used was (ATCC 36462). Cultures were grown on sterilized brown rice (6g/15 ml deionized water) in 60x15 mm Petri dishes until mycelia covered the substrate. The mycelial mats (and substrate) were then removed and placed in 130 mm pie tins with vermiculite, 30ml of deionized water was added, and the containers were covered with glass. All mushrooms were allowed to develop to at least 10mm in height under deep Petri plates (80x100mm) and 12 hour photoperiod of 11.2 W/mý (2685 lux) 'cool white' fluorescent light prior to experimentation. The deep Petri plate was removed (to allow for aeration) when the cultures were weighed daily, and any loss in weight was made up with distilled water. Dry weights were determined to the nearest mg after drying in an oven at 60 degrees C for 24 hours. In each test culture only the largest basidiocarp of the first flush was used for experiments. The others were removed at the beginning of the test period and the water content of the second largest (second rank) was determined at that time to be used as an indication of the initial per cent water of the experimental mushroom (first rank). The water content of these two mushrooms from the same mycelium would be very similar because their size, age, and stage of development was nearly the same and they had been exposed to the same environmental conditions.

BADHAM, EDMOND R
The influence of humidity upon transpiration and growth in Psilocybe cubensis
Mycologia; Vol 77(6) 1985 p 932-939
The influence of humidity upon individual basidiocarps of Psilocybe cubensis was studied using an environmentally controlled wind tunnel and a computer program which helped to model growth and development. Regression models were developed which were able to explain 77% of the variation in the transpiration rate and 68% of the variation in growth rate. Transpiration and growth of this mushroom were significantly correlated with the humidity of the air. The fastest growth and the lowest transpiration occurred at the highest humidities. No inhibition of growth was detected at 0 pascals VPD (100% RH). Misting accelerated growth and transpiration while light had no effect. Although humidity was a very important factor influencing transpiration and growth, the size and shape of the mushroom were also important in water relations. The final water content of basidiocarps with thin stipes or those with larger area-to-volume ratios was significantly lower than that of thick-stiped mushrooms or those small area-to-volume ratios with even when grown under equal humidity. Growth rates under conditions which promoted the highest levels of hydration of the basidiocarp were rapid (up to estimated 4% increase in dry weight per hour).

BADHAM, EDMOND R
Tropisms in the mushroom Psilocybe cubensis.
Mycologia; Vol. 74 (1982) p 275-?
The growth of the mushroom Psilocybe cubensis was studied in a wind tunnel under controlled conditions of wind velocity, humidity, temperature,and light. The basidiocarp stipe grew into the wind up to the time of spore formation. When rotated with the long axis of the stipe perpendicular to the wind, fruitbodies grew upright. When spores began to be formed a negative geotropic curvature of the stipe occurred but no recurvation occurred in a sporeless mutant.

BAUM, RUDY M
New variety of street drugs poses growing problem
Chemical & Engineering News, 9-SEP-1985 Vol 63 pg 7-16
Designer drugs - analogs of compounds with proven pharmacological activity made by underground chemists - present novel challenges to law enforcement officials, legislators, and scientists. Fentanyl, it's p-flouro-, alpha-methyl-,alpha-methyl-acetyl, and 3-methyl analogs, meperidine and it's analogs MPPP and PEPAOP are discussed, as well as the parkinson's disease-inducing synthesis side-products MPTP and PEPTP and the toxic hazards to both the addicts who consume and the chemist who produce them. Mention is made of issues surrounding the legal status of the psychedelic MDMA and its use in therapy.

BECK, JEROME; MORGAN, PATRICIA A
Designer Drug Confusion: A Focus on MDMA.
Journal of Drug Education; v16 n3 p287-302 1986
Discusses the competing definitions and issues surrounding various designer drugs, primarily 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA). Offers a rationale for why interest in MDMA, which possesses both stimulant and psychedelic properties, will continue to grow despite the drug's recent illegality and increasing evidence of neurotoxicity.

BENKER G; JASPERS C; HAUSLER G; REINWEIN D
Control of prolactin secretion.
Klin Wochenschr. 1990 Dec 4; 68(23): 1157-67
1. Prolactin is a 21,500 Dalton single-chain polypeptide hormone but may occur in 50 kDa and 150 kDa molecular variants. 2. These large PRL variants may be secreted predominantly; this condition is termed 'macroprolactinemia'. It is characterized by high immunological and normal biological serum levels of prolactin, and lack of clinical symptoms of hyperprolactinemia. 3. The information on PRL is encoded on chromosome 6. Transcription can be enhanced and suppressed by a variety of hormonal factors. 4. PRL is secreted in a pulsatile fashion; it displays a circadian rhythm (with a maximum during sleep) and is stimulated by some amino acids. PRL also responds to mechanical stimulation of the breast. 5. PRL rises during pregnancy, and maintainance of hyperprolactinemia (and, thereby, physiological infertility) is dependent on the frequency and duration of breast feedings. 6. Hypothalamic regulation of prolactin mainly involves tonic inhibition via portal dopamine. The physiological importance of various stimulating factors present in the hypothalamus is still incompletely understood. In particular, there is still no place for TRH in PRL physiology. 7. PRL is released in response to stress; this response may be mediated by opioids. The low-estrogen, low-gonadotropin amenorrhea of endurance-training women is not mediated by prolactin, however. 8. Estrogens stimulate PRL gene transcription via at least two independent mechanisms. There are many clinical examples of this estrogen effect on prolactin serum levels, and also on the growth of prolactinomas. 9. Mild hyperprolactinemia remains an enigma which cannot satisfactorily be resolved by biochemical or radiological testing. The border between 'normal' and 'elevated' prolactin is ill-defined. The possibility of macroprolactinemia complicates this matter even further. 10. The number of drugs which suppress prolactin by acting on pituitary D2 receptors, and which are useful in the treatment of hyperprolactinemia, continues to increase. In the field of ergot alkaloids, parenteral application appears to be a logical solution to the problem of the high first-pass effect; in addition, this form of treatment is frequently better tolerated than the oral route. 11. Prolactinoma development is presently being studied employing molecular biological techniques; the question of whether tumorigenesis can be attributed to specific defects of gene regulation remains to be answered.

BENKHEIRA, MOHAMMED HOCINE
Drunkenness, Religiosity and Sport in the Algerian City of Oran [1962-1983]; Ivrognerie, religiosite et sport dans une ville algerienne (Oran), 1962-1983
Archives de sciences sociales des religions; 1985, 30, 59-1, Jan-Mar, 131-151.
Algeria & other Muslim countries have been experiencing a religious revival as well as a growth of sports culture & a decline of alcohol consumption. These trends reflect a basic movement toward the sacralization of both daily life & the entire social space. This derives from the fusion of the state & civil actions into a single current, in which the state becomes the central force around which the social network is established. The modalities involved in this process are acculturation & massification of the populace.

BIGWOOD J; BEUG M
Variation of psilocybin and psilocin levels with repeated flushes (harvests) of mature sporocarps of Psilocybe cubensis (Earle) Singer.
J Ethnopharmacol. 1982 May. 5(3). P 287-91.
Analysis of Psilocybe cubensis (Earle) Singer grown in controlled culture showed that the level of psilocin was generally zero in the first (or sometimes even the second) fruiting of the mushroom from a given culture and that the level reached a maximum by the fourth flush. The level of psilocybin, which was nearly always at least twice the level of psilocin, showed no upward or downward trend as fruiting progressed, but was variable over a factor of four. Samples obtained from outside sources had psilocybin levels varying by over a factor of ten from one collection to the next.

Boyd et al.
"Stimulation of human-growth-hormone secretion by L-dopa.
" New Engl J Med. 183(26): p1425-9, 1970.
Topic: L-Dopa, prosexual substances, aphrodisiacs

BRADBURY, RAY
Boys! Raise Giant Mushrooms in Your Cellar!
The Machineries of Joy. Simon & Schuster (1964)
Mushrooms spores drifting in interstellar space settle to Earth. Kids in a midwestern town mail-order spores for 'Sylvan Glade Jumbo-Giant Guaranteed Growth Raise-Them-in-Your-Cellar-for-Big-Profit Mushrooms' from an outfit in Louisiana that advertises in the back of 'Popular Mechanics'. When the mushrooms are harvested and sampled, the minds of the kids and their families are taken over by the extraterrestrial fungi. 'Ready or not, here I come...'

BUCKMAN, JOHN
Brainwashing, LSD and CIA: Historical and Ethical Perspective
International Journal of Social Psychiatry; 1977, 23, 1, spring, 8-19.
The history of various attempts at thought control & chemical warfare is reviewed. Brainwashing, thought control, industrial & national espionage, & covert activities are becoming more sophisticated. These issues have been revived & accentuated by the Vietnam War, Watergate, the CIA investigations, & the Patty Hearst trial. Historical & ethical perspectives of these activities are explored. There is a growing level of individual & international mistrust which complicates the issues of individual freedom, civil rights, & human experimentation.

DAY NL; RICHARDSON GA
Prenatal marijuana use: epidemiology, methodologic issues, and infant outcome.
Clin Perinatol. 1991 Mar; 18(1): 77-91
What do we know about marijuana use among women of reproductive age and about the use of marijuana during pregnancy? Marijuana is the most commonly used illicit substance, and after alcohol and tobacco, the most commonly used drug during pregnancy. Women who use marijuana are more likely to be white, younger, and to use other substances. The characteristics of women who use marijuana during early pregnancy are similar, although women who continue to use marijuana throughout pregnancy are somewhat different. These women are less-well educated, of lower social class, much more likely to use other substances, and more likely to be black. We do not know why some women use marijuana while others do not, and why some women discontinue their use during pregnancy while others do not. What do we know about the effects of marijuana use during pregnancy? A number of studies have investigated the relationship between prenatal marijuana exposure and outcome at birth. The results, unfortunately, are equivocal. Prospective studies that have examined women at regular and frequent intervals during pregnancy, in general, have not found a relationship between marijuana use and birthweight (Day NL, Sambamoorthi U, Taylor P, et al: unpublished data, 1990) although some have reported a small effect of marijuana use on birth length (Day NL, Sambamoorthi U, Taylor P, et al: unpublished data, 1990). Other studies, some prospective and some retrospective, have reported correlations between marijuana use during pregnancy and smaller size at birth. Several of these studies, however, failed to control adequately for other illicit drug use while one used marijuana only as a dichotomous variable in the analysis. Therefore, we do not yet know whether there is or is not an effect of marijuana use during pregnancy on intrauterine growth retardation. Only a few studies have reported on growth outside the neonatal period, and these studies have not found a consistent effect of prenatal marijuana exposure. There are, however, too few reports to assume that this is definitive. Several studies reported a relationship between prenatal marijuana use and the gestational age of the infant. As with growth, however, other studies have not corroborated these findings. Similarly, two studies have noted an increase in morphologic abnormalities, although one of these did not have a control group for comparison. Most studies have reported finding no relationship with either minor or major morphologic abnormalities. At birth, investigators have assessed the relationship between prenatal marijuana exposure and neurobehavioral outcome. Again, the results are contradictory. ...

DEMISCH, LOTHAR; NEUBAUER, MANFRED
Stimulation of human prolactin secretion by mescaline.
Psychopharmacology; 1979 Sep Vol 64(3) 361-363
Studied prolactin (PRL) and growth hormone (GH) secretions in serum from 5 Ss (aged 27-34 yrs) after the oral administration of 5 mg/kg mescaline or 2,3,4-trimethoxyphenylethylamine (TMPEA). Mescaline stimulated the secretion of PRL more than four-fold above baseline levels. Peak concentrations were found 90-120 min after drug intake. Five hours later, serum PRL was still markedly increased. Mescaline also triggered GH secretion. There was no alteration of serum PRL and GH concentrations after intake of the nonhallucinogenic TMPEA.

DUNFORD, MARTIN; HOLLAND, JACK
Police Trouble, and a Note on Drugs. (2)
THE REAL GUIDE - AMSTERDAM (The Guide for the '90s; Prentice Hall Travel
DRUGS: Some residents claim that the liberal municipal attitude toward the sale of drugs has attracted all sorts of undesirables to the city. This is partly true, but the 'cleaning up' of the Zeedijk, once Amsterdam's heroin-dealing quarter, seems to have made open trafficking less frequent and the city a safer place. Amsterdam has sanctioned the sale of cannabis at the Melkweg and Paradiso nightspots, and at many coffee shops, since the 1960's. It's also acceptible to smoke in some bars, but since many are strongly against it, don't make any automatic assumptions. If in doubt, ask the barperson. Purchasing, transporting, or consuming cannabis products elsewhere is inadvisable. Although busts are rare, legally you're allowed to possess only 28 grams for personal use. Bear in mind, also, that while there's a lively and growing trade in cocaine and herion, possession of either could mean a stay in one of The Netherland's lively and growing prisons. For drug-related problems, the Drug Advice Center, Keisergracht 812 (Mon.-Fri. 1:00-3:00pm; phone: 23-78-65), offers help and advice.

ELMI AS
The chewing of khat in Somalia.
J Ethnopharmacol. 1983 Aug. 8(2). P 163-76.
Khat (Catha edulis Forsk.), known in Somalia as 'qaad' or 'jaad', is a plant whose leaves and stem tips are chewed for their stimulating effect. From the Harar area, khathas been introduced at different times into the present day territories of Somalia, Djibouti, South and North Yemen, Kenya, Madagascar, Tanzania and down to south eastern Africa. The plant, which belongs to the Celestraceae family, grows wild at altitudes of 1500-2000 m above sea level. Among the various compounds present in the plant (more than forty alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, terpenoids,etc.), two phenylalkylamines, namely cathine [+)-norpseudoephedrine) and cathinone [-)S-o-aminopropiophenone) seem to account mostly for the effect. The consumers get a feeling of well-being, mental alertness and excitement. The after effects are usually insomnia, numbness and concentration. The excessive use of khat may create considerable problems of social, health and economic nature. These problems have been summarily reviewed. Khat chewing started at different times in different parts of Somalia. Since World War II, the prevalence of the practice has continuously increased and no social group is excluded. An epidemiological research to compare Northern and Southern regions of Somalia and to obtain a rough estimate of prevalence, definition of social characteristics of the groups of consumers, specification of the motivations, patterns of use and effects during and after consumption has been conducted. Consumers and non-consumers (7485 people) were randomly interviewed in the two regions. Khat consumption in relation to sex, age, occupation and grade of education is presented.

EMBODEN WILLIAM
Peganum harmala, Syrian Rue
Narcotic Plants
Syrian rue is a name used to describe a woody perennial shrub found growing in dry areas of the Mediterranean, in northern India, Mongolia, and Manchuria. Known to botanists as Peganum harmala of the family Zygophyllaceae, it is famous for its use in producing the dye called 'Turkish Red,' which is obtained from the abundant seed. It is used to produce color characteristic of all the Iranian and Turkish carpets. Dioscorides spoke of this plant in his famous codex (Codex Vindobonensis) of the first century. The written history of this plant extends over a thousand years. In Egypt the oil from this seed is sold as 'zit-el-harmel' and has the reputation of being an aphrodisiac. Medicinal uses extend to its use in treating diseases of the eyes, as a vermifuge, soporific, lactogogue, etc. The seed is widely known as a narcotic, and analyses reveal harmaline, harmalol, and harmine. Harmine is now in use in research on mental disease, encephalitis, and inflammation of the brain. Small doses are stimulating to the brain and reportedly are therapeutic, but in excess harmine depresses the central nervous system. During the Second World War, Nazi 'scientists' used harmaline to advantage as a truth serum. In reality there is no truth serum, but an alteration in thresholds of consciousness may make a person loquacious. A crude preparation of the seed is more effective than any extract because of the presence of related indoles. The Douvans of Bokhara used to inhale the smoke of burning Peganum harmala seed and became quite exuberant, much in the manner of the people of South America using caapi, which has the same class of chemicals. This is one of the few clues as to possible historical uses in a shamanic context, and at this time no one has done any thorough research on it.

EVERETT
Desmanthus
The New York Botanical Garden Illustrated Encyclopedia of Horticulture. rSB317.58
DESMANTHUS (Des-man'thus): Chiefly natives of tropical and subtropical America, but with some in North America, the thirty species of Desmanthus belong in the section of the pea family, LEGUMINOSAE, that includes the sensitive plant (Mimosa), the silk tree (Albizia), and Acacia. Accordingly, the flowers are not pea-like, but are in fuzzy heads or spikes, a characteristic accounted for in the name which comes from the Greek 'desme', a bundle, and 'anthos', a flower, and alludes to the heads of bloom. Of minor garden importance, the members of this genus are herbaceous, perennials and shrubs with twice-pinnate, mimosa-like foliage. The tiny white or greenish flowers, clustered in tight heads, have five-lobed calyxes, five petals, and five or ten usually much-protruding stamens. A hardy herbaceous perennial, D. ILLINOENSIS, is 3 to 6 feet tall and has conspicuously angled, hairless, or minutely hairy stems. Its leaves, 2 to 4 inches long, have six to twelve pairs of major divisions, each divided into twenty or thirty pairs of oblong leaflets up to 1/5 inch long and often hairy along their margins. The flower stalks, up to 1 1/4 inches long, terminate in solitary small heads of bloom, succeeded by short, strongly curved pods up to 1 inch long, in dense, nearly spherical heads. A succession of flowers is produced through the summer. This species ranges in the wild from Ohio to Colorado, Florida, Texas, and New Mexico. Very similar, but with more rigid seed pods up to 2 3/4 inches long, D. leptolobus is indigenous from Missouri to Kansas and Texas. GARDEN USES AND CULTIVATION: These plants have little to recommend them except for inclusion in collections of native plants and for occasional use in naturalistic plantings. They grow without difficulty in ordinary garden soil, moist or dry, in sunny places, and are raised from seed.

FRANK DA; BAUCHNER H; PARKER S; HUBER AM; KYEI ABOAGYE K; CABRAL H; ZUCKERMAN B
Neonatal body proportionality and body composition after in utero exposure to cocaine and marijuana.
J Pediatr. 1990 Oct; 117(4): 622-6
The relationship of maternal use of marijuana and cocaine during pregnancy to measures of neonatal body proportionality and body composition was assessed in a multiethnic sample of 1082 newborn infants. Maternal use of marijuana and cocaine during pregnancy was ascertained by self-report and by an enzyme-multiplied immunoassay technique for screening of urine samples obtained prenatally and again post partum. After each substance was analytically controlled for use of the other and for other potentially confounding variables, detection of marijuana metabolites in maternal urine was associated (p less than 0.05) with depressed mean arm muscle circumference and nonfat area of the arm but not with any measure of neonatal fatness. In contrast, detection of cocaine in maternal urine was associated (p less than 0.05) with decrements of subscapular fat folds and of the fat and nonfat areas of the arm. Although both substances were associated with depressed birth weight, there was no decrement of neonatal ponderal index or of the arm circumference/head circumference ratio in association with exposure to either substance. We conclude that both marijuana exposure and cocaine exposure during pregnancy are associated with symmetric intrauterine growth retardation, but that deficits are in differing compartments of intrauterine growth. These findings suggest that marijuana may retard fetal growth through maternal-fetal hypoxia, whereas cocaine may alter nutrient transfer to the fetus and fetal metabolism.

FULLER T C; MCLINTOCK E
Peganum harmala
Poisonous Plants of California University of California Press, Berkeley R58169
Peganum harmala African Rue, Syrian Rue, Common Harmel. Shrub native to the Mediterranean region and eastward to northern India, Mongolia, and Manchuria, where it is sold as a commercial spice and used in folk medicine The seeds contain several beta-carboline or indole alkaloids: harmine, harmaline, and tetrahydroharmine Reports regarding its use as a hallucinogen are vague, and there is some question whether it actually induces visions Peganum harmala is a serious agricultural weed and very difficult to control; it is illegal to grow it in California

Griffith RS; DeLong DC; Nelson JD.
Relation of arginine-lysine antagonism to Herpes simplex growth in tissue.
Chemotherapy. 27: p209-13, 1981.
Topic: prosexual nutrients

GRINSPOON, LESTER; BAKALAR, JAMES B
Purity of street LSD
'Psychedelic Drugs Reconsidered'; 1979
According to data compiled by the PharmChem Research Foundation, a California organization, the only psychedelic drugs now generally available on the street are LSD, PCP, and to a lesser extent MDA. Almost no one takes the trouble to manufacture mescaline or psilocybin, because their effects resemble those of LSD and the much larger amounts required make the expense too great. Mescaline is available only in the form of peyote buttons and psilocybin only in the form of psychedelic mushrooms, which have been discovered growing all over the United States; they are increasingly sought after in the wild (see Pollock 1975 a; Weil 1977 a) and, with difficulty, can also be cultivated (see Oss and Oeric 1976). (Many 'psilocybin mushrooms,' incidentally, are just commercial mushrooms laced with LSD.) Anything labeled as pure or synthetic mescaline, psilocybin, or THC is almost certainly either LSD or PCP, or else contains no drug. Some chemicals closely related to LSD have been synthesized to sidestep the law; the one most often available is the acetylated variant, ALD-52, which is almost as potent as LSD itself. As for the quality of illicit LSD, adulterants and substitutes must be distinguished from products of improper synthesis. Since the variable physical and psychological effects of LSD sometimes resemble those of strychnine, belladonna, or amphetamine, there are rumors that illicit LSD often contains these substances. But laboratory analysis, especially the work of PharmChem Research Foundation, shows that illicit LSD rarely contains adulterants, although the advertised dose is usually two to five times the actual one. The major problem is imputities that are by-products of careless or inadequate synthesis. In the manufacturing process, ergotamine or other ergot alkaloids are reduced to lysergic acid (d-lysergic acid monohydrate), which is then converted to LSD. The whole procedure, and especially the last stage, in which LSD is separated from iso-LSD by chromatography, is rather delicate; it requires skill and good equipment. The government has tried to cut off the supply of chemical precursors; but illicit chemists are usually able to obtain enough, because several ergot derivatives are used as medicines and the quantities needed are small: by on estimate, 70 kg of ergotamine tartrate is enough to supply the American LSD market for a year (McGlothlin 1974 b). The only impurity regularly found by the PharmChem Laboratory, aside from occasional traces of ergotamine, is iso-LSD: it is very similar to LSD in chemical structure (the same atoms in a slightly different arrangement) but pharmacologically inactive. It is rarely present in a proportion of more than 15 percent and appears to have no effect on the drug action. So street LSD seems to be reasonably pure.

Growing the Hallucinogens: How to Cultivate and Harvest Legal Psychoactive Plants. Hudson Grubber. Twentieth Century Alchemist. 1973. paperback. $3.95. [box 9m]

Growing Wild Mushrooms: A Complete Guide to Cultivating Edible and Hallucinogenic Mushrooms, revised edition. text and photosgraphs by Bob Harris, illustrations by Susan Neri. (velobound in anthology "Sacred Mushrooms"). Wingbow Press. Berkeley. 1976. [box v1]

Grubber, H. 1973.
Growing the Hallucinogens.
San Francisco: High Times/Level Press

Grubber, Hudson.
Growing the Hallucinogens
Twentieth Century Alchemist, 1973. 32 p.

Harris, Bob.
Growing Wild Mushrooms: A Complete Guide to Cultivating Edible and Hallucinogenic Mushrooms.
Berkeley: Wingbow Press. (1976)

HUTCHINGS DE; DOW EDWARDS D
Animal models of opiate, cocaine, and cannabis use.
Clin Perinatol. 1991 Mar; 18(1): 1-22
A traditional concern with drugs administered during pregnancy has been teratogenicity or the production of gross structural malformations. Beginning in the 1970s, it became increasingly evident that the issue of drug safety and risk assessment went far beyond structural defects. During the 1980s, the newly emerged research specialty of 'developmental toxicology' came to encompass a wide range of adverse toxic outcomes that include not only birth defects but also neurobehavioral and other functional effects as well. Substances of use and abuse--the opiates, cocaine, and cannabis--have come to exemplify a diverse group of compounds that produce a broad spectrum of developmental outcomes. Unlike alcohol, neither the use of heroin nor methadone during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of birth defects but both produce a neonatal abstinence syndrome that can persist for as long as 6 months; follow-up to preschool years suggests possible risk of attention deficit and problems of fine motor coordination. Methodologic weaknesses of opiate animal models, especially with respect of appropriate dosing schedules, have hampered meaningful extrapolation of these studies to human risk assessment. Given the renewed interest in methadone maintenance as an important therapeutic intervention to reduce exposure to the human immunodeficiency virus, better designed animal studies are needed urgently to assess developmental risk, but these must incorporate techniques that better model human pharmacokinetics. Animal models of early cocaine exposure, driven by human reports of serious risk to the fetus and newborn, have found reproductive hazard, risk of neurobehavioral effects as well as altered CNS function. Whereas animal studies need to explore routes of administration other than sc and ig, particularly the volatilized form of cocaine, to date it appears that the processes of somatic growth and morphogenesis in rodents are not as sensitive to cocaine as is the functional development of the CNS. Finally, animal studies of cannabis have taught us some major methodologic and interpretive lessons for the continuing development and refinement of animal models of drugs of abuse. Of particular importance is that poorly controlled experiments that do not adequately consider the confounding influences of maternal toxicity, both prenatally and postnatally, are likely to yield a high rate of false-positive results. This is well illustrated by those studies of cannabis that antedated the current concern for pair-feeding and surrogate fostering. Nearly all of the studies that failed to include nutritional and fostering controls found neurobehavioral effects that included changes in activity as well as impairments in learning and memory. ...

HUTCHINGS DE; FICO TA; BANKS AN; DICK LS; BRAKE SC
Prenatal delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in the rat: effects on postweaning growth.
Neurotoxicol Teratol. 1991 Mar Apr; 13(2): 245-8
Either 15 or 30 mg/kg of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-9-THC) was administered from Day 2 through Day 22 of gestation. Pair-fed and nontreated groups served as controls and all treated and control litters were fostered at birth to untreated dams. When weighed at 57-60 days of age, pair-fed controls were significantly heavier than the nontreated, whereas the treated animals were intermediate between the controls. These findings are discussed with respect to nutritional studies that have reported postnatal growth enhancement following prenatal maternal undernutrition and the possibility that prenatal delta-9-THC inhibits this effect.

IRWIN, SAMUEL; HAYES, REXINE M; GRUNDEN, LEE R
Education for living: Awareness and creative choice (alternatives to drugs).
Journal of Psychedelic Drugs; 1975 Jan-Mar Vol 7(1) 49-58
Describes skills and techniques directed toward helping high school students achieve personal growth. The source of dependent and abusive behaviors is considered to be the early life conditioning and experience of the individual. An education for living program is suggested which emphasizes relaxation, concentration, observation, sensory awareness, communication, trust, creativity, meditation, and problem solving. Implications for drug education are noted.

IVANHOE F
Coevolution of human brain size and paleolithic culture in the northern hemisphere: relation to geomagnetic intensity
Journal of Bioelectricity, 1(1), 13-57 (1982)
A statistical survey of changes in human cranial capacity, paleolithic culture and geomagnetic intensity over geological time shows these to have followed a parallel if irregular course since the advent of Homo erectus in the northern hemisphere. Peak rates of the brain/culture coevolutionary process occurred in the Mindel and Wurm ice ages, in phase with the highest mean geomagnetic intensities recorded during the Middle and Upper Peistocene, respectively. This triple association is not likely the result of chance: a geomagnetic-neuroendocrine mechanism involving the hippocampus and growth hormone is offered as a possible explanation.

IVINS KJ; MOLINOFF PB
Serotonin-2 receptors coupled to phosphoinositide hydrolysis in a clonal cell line.
Mol Pharmacol. 1990 May; 37(5): 622-30
A permanent line of cells has been established from the transplantable rat pituitary tumor 7315a. P11 cells have been cloned repeatedly, and after more than 60 passages their growth and characteristics are stable. Results of radioligand binding studies with 125I-lysergic acid diethylamide (125I-LSD) indicate that P11 cells express serotonin-2 (5-HT2) receptors. Analysis of the binding of 125I-LSD to membranes prepared from P11 cells revealed the presence of a single class of high affinity sites (Kd = 1.6 nM; Bmax = 211 fmol/mg of protein). The pharmacological profile of the inhibition of the binding of 125I-LSD by a panel of drugs was consistent with the expected profile of these drugs at 5-HT2 receptors. The affinity of the site for serotonin was in the low micromolar range and was decreased by GTP. Phosphoinositide hydrolysis in P11 cells, measured in the presence of lithium, was stimulated by serotonin. Increasing concentrations of the 5-HT2-selective antagonist ketanserin blocked phosphoinositide hydrolysis stimulated by serotonin, and Schild analysis was consistent with a simple competitive interaction. The Ki for ketanserin derived from Schild analysis was comparable to the Ki for ketanserin at the binding site for 125I-LSD. These results suggest that stimulation of phosphoinositide hydrolysis in P11 cells by serotonin is mediated by 5-HT2 receptors. Pretreatment of P11 cells with pertussis toxin caused ADP-ribosylation of Gi and Go, but did not affect the ability of serotonin to stimulate phosphoinositide hydrolysis. Therefore, the guaninine nucleotide-binding protein involved in the coupling of 5-HT2 receptors to phospholipase C in P11 cells is unlikely to be either Gi or Go. P11 cells expressing 5-HT2 receptors coupled to phosphoinositide hydrolysis will be a useful model system for future studies of the regulation and function of 5-HT2 receptors on cultured cells.

KALIX P
Cathinone, a natural amphetamine.
Pharmacol Toxicol. 1992 Feb. 70(2). P 77-86.
Cathinone is an alkaloid that has been discovered some fifteen years ago in the leaves of the khat bush. This plant grows in East Africa and in southern Arabia, and the inhabitants of these regions frequently chew khat because of its stimulating properties. Cathinone, which is S(-)-alpha-aminopropiophenone, was soon found to have a pharmacological profile closely resembling that of amphetamine; indeed, in a wide variety of in vitro and in vivo experiments it was demonstrated that cathinone shares the action of amphetamine on CNS as well as its sympathomimetic effects; thus, for example, drug-conditioned animals will not distinguish between cathinone and amphetamine. These various observations were confirmed by a clinical experiment showing that cathinone also in humans produces amphetamine-like objective and subjective effects. Finally, it was demonstrated that cathinone operates through the same mechanism as amphetamine, i.e. it acts by releasing catecholamines from presynaptic storage sites. Thus, much experimental evidence indicates that cathinone is the main psychoactive constituent of the khat leaf and that, in fact, this alkaloid is a natural amphetamine. Refs: 70.

KINGSBURG
Peganum harmala
Poisonous Plants of the United States and Canada
Peganum harmala L., African rue. DESCRIPTION: Bright green, succulent, much-branched perennial herb bushy in habitat, about 1 ft tall when fully grown. Leaves alternate, pinnate or twice pinnately divided; ultimate segments linear, fleshy, glabrous. Flowers single, white, consipicuous; petals 5. Fruit a 2- to 4- cavitied many-seeded leathery capsule, about 3/8 inch in diameter. DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT: This species is native to the deserts of Africa and southern Asia. It was first recognized in the United States on a section of land near Deming, New Mexico in 1935 and has since spread on dry range land into Arizona and western Texas. POISONOUS PRINCIPLE: Alkaloids extracted from African rue have proven toxic to laboratory animals, producing the same symptoms as observed when the whole seed was fed. The seeds of the plant have been shown to contain at least 4 alkaloids, of which three have the indole configuration. TOXICITY, SYMPTOMS AND LESIONS: Cattle loss on the range where this plant was first recognized prompted its investigation as a poisonous plant. Experimental studies have been performed at the Texas and New Mexico Agricultural Experiment Stations and by the United States Department of Agriculture. The ground seed is almost always lethal to guinea pigs at 0.15 percent of the animal's weight. young leaves were toxic at 1 per cent, dry-weight basis, but older leaves seemed to lack toxicity. In guinea pigs the symptoms consisted of posterior paralysis and weakness of back muscles, appearing within half an hour of feeding, and lasting for several hours. No lesions of significance were found. African rue is highly unpalatable to cattle, but if force-fed, it is lethal. Sheep have been observed to eat the plant after it had dried under range conditions, but experimentally they could not be forced voluntarily to consume hay made from it.

KINO K; YAMASHITA A; YAMAOKA K; WATANABE J; TANAKA S; KO K; SIMIZU K; TSUNOO H
Isolation and Characterization of a New Immunomodulatory Protein, Ling Zhi-8 (LZ-8), from Ganoderma lucidium
The Journal of Biological Chemistry Vol 264, No 1 5-JAN-1989 pp 472-478 QP501.J7
Cultures -- G. lucidium mycelia were kindly provided by Dr. H. Terakawa and N. Kinjoh (Tokyo Medical and Dental University) after isolation of the mycelia from the fruit body. Three stages of culture were employed to grow G. lucidium mycelia for the isolation and purification of LZ-8. First, slant culture was performed in a culture medium consisting of 0.24g of potato dextrose broth and 0.1g of agar in 10ml of H2O, pH 5.7. The mycelia were inoculated onto the slant and cultured for 7 days at 28øC. In the second stage, the mycelia grown on the slant were transferred into 200ml of 2.4% potato dextrose broth, pH 5.7, contained in a 500-ml flask, and this suspension was shaken at 110 cpm at 28øC for 14 days. In the third stage, 20ml of mycelial suspension were inoculated into 200ml of the same culture medium as mentioned above and grown for a further 14 days at 28øC in 10 flasks with shaking. The wet weight of the mycelia obtained from 10 flasks after the last culture stage was 340g following collection of the mycelia by centrifugation at 13,000*g for 10 min at 4øC.

Knopf; Conn; Fajans; et al.
Plasma growth hormone response to intravenous administration if amino acids.
J Clin Endocrinol. 25: p1140-4, 1965.
Topic: prosexual nutrients

Merimee et al.
Arginine-initiated release of human growth hormone.
N Eng J Med 280: p1434-8, 1969.
Topic: prosexual nutrients

Morgan, Adrian
Father Christmas flies on toadstools
New Scientist, 25-Dec-1986/1-JAN-1987 Vol 112 pg 45
The first travellers in Siberia were shocked by a custom of many of the tribes. The urine of those intoxicated by fly agaric toadstools was collected in bowls or skin bags, to be drunk later. The poorer classes, who could not devote time to gathering the mushroom, drank the urine of the better-off for a little light relief. Reindeer, which live off lichens in winter, also have a taste for the fly agaric. When Georg Steller, and explorer, visited Kamchatka in 1739 he noted that reindeer were sometimes intoxicated. And the Koryak people, not wanting to miss out on the fun, tie up the animals until their condition subsides. Then they kill them. All who eat the flesh become intoxicated. Johnathan Ott, an American author, suggested in 1976 that use of the fly agaric in the midwinter festivals of deepest Siberia may have inspired some of the imagery of Santa Claus. The winter dwelling, or yurt, had a smokehole in the roof, supported by a birch pole. At the midwinter festivals, the shaman would enter the yurt through the smokehole, perform his ceremonies and ascend the birch pole and leave. Santa Claus is roben in red and white, the colours of the fly agaric. He enters through the chimney, and he has reindeer. Santa Claus also flies, an accomplishment that he shares with a shaman. In central Europe fly agaric is linked with chimney sweeps, who have adopted it as their emblem, perhaps echoing the Siberian ritual. The fly agaric has appeared on Christmas cards in central Europe for a long time. In Kocevje, in southern Yugoslavia, people believe that on Christmas night, Wotan, the king of the gods, rides through the woods on a white horse, pursued by devils. The red-and-white flecks of foam from the horse's mouth fall to the ground and grow into next year's crop of fly agaric.

MORGENSTERN, ROBERT
The School Age Criminal.
American Mental Health Counselors Association Journal; v2 n1 p38-45 Jan 1980
School age crime has increased a great deal in recent decades and a review of types of school age criminals may help school officials develop policies and programs to handle the problem. Both increased crime and improved news coverage have made the general public more concerned about school crime and school age criminals. A comparison of crime statistics from 1964 and 1977 shows that the number of school age criminals and the amount of crime by school age children has grown. School age criminals commit more crimes against property than against persons but the latter type of crime has multiplied faster in the 1964-1977 period. There are seven types of school age criminals, including the incidental, habitual, psychotic, and sado-masochistic criminal, the necrophilous or death-worshiping criminal, the agressive sex offender, and the child who commits substance-induced agression. These substances, such as alcohol, amphetamines, heroin, LSD, 'angel dust' or PCP, barbiturates, or even drug placebos, may interact with certain personality types to produce violent behavior. Educational officials should take appropriate action to handle the problem of school age criminals. (Author/RW)

NASIM M
UV-Induced replicating instability in Schizosaccharomyces pombe
Mutation Research. 22 (1974) pp 25-31 QH431.M97
The present experiments were carried out to test the effects of radiation sensitivity of any given strain and the dark-repair inhibitor caffeine on the frequency of [mosaic/mutation] instabilities. ... All cultures were grown for 45 hours in liquid YEL medium (yeast extract 0.3%, peptone 0.5%, glucose 3%) at 30øC with continuous shaking in a water bath. Cells were exposed to UV at a cell density of 2*10^6 cells/ml using a General Electric 15 Watt germicidal lamp, at a dose rate of 30 erg/mmý/sec as measured by International Light UV dosimeter model 254. The UV-irradiated cells were plated on yeast extract agar medium (YEL medium + 2% agar) incubated at 30øC for 5 days and then screened for the primary mosaics. ... YEA was supplemented with 0.1% caffeine when desired.

NEWMEYER, JOHN A
Five years after: Drug use and exposure to heroin among the Haight-Ashbury Free Medical Clinic clientele.
Journal of Psychedelic Drugs; 1974 Jan Vol 6(1) 61-65
Administered a 25-item questionnaire on drug use to 81 clients of Haight-Ashbury Free Medical Clinic. Responses were compared to a similar 1967 survey taken at the same facility. Comparison indicates a sharp drop in the use of psychedelics, a moderate drop in the use of marihuana and amphetamines, a sharp rise in heroin use, and a possible rise in barbiturate use. Special attention was given to heroin use, which was noted to be more extensive for males and persons of lower socioeconomic class. It directly correlated to other drug use and appeared mediated more by friends than pushers. It is suggested that barriers to the growth of the heroin epidemic can be enhanced by the presence of a certain number of addicts in the community serving as negative role models.

OSS O T; OERIC O N [MCKENNA, TERENCE & DENNIS]
[The mushroom speaks] (2)
Psilocybin: Magic Mushroom Grower's Guide. Lux Natura Edition. Revised 1986 pp 14-15
'"Since it is not easy for you to recognize other varieties of intelligence around you

OSS O T; OERIC O N; [MCKENNA, DENNIS & TERENCE]
Psilocybin: Magic Mushroom Grower's Guide.
Psilocybin: Magic Mushroom Grower's Guide; 1976 Berkeley: And/Or Press.
Procedure for growing Psilocybe cubensis mushrooms from spores using agar, rye grain, and sterile kitchen techniques. Discussion of history and lifecycle of mushrooms.

OSS O T; OERIC O N; [MCKENNA, TERENCE & DENNIS]
[mushrooms in India]
Psilocybin: Magic mushroom grower's guide
1984: Heterodox Bengali Hindus announce identification of the Vedic intoxicant Soma as a psilocybian mushroom, Stropharia cubensis. A reform of Hinduism centered around rediscovery of the 6000-year-old Soma rite is begun.

Oss, O. T. & O. N. Oeric. (), Psilocybin: Magic Mushroom Grower's Guide. Quick American Publishing, 1986 Ott, Jonathan.
Hallucinogenic Plants of North America.
Berkeley: Wingbow Press. (1976)

Otto, Herbert A. (ed).
Explorations in Human Potentialities.
Springfield: Charles C. Thomas. Otto, Herbert & Mann, John (eds). (1968), Ways of Growth. New York: Grossman Publishers. (1966)

PICCIRILLO P; BELNOME G; SERPICO R
Effetti teratogeni oro-maxillo-facciali delle droghe pesanti e leggere. [Oromaxillofacial teratogenic effects of heavy and light drugs]
Arch Stomatol Napoli. 1990 Jul Sep; 31(3): 461-7
Effects of drugs administration on the growth and development of the cervical-maxillar-facial region were studied. Drugs as ASA are possible etiological factors in embryo-fetal deaths and fetal facial malformations in animals.

POLLOCK SH
Magic Mushroom Cultivation (1)
Magic Mushroom Cultivation. Herbal Medicine Research Foundation. ISBN 0-930074-01-7
THE RICE-CAKE TECHNIQUE: This technique is extremely easy and highly recommended for its convenience in growing Psilocybe cubensis mushrooms. All that is needed is a pressure cooker, some canning jars, uncontaminated live mushroom starter (mycelia), and brown rice. Either long grain or short grain brown rice may be used. The former is usually more economical. Do not use white rice. It is inferior in quality to brown rice because most of the vitamins have been lost in converting brown to white rice. Into each quart jar place 1/4 cup brown rice and between 1/3 to 1/2 cup tap water. One-half cup or more of water is too much because the rice will turn into mush rather than a cake. One-third cup water leads to a dry cake that is adequate, but mycelia grow faster on the wetter cakes resulting from use of more than 1/3 cup of water. Up to 1/8 teaspoon of agricultural gypsum (calcium sulphate) may be added to each jar prior to sterilization to serve as a buffer, but gypsum is not really necessary. Some cubensis strains seem to prefer it, but so do many contaminants. It seems more practical not to bother using gypsum except for purposes of experimentation to find out if a particular strain will fruit more aggressively with it. In most cases it probably will not make any difference. Invert the dome of each two-piece lid and place it on the mouth of each canning jar with the rubber seal facing upward. Then loosely screw on the lid bands. Pressure cook the jars at 15 lbs. pressure for an hour. Actually 45 minutes at 15 lbs. pressure is adequate, but an hour gives even greater likelihood of complete sterilization. Allow the pressure cooker to cool and remove the jars, screwing the bands tighter until ready to inoculate the rice-cakes with mushroom mycelia. Using a flame-sterilized probe, carefully transfer a piece of agar medium containing live uncontaminated mycelia into each jar. It is best to loosen the jar lid beforehand so that it will lift off easily. To make the transfer, cut out a section of the agar medium containing mycelia using a flame-sterilized scalpel or probe. Then spear the agar block of mushroom starter with the probe, lift up the lid of the jar, and drop in the piece of mushroom starter. Close the lid but do not screw it too tight since it is necessary for growing mycelia to breathe. To enhance the rate of mycelial growth, very soon after the jar is inoculated the lid can be screwed tight and the jar shaken to bring the piece of mushroom starter into contact with more of the rice-cake surface. Then loosen the lid before setting the jar in place to incubate. In about four weeks mushrooms will start to grow. Sometimes they commence after only three weeks, but they may frequently take up to six weeks to appear. This depends a lot on the strain and room temperature.

POLLOCK SH
Magic Mushroom Cultivation (2)
Magic Mushroom Cultivation. Herbal Medicine Research Foundation. ISBN 0-930074-01-7
The mycelia can be grown in the dark but light is needed when it is time for the fungus to make mushrooms. As little as five minutes twice a day from an overhead incandescent light in a closet can be sufficient to initiate mushroom formation. But much better crops seem to come when fluorescent 'grow lights' are used for longer periods during the day. When mushrooms are growing, the lid of each jar should be very loose since much condensation occurs as the mushrooms breathe. Some growers remove the lids completely at this time or replace the domes with a double layer of paper towels. The towels can be secured in place with the lid bands and the jars may be set near a window for natural light. Paper towel tops should be sprayed with water at least once a day to help maintain a humid environment. As the rice-cake dries, fruition is promoted. But if the dome is left very loosely in place, fruiting continues much longer. Sometimes fruiting occurs for three months or more! Mushrooms will keep appearing after harvesting of previous crops. To harvest the magic mushrooms, a fancier can reach in through the mouth of the jar and pull them out. It is best to grasp each new mushroom near the bottom of the stem and give it a twist. If the mushroom cap is tugged, it might just break off from the stem. Alternatively, a long knife may be used to cut the mushrooms at the bottom of the stem. Still another method is to turn the jar facing down so that the cake will fall near the orifice. This makes it easier to grasp the mushrooms. Sometimes it is advantageous after a second or third harvest to flip the cake over in the jar before putting the lid back on. This maneuver often promotes a luxuriant fruiting from the newly exposed rice-cake surface. When the cakes have dried out too much for mushrooms to appear, they can be squirted with water from a spray bottle to induce another fruiting or better yet used as spawn for a mushroom garden on compost. If there is absolutely no sign of contamination, the cakes themselves may be fried or broken up and cooked in mushroom soup or other cuisine for a psychedelic experience. One cake is usually sufficient for two to four enthusiasts. The rice-cake technique is very efficient. A 14 ounce package of brown rice can be obtained often for less than fifty cents and is enough for seven quart jars. When the cakes have completely become covered by mycelia, small pieces can be cut out with a sterilized scalpel or probe and transferred to newly prepared rice-cakes in other jars. This will not interfere significantly with mushroom production and will insure a continuing supply of magic San Isidro mushrooms. San Isidro [Psilocybe cubensis] is the only species that has been observed so far to make mushrooms on rice-cakes. Rice-cake medium nevertheless can be used to grow mycelia or other Psilocybe species besides cubensis. Psilocybe cyanescens and subaeruginascens mycelia thrive on brown rice, whereas baeocystis, caerulescens, semilanceata, stuntzii, subaeruginosa, and zapotecorum mycelia spread more slowly on this medium. Brown rice also supports growth of Panaeolus mycelia. With further experimentation, especially with temperature regulation, modifications of the rice-cake technique may render it useful for obtaining fruit from various magic mushroom species.

Psilocybe Cubensis Compost Mushroomkit- 7 page Homestead Company instructions for growing sacred mushrooms. circa early 1990's. [box 5m]

Psilocybin: Magic Mushroom Grower's Guide. O.T. Oss and O.N. Oeric. And/Or Press. Berkeley, CA. 1976. paperback. 63 pages. $4.95. [box 7m]

RADA, STEPHEN E
Ramah Navajo Radio and Cultural Preservation
Journal of Broadcasting; 1978, 22, 3, summer, 361-371.
Discussed are positive & negative effects of electronic communication upon traditional Native American culture. In Apr, 1972, Ramah Navajo Radio began broadcasting with the hopes of increasing a sense of community among the isolated population, enhancing the self-image of the Navajo people, contributing toward economic growth, & helping to preserve the oral tradition of the Navajo culture. While the radio station did facilitate communication of information within the tribe & a sense of community, several negative side effects are apparent. Instead of preserving a unique identity, the radio station has acted as an institution for acculturation & assimilation into modern society by introducing the Navajo people to a formal, clock-watching organizational structure. Traditional patterns of social interaction have been altered, as radio provides needed information without demanding that one become socially involved with other people. Radio has not helped to preserve the oral tradition of the Navajo culture. People with knowledge of Navajo history were reluctant to reveal information because of fears of being judged by the community as their thoughts were broadcast on the radio & because they felt the young people were more interested in listening to music on the radio than Navajo stories. Radio has generated much resentment between the generations on this last point. By indiscriminately broadcasting little-known stories & songs, influential people in the community (the story tellers, singers, & medicine men) lose some of their unique status & thus retreat into silence rather than share the old stories. P. Montgomery

RETTORI V; AGUILA MC; GIMENO MF; FRANCHI AM; MCCANN SM
In vitro effect of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol to stimulate somatostatin release and block that of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone by suppression of the release of prostaglandin E2.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Dec; 87(24): 10063-6
Previous in vivo studies have shown that delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the principal active ingredient in marijuana, can suppress both luteinizing hormone (LH) and growth hormone (GH) secretion after its injection into the third ventricle of conscious male rats. The present studies were designed to determine the mechanism of these effects. Various doses of THC were incubated with either stalk median eminence fragments (MEs) or mediobasal hypothalamic (MBH) fragments in vitro. Although THC (10 nM) did not alter basal release of LH-releasing hormone (LHRH) from MEs in vitro, it completely blocked the stimulatory action of dopamine or norepinephrine on LHRH release. The effective doses to block LHRH release were associated with a blockade of synthesis and release of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) from MBH in vitro. In contrast to the suppressive effect of THC on LHRH release, somatostatin release from MEs was enhanced in a dose-related manner with a minimal effective dose of 1 nM. Since PGE2 suppresses somatostatin release, this enhancement may also be related to the suppressive effect of THC on PGE2 synthesis and release. We speculate that these actions are mediated by the recently discovered THC receptors in the tissue. The results indicate that the suppressive effect of THC on LH release is mediated by a blockade of LHRH release, whereas the suppressive effect of the compound on growth hormone release is mediated, at least in part, by a stimulation of somatostatin release.

ROBBINS, THOMAS; ANTHONY, DICK
Getting Straight with Meher Baba: A Study of Mysticism, Drug Rehabilitation and Postadolescent Role Conflict
Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion; 1972, 11, 2, Jun, 122-140.
There is a growing segregation of adult instrumental roles from the kind of expressive relationships associated with familial settings. Many modern adolescents therefore rebel at the prospect of participating in conventional adult occup's. A frequent reaction in recent yrs has been to drop out of career roles & to cultivate expressive, 'loving' life-styles in 'street scenes' & communes. But the hippie counterculture has generated problems of its own. In the early days of the movement it was widely believed that drug use would usher in a new era of spontaneity & universal affection, but many soon realized that drug use involved them in roles that contradicted the love ethic. Moreover, many soon found themselves ill at ease in a milieu so radically at odds with the traditional work ethic. By joining the Meher Baba cult, the S's of this study rejected the counter culture in favor of a different way of fulfilling the need for postadolescent expressive relationships. The Maher Baba cult, which opposes drug use, legitimates expressive relationships by deriving them from converts' perceived affective relationships with Meher Baba, who is seen as the personification of the latent identity of all persons & as quintessentially 'loving.' His immanence universalizes & thus legitimates loving relationships not only among Baba Lovers, but among everyone. By enjoining 'soc service,' Baba deprives the drop-out life-style of legitimacy, endows work with expressive meaning, & facilitates his followers' reassimilation into conventional work roles.

ROBBINS, THOMAS
Cults, Converts and Charisma: The Sociology of New Religious Movements
Current Sociology / Sociologie Contemporaine; 1988, 36, 1, spring, i-250.
An investigation of new religious movements (NRMs) in North America & Europe, with focus on the United States & the spiritual ferment that has stricken the country over the past two decades. Analysis is divided into three overlapping stages: (1) mid-1960s-early 1970s-characterized by countercultural protest, political activism, psychedelic drug use, & mysticism; (2) late 1960s-mid 1980s-when countercultural values became assimilated into the larger culture so that the resurgence of 'old time religion' coexisted alongside new social movements & religio-therapeutic cults, as well as a growing anticult movement; & (3) late 1970s-present-marked by a leveling off & settling down of NRMs & controversies surrounding them. Focus is on the second stage, & sociological analyses are offered of a variety of new movements, their critics & converts, & the conversion-commitment-disengagement process. Major theories that have been advanced to explain the rise of NRMs in terms of sociocultural transformations & dislocations are reviewed, along with several typologies that have attempted to classify NRMs. The organizational patterns & institutionalization of NRMs are described together with how their study illuminates the interfaces between the sociology of religion, social movements, & medicine. Methodological issues & questions of objectivity, sympathy, & responsibility connected with NRM research are reviewed. 795-Item Bibliography.

Rudman D; Axel MD; Hoskote S; et al.
Effects of human growth hormone in men over 60 years old.
N Engl J Med. 323: p1-5, 1990.
Topic: prosexual nutrients

SCHULTES, RICHARD EVANS; HOFMANN A
Vines of the Serpent
Plants of The Gods: Origins of hallucinogenic use. (1979) pp 158-163
Another Morning Glory, Ipomoea violacea, was valued as a sacred hallucinogen among the Aztecs who called the seeds Tlitliltzin, from the Nahuatl term for 'black' with a reverential suffix. The seeds of this Morning Glory are elongate, angular, and black, whereas those of Turbina corymbosa are round and brown. ... Ipomoea violacea is used especially in the Zapotec and Chatin area of Oaxaca where it is known as Badoh Negro, or in Zapotec, Badungas. In some Zapotec villages both Turbina corymbosa and Ipomoea violacea are known; in others, only the latter are used. The black seeds are often referred called macho ('male') and men take them; the brown seeds, called hembra ('female') are ingested by women. The black seeds are more potent than the brown, according to the natives, an assertion borne out by chemical studies. The dose is frequently seven or a multiple of seven; at other times, the familiar 13 is the dose. As with Turbina, Badoh Negro seeds are ground and placed in a gourd with water. The solid particles are strained out, and the liquid is drunk. Revelations of the cause of illness or divinations are provided during the intoxication by 'intermediaries' - the fantastical badu-win or two little girls in white who appear during the seance. A recent report of the seeds of Ipomoea violacea among the Zapotec, indicates that Badoh Negro is indeed a significant element in the life of these Indians: '...Divination about recovery in sickness is also practiced by means of a plant which is described as narcotic. This plant ... grows in the yard ... of a family who sells it's leaves and seeds ... to administer to patients ... the patient, who must be alone with the curer if not in a solitary place where he cannot hear even a cock's crow, falls into a sleep during which the little ones, male and female, the plant children [bador], come and talk. The plant spirits will also give information about lost objects.' The modern ritual with the Morning Glory seeds now has incorporated Christian elements. Some of the names- Semilla de la Virgen ('seed of the Virgin', and Hierba Maria ('Mary's herb') - show union of the Christian with the pagan, and clearly indication that Turbina corymbosa and Ipomoea violacea are considered gifts from the gods. (Photo of a Curandera with a girl about 5 years old, and a male patient. The woman burns incense in a clay pot as the girl offers a cup to the reclining man.) CAPTION: 'The shaman administers the infusion to a patient assisted by a young girl. The brew must be taken at night in a secluded and quiet place. The patient's problems will be diagnosed by the shaman from interpretation of what he says during the course of the intoxication.'

SCHULTES; HOFMANN
Indole alkaloids in plant hallucinogens.
Journal of Psychedelic Drugs Jan-Mar 1976 p 17
Anadenanthera peregrina, PHOTO:seeds collected in Puerto Rico; PHOTO:tree in Boa Vista, Territorio de Roraima, Brazil. Yopo Snuff:Orinoco basin, Colombia & Venezuela, possibly isolated areas in the southern part of the Brazilian Amazon. The tree grows in open plain areas, not in tropical forests. It was early taken by invading Indians to the West Indies, where even today its distribution indicates its adventitious nature. Hispaniola. Mimosa hostilis: 'dry parts of Pernambuco, Brazil'.

Shachter, Burt
Growing up under the mushroom cloud.
Social Work; 1986 May-Jun Vol 31(3) 187-192
Examines research on the awareness among children and youths of a possible nuclear catastrophe. Studies indicate a growing fear of nuclear war among both USSR and US children. It is suggested that the nuclear threat adversely affects children in identity formation, confidence in adults, developing inner resources for coping with death, and the willingness to invest in family relationships and other personal commitments. Implications for mental health professionals include becoming more attuned to clues related to nuclear anxieties and despair. Professionals should also gain a better understanding of the interplay between developmental experience, intrapsychic life, and family processes and a potentially catastrophic nuclear confrontation. It is also noted that the child's developmental stage should be considered in selecting the mode of reassurance (e.g., simpler, more direct modes of reassurance are appropriate for younger children).

SIEGEL RK
Intoxication
Intoxication. page 283 ISBN 0-525-24764-5
Marijuana, coca, and poppies can be grown indoors, thus escaping most methods of visual detection. Law-enforcement agents have had to resort to new tactics such as monitoring the electricity utilized by suspected growers, who need enormous amounts of power to run the lights and temperature-control systems. None of these monitoring tactics, however, is effective when the drugs need only a dark cellar in which to grow. Accordingly, hallucinogenic mushrooms have become the second most popular and widespread homegrown drug in America.

St Omer, Vincent E; Ali, S F; Holson, R R; Duhart, H M; et al
Behavioral and neurochemical effects of prenatal methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) exposure in rats.
Neurotoxicology and Teratology; 1991 Jan-Feb Vol 13(1) 13-20
Groups of pregnant rats were gavaged with 0, 2.5, or 10 mg/kg MDMA during gestation on alternate Gestational Days 6-18. Gestional duration, litter size, neonatal birth weights, and physical appearance at birth were unaffected by MDMA treatments. Pregnancy weight gain was significantly reduced by MDMA treatment. Progeny growth, maturational parameters (eye opening and incisor eruption times), surface righting reflex, swimming performance, forelimb grip strength, milk-induced behaviors, passive avoidance behavior, figure-8 maze activity over 48 hrs, the density of brain 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) update sites, and brain 5-HT and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) levels were unaffected by MDMA treatments. Olfactory discrimination on Postnatal Days 9-11 was enhanced in MDMA-treated progeny.

STAMETS, PAUL; CHILTON, J S
Growing Parameters for Psilocybe cubensis (1)
The Mushroom Cultivator: A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home; Agarikon Press, Olympia WA; Chapter IX, p 196-203
Growing Parameters for Psilocybe Cubensis
SPECIES: Psilocybe cubensis (Earle) Singer
= Stropharia cubensis Earle
= Stropharia cyanescens Murr
= Stroparia caerulescens (Pat.) Sing
= Naematoloma caerulescens Pat
= Hypholoma caerulescens (Pat.) Sacc. & Trott
STRAINS: Strains of Psilocybe cubensis are available from private and commercial stocks. The American Type Culture Collection, which sells cultures to educational organizations and research facilities, has stock cultures of several wild strains. Note that the strains listed below are only some of those that are presently circulating. There are many more. Some strains may originate from the same region but have features not in agreement with those described here
Amazonian: Medium to large mushrooms on rye grain; thick whitish stems; tenaciously attached to the casing
Ecuadorian: Medium sized mushrooms on rye grain; hemispheric caps; abundant primordia former; high yielding on compost; thin whitish stems; easily picked
Matias Romero: Medium to large mushrooms on rye grain; early fruiter; thick whitish stems and tenaciously attached
Misantla: Medium sized mushrooms on rye grain; thin yellowish stems; tall standing and easily picked
Palenque: Large mushrooms on rye grain; high yielding; and easily picked
COMMON NAMES: San Isidro; Cubensis
GREEK ROOT: Psilocybe comes from the Greek root 'psilos' meaning bald head and cubensis, a name Earle assigned to this mushroom because it was first recognized as a new species from specimens collected in Cuba.

STAMETS, PAUL; CHILTON, J S
Growing Parameters for Psilocybe cubensis (2)
The Mushroom Cultivator: A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home; Agarikon Press, Olympia WA; Chapter IX, p 196-203
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: A medium to large size mushroom having a cap that becomes convex to plane in age and is usually pigmented chestnut brown to deep yellowish or golden brown. The cap surface is finely fibrillose, sometimes covered with scattered, fugacious, cottony scales that soon disappear. The partial veil is membranous, well developed and typically leaving a persistent annulus on the upper regions of the stem. The stem is often longitudinally striate, powdered above the annulus and often covered with dense fibrils below. Flesh bruising bluish or bluish green Its spores purplish brown in mass.
NATURAL HABITAT: Naturally found in horse or cow pastures, in dung or in soil enriched with manure. Psilocybe cubensis is a widely distributed species that is found throughout tropical and subtropical zones of the world and is common in the pasturelands of the gulf coast of the southern United States and eastern Mexico.

STAMETS, PAUL; CHILTON, J S
Growing Parameters for Psilocybe cubensis (4)
The Mushroom Cultivator: A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home; Agarikon Press, Olympia WA; Chapter IX, p 196-203
Type of Casing: After fully run, cover with the standard casing whose preparation is described in Chapter VII. Layer to a depth of 1-2 inches The casing should be balanced to an initial pH of 6.8-7.2