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ADLAF, EDWARD M; SMART, REGINALD G
Drug Use and Religious Affiliation, Feelings and Behavior
British Journal of Addiction; 1985, 80, 2, June, 163-171.
Examined is the relationship between drug use & religious affiliation, intensity of religious feelings, & frequency of church attendance in a sample of Ontario adolescents (number of cases = 2,066). Six drug-use measures were employed: alcohol use, cannabis use, nonmedical & medical drug use, hallucinogen use, & polydrug use. The findings indicate that religious affiliation was insignificantly related to drug use. The only exception was for alcohol use, in which case nonaffiliated respondents used less frequently than did Protestants or Roman Catholics. Church attendance exhibited a stronger negative effect on drug use than did religiosity; however, the effect of the latter had greater impact among females than among males. Overall, the impact of both variables increased as the drug examined moved toward the upper end of the licit-illicit continuum. Many of the results varied according to students' gender & age.
Aldrich, Michael R.
Tantric Cannabis Use in India.
J. Psychedelic Drugs 9(3):227-233. (1977)
ALDRICH, MICHAEL R
Tantric cannabis use in India.
Journal of Psychedelic Drugs; 1977 Jul-Sep Vol 9(3) 227-233
The sacred beverage described in the Veda texts was probably made from a hallucinogenic mushroom, but it was replaced by hallucinogenic hemp in the 7th-11th centuries. Oral ingestion of marihuana and sexual intercourse were ritualized into a ceremony of great liberation.
ALLEYNE BC; STUART P; COPES R
Alcohol and other drug use in occupational fatalities.
J Occup Med. 1991 Apr; 33(4): 496-500
High costs and the potential risk to public health of drug-related workplace accidents are major concerns. Studies conducted to evaluate this problem are restricted by concerns for individual rights and fears of jeopardizing labor relations. However, in collaboration with the Medical Examiner's office. Alberta Occupational Health and Safety examined a unique set of data on 459 deaths occurring at work. The only illicit drug found was cannabis for which 10 workers tested positive. Forty workers tested positive for alcohol, 28 for prescription, and 22 for nonprescription drugs. Evidence of alcohol use was found in a higher percentage of fatalities due to motor vehicle accidents, falls, and being caught in or under equipment than in other types of workplace fatalities.
ALLISON KR; DIGNAM C
Social and school factors in predicting cannabis use among Ontario high school students.
Can J Public Health. 1990 Jul Aug; 81(4): 301-6
This paper explores the influence of social factors and school factors on cannabis use among Ontario high school students. The data are derived from a survey of students conducted by the Addiction Research Foundation in 1987. Multiple classification analysis was used to examine the relationship between the two groups of factors and cannabis use. Results of the analysis indicate that social factors are more highly predictive of cannabis use than are school factors. A theoretical framework specifying the influence of social and school factors on cannabis use needs to be developed and tested in order to understand this relationship more clearly.
ASUNI T; PELA OA
Drug abuse in Africa.
Bull Narc. 1986 Jan-Jun. 38(1-2). P 55-64.
Apart from cannabis abuse in northern and southern Africa and khat chewing in north-eastern Africa, the history of drug abuse in Africa is relatively short. The abuse of drugs in Africa is nevertheless escalating rapidly from cannabis abuse to the more dangerous drugs and from limited groups of drug users to a wider range of people abusing drugs. The most common and available drug of abuse is still cannabis, which is known to be a contributing factor to the occurrence of a schizophrenic-like psychosis. The trafficking in and abuse of cocaine determine the real magnitude and characteristics of the problem and to monitor its trends. A lack of funds and a shortage of adequately trained personnel have made it difficult to implement drug abuse control programmes. In addition to formal drug control involving the implementation of legislation, there is an informal system of drug abuse control operating through the family, church, school, neighbourhood and work environment, as well as healthy recreational activities. It is suggested that efforts in African countries should be directed towards strengthening not only the formal drug control system but also informal control in order to compensate for the insufficient funds and the shortage of personnel trained in implementing formal drug control measures. It is very likely that the drug problems in African countries will worsen in future unless more effective measures are implemented to arrest the current situation.
BEARDSLEY TM
Cannabis comprehended. The 'assassin of youth' points to a new pharmacology [news]
Sci Am. 1990 Oct; 263(4): 38
[NO ABSTRACT] cannabinoid receptors
BOURDON R; GALLIOT M; DANG VU B; SANDOUK P
Exploration analytique des toxicomanies. [Analytical exploration of drug addiction]
Presse Med. 1991 Jan 26; 20(3): 124-7
The natural and synthetic substances most frequently leading to drug addiction are described. They include cannabis, opium and cocaine with their respective derivatives. The authors insist on the problems encountered by analytical chemists when they examine urine samples containing these substances, owing to their metabolic degradation and to interferences between lawful and unlawful drugs. The limitations imposed by these problems to an unambiguous interpretation of the results obtained are defined, but they do not throw any doubt on the value of these investigations.
BRON, BERNHARD
Motivation and effect of phantastica-consumption.
Praxis der Kinderpsychologie und Kinderpsychiatrie; 1976 May-Jun Vol 25(4) 128-139
Investigated the theory that drug abuse is frequently an auto-therapeutic attempt, a resistance against unbearable wishes, and an attempt to restore an unstable ego. 66 juvenile cannabis- and LSD users were examined in terms of their motivations and the effect of drug abuse. Various psychodynamic and social factors of drug abuse were found, and there was a striking correlation between specific motivations and psychopathology following drug abuse. The improvement of interpsychic conflicts and tensions expected from drug consumption were reversed in almost all cases. For example, phase specific conflicts and crisis situations were aggravated by drug use, and negative personality traits became more distinct.
CIMBURA G; LUCAS DM; BENNETT RC; DONELSON AC
Incidence and toxicological aspects of cannabis and ethanol detected in 1394 fatally injured drivers and pedestrians in Ontario (1982-1984).
J Forensic Sci. 1990 Sep; 35(5): 1035-41
A comprehensive epidemiological study of the involvement of cannabis and ethanol in motor vehicle fatalities in the Province of Ontario, Canada, is described. The study is based on toxicological analyses of blood and, when available, urine specimens. Ethanol was determined by headspace gas chromatography (GC). For cannabis, the methods employed were radioimmunoassays (RIAs) for screening and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) for the determination of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in blood. The study sample consisted of 1169 drivers and 225 pedestrians. THC was detected in the blood of 127 driver victims (10.9%) in concentrations ranging from 0.2 to 37 ng/mL, with a mean of 3.1 +/- 5.0 ng/mL. Ethanol was found in 667 driver victims (57.1%), in concentrations ranging from 9 to 441 mg/100 mL, with a mean of 165.8 +/- 79.5 mg/100 mL. For pedestrians, the incidence of THC and ethanol in the blood was 7.6 and 53.3%, respectively. The incidence of THC in the driver victims in this study constitutes an approximately threefold increase over the results of an Ontario study completed in 1979. At least a part of the increase may be attributed to interstudy differences in analytical methodology for cannabinoids.
DARLING MR; ARENDORF TM; COLDREY NA
Effect of cannabis use on oral candidal carriage.
J Oral Pathol Med. 1990 Aug; 19(7): 319-21
The effects of cigarette smoking on oral candidal carriage and candidosis have been well documented but few similar studies on cannabis smoking have appeared, therefore it was felt that such a study needed to be undertaken. In this investigation, the effect of cannabis smoking combined with methaqualone and tobacco on candidal prevalence, density and candidosis was examined in 55 users. Age and sex matched tobacco-smoking (n = 58) and non-smoking controls (n = 50) were examined similarly. The imprint culture technique was used for harvesting Candida. Results showed an increased prevalence and density of C. albicans in cannabis users while there was no apparent difference in the prevalence of candidiasis. However, two subjects presented with oral multifocal candidiasis.
DEAHL M
Cannabis and memory loss [editorial]
Br J Addict. 1991 Mar; 86(3): 249-52
[NO ABSTRACT] cannabis
DIXON L; HAAS G; WEIDEN PJ; SWEENEY J; FRANCES AJ
Drug abuse in schizophrenic patients: clinical correlates and reasons for use.
Am J Psychiatry. 1991 Feb; 148(2): 224-30
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to 1) determine substance abuse prevalence and preference in a diverse sample of schizophrenic, schizoaffective, and schizophreniform inpatients, 2) compare drug-abusing and non-drug-abusing patients on demographic and clinical variables during the acute and stabilization phases of their hospital course, and 3) obtain data from patients on reasons for drug abuse and on acute state-related changes during periods of intoxication. METHOD: Eighty-three psychotic inpatients consecutively admitted to a New York City teaching hospital were evaluated. Sixty-eight had schizophrenia, 12 had schizoaffective disorder, and three had schizophreniform disorder diagnosed according to the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R. Each patient received ratings on the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, the Global Assessment Scale, and the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms at admission and at discharge, an evaluation of premorbid adjustment, and an extensive interview on drug and alcohol use. RESULTS: Forty (48%) of the patients received diagnoses of drug or alcohol abuse or dependence. The drug-abusing patients primarily used cannabis (N = 26), alcohol (N = 21), and cocaine (N = 14) and reported that they abused drugs to get 'high,' to relieve depression, and to relax. They had significantly fewer positive and negative symptoms at discharge, better sexual adjustment and worse school performance during adolescence, and more family histories of drug abuse than the non-drug-abusing patients. CONCLUSIONS: Schizophrenic patients who abuse drugs may represent a subgroup of patients with better prognoses and less severe clinical characteristics of schizophrenia, but their drug abuse may adversely affect global outcome.
DU TOIT, BRIAN M
Historical and cultural factors influencing cannabis use among Indians in South Africa.
Journal of Psychedelic Drugs; 1977 Jul-Sep Vol 9(3) 235-246
British settlers in South Africa imported laborers from India in the period between 1855 and 1911 and prohibited their traditional use of cannabis in 1870. However, current surveys indicate that cannabis is widely used in South Africa not only by Indian and Coloured races but also by African and White races.
DUNFORD, MARTIN; HOLLAND, JACK
Coffee Shops and Tea Rooms
THE REAL GUIDE - AMSTERDAM (The Guide for the '90s; Prentice Hall Travel
COFFEE SHOPS AND TEA ROOMS: As with bars, there are two types of Amsterdam coffee shops: those whose principal business is the buying, selling, and consuming of dope, and the more traditional places that sell neither dope nor alcohol but do serve sandwiches or a light menu for lower prices than you'd pay in a full-fledged restaurant; some offer pastries or chocolates. The so-called 'smoking' coffee shops are easy to identify: brightly lit, with starkly modern furniture and an accent on healthy food, they're about as far from the cozy Dutch 'brown cafe' as it's possible to get. Smoking dope is the primary pastime (all sell a range of hash and grass), and most also have video (loud) music, and a selection of games from baccarat to pool; they're open roughly from late morning/midday until around midnight. They are currently booming, and the major Amsterdam chains - The Bulldog, Prix d'Ami, Fancy Free - seem to be opening new branches all the time: they may be identified by a cannabis-leaf sign and a slogan claiming that they serve the best quality goods on the Amsterdam dope scene. For real dope heads there's the Hash Info Museum (p93) which survives despite crackdowns. For more on dope see p.12.
DUNFORD, MARTIN; HOLLAND, JACK
Police Trouble, and a Note on Drugs. (2)
THE REAL GUIDE - AMSTERDAM (The Guide for the '90s; Prentice Hall Travel
DRUGS: Some residents claim that the liberal municipal attitude toward the sale of drugs has attracted all sorts of undesirables to the city. This is partly true, but the 'cleaning up' of the Zeedijk, once Amsterdam's heroin-dealing quarter, seems to have made open trafficking less frequent and the city a safer place. Amsterdam has sanctioned the sale of cannabis at the Melkweg and Paradiso nightspots, and at many coffee shops, since the 1960's. It's also acceptible to smoke in some bars, but since many are strongly against it, don't make any automatic assumptions. If in doubt, ask the barperson. Purchasing, transporting, or consuming cannabis products elsewhere is inadvisable. Although busts are rare, legally you're allowed to possess only 28 grams for personal use. Bear in mind, also, that while there's a lively and growing trade in cocaine and herion, possession of either could mean a stay in one of The Netherland's lively and growing prisons. For drug-related problems, the Drug Advice Center, Keisergracht 812 (Mon.-Fri. 1:00-3:00pm; phone: 23-78-65), offers help and advice.
ELSOHLY MA; JONES AB; ELSOHLY HN
Cross-reactivity of selected compounds in the Abbott TDx cannabinoid assay.
J Anal Toxicol. 1990 Sep Oct; 14(5): 277-9
Immunoassay procedures, both enzyme immunoassay and radioimmunoassay, continue to be widely used to screen samples for recent marijuana use by analyzing the urine samples for 11-nor-delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid (11-nor-delta 9-THC-9-COOH) (the major urinary metabolite of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol [delta 9-THC]). Using commercially available immunoassay reagents, the cross-reactivity of the antiserum utilized in Abbott's TDx cannabinoid assay (a fluorescence polarization immunoassay) was evaluated. This cross-reactivity was evaluated against a group of cannabinoids and noncannabinoid phenolic constituents of Cannabis, some cannabinoid metabolites, and other agents that appear in normal urine samples. In general, the antiserum was equally reactive toward 11-nor-delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid, its glucuronide, and the corresponding delta 8-isomer, which was the acid moiety utilized in standards and controls of the assay prior to January, 1990. Reduced binding to the antiserum was observed with hydroxylated derivatives of delta 9- and delta 8-THC, and the other cannabinoids, in general, exhibited limited binding potentials toward the antibody. For the noncannabinoid constituents, no binding was observed at the highest concentrations evaluated (40 mg/L).
Emrich HM; Weber MM; Wendl A; Zihl J; von Meyer L; Hanisch W
Reduced binocular depth inversion as an indicator of cannabis-induced censorship impairment.
Pharmacol.Biochem.Behav; 1991 Nov; 40(3); P 689-90
Measurements of binocular depth inversion using a stereoscopic slide projection with polarized light were performed in healthy volunteers before and after cannabis intake. Since binocular depth inversion represents an illusion occurring in the perception of semantically meaningful objects projected in a 3-D inverted fashion, the hypothesis can be tested that cannabis-induced 'psychedelic states' represent a condition in which the human CNS is unable to correct implausible perceptual hypotheses. The data demonstrate a strong cannabis-induced impairment of binocular depth inversion.
Friedrich G; Leber D; Weigend M
[Urine checks as a supportive measure with drug abuse patients to supplement current therapy models]
Beitr-Gerichtl-Med; 1991; 49; P 325-31
Urine samples of 120 heroin-addicted probands who had to take part in urinanalysis tests were analysed during a 26 months' period. Up to 7 substances (morphine/diamorphie, codeine, cocain, LSD, cannabinoides, barbiturates and amphetamines) were tested. The results were compared to the results of a group of 177 cannabies-smokers. The purpose of this study was to find out in how far urinanalysis tests can change drug-consuming behaviour. More than 80% of the cannabis-smokers showed evidently a decrease of THC-positive urine samples at the end of the investigation period. Only about 13% had positive samples during the whole period. 12 out of 120 heroin-addicted probands (= 10%) had morphine-positive urine samples at the beginning of investigations. For 104 out of 1423 tested samples (46 probands) an unmistakable distinction between morphine/diamorphine- or codeine-intake was not possible because the concentrations found were too low. About 20% of the samples indicated a shift to a substitutional used drug like codeine. Further more a slightly significant increase of cannabis-intake was to be observed.
FRIEDRICH G; NEPITA W; ANDRE T
Serumtestosteronkonzentrationen bei Cannabis- und Opiatkonsumenten. [Serum testosterone concentrations in cannabis and opiate users]
Beitr Gerichtl Med. 1990; 48: 57-66
The object of this study was to establish possible influences of long-term cannabis usage on plasma testosterone levels. The plasma testosterone levels of 66 male Pakistani who for years had smoked cannabis daily or drank cannabis regularly where measured after chronic and acute intake of the drug and compared with a material of 41 normal controls, i.e. persons who did not use cannabis. An evaluation of the results showed that there were no significant differences between the two groups. No influence of long-term cannabis usage on plasma testosterone levels was found. Furthermore we wished to find out wether long-term heroin abuse showed an effect on plasma testosterone levels. The concentrations of testosterone in the plasma of 102 heroin addicts assigned to a Methadone Program were measured and compared with the values of 29 male healthy students as controls. Plasma testosterone levels were found to be significantly decreased in heroin addicts as compared to controls.
Gerler, Edwin R; Moorhead, Stephen
Drug information: The facts about drugs and where to go for help. Special Issue: Drug abuse prevention.
Elementary School Guidance and Counseling; 1988 Dec Vol 23(2) 139-145
Presents information about commonly abused drugs (alcohol, cannabis, stimulants, inhalants, cocaine, psychedelics, depressants, narcotics, and designer drugs), their effects, and evidence of abuse. Sources of additional drug information are given, including a list of addresses that provide free or inexpensive pamphlets or brochures.
Gottlieb, Adam.
The Art and Science of Cooking with Cannabis
Twentieth Century Alchemist, 1974. 79 p.
Hallucinogenes et Societe: cannabis et peyotl: phenomenes culturels et mondes de l'imaginaire. by Patrick Allain. Payot, Paris 1973. 191 pages. velobound in Two French Books on Peyote. [box v4]
HARTNOLL, RICHARD; MITCHESON, MARTIN
Attitudes of young people towards drug use.
Bulletin on Narcotics; 1973 Apr-Jun Vol 25(2) 9-24
Surveys studies of young people's attitudes toward drugs. Among school children a more positive attitude towards amphetamine, the most commonly used drug, is prevalent. However LSD and opiates are named as harmful by school children as well as by other users. Drug users think of themselves as 'interesting' people and may look upon drugs as additional 'enrichment.' Users are seriously misinformed about drugs. Users are more precocious in their behavioral development. In general, the drug culture frowns upon 'heavy' use. LSD and cannabis are favored in the 'underground' culture and amphetamines are rejected. Drugs are part of modern life, and proper education, by credible authorities, as part of the health curriculum in schools will help reduce drug abuse.
HOLSTEN, FRED
Flashbacks: A personal follow-up.
Archiv fur Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten; 1976 Vol 222(4) 293-304
Studied 91 young drug users who had sought help at a psychiatric hospital to determine the frequency and degree of seriousness of flashbacks in these Ss and to determine whether these reactions occur only in users of cannabis and LSD or whether they are also experienced by users of other drugs. It was found that 53 of the Ss had experienced flashbacks. This was true for approximately 50 of 65 Ss who had used LSD, and also for users of organic solvents and cannabis. As many as 38% of the Ss were severely incapacitated by their flashbacks. On a personal follow-up 11/2-4 yrs after the 1st therapeutic contact, 35 Ss were still troubled by flashbacks. Generally, the reactions were less intense than at the time of the first contact. No relation between the flashbacks and protracted psychotic development could be established. The overall clinical and social course was worse for Ss with flashbacks than for the rest of the sample. Ss still bothered by flashbacks used drugs and alcohol as sedatives to a greater extent than the rest.
HOLT HANSEN, KRISTIAN
Extraordinary experiences during cross-modal perception.
Perceptual and Motor Skills; 1976 Dec Vol 43(3) 1023-1027
Nine university students were requested to perceive simultaneously the taste of beer and a rhythmic sound, the pitch of which could be varied. The frequencies at which Ss experienced harmony between the taste and the sound were determined. At the pitch of harmony, Ss reported characteristic experiences (e.g., optimum taste of the beer, rhythmic sensations in the head, and tickling sensations in the jaws and the mouth). Three Ss also reported experiences resembling those described by persons under the influences of such drugs as mescaline, psilocybin, LSD, and cannabis.
HUTCHINGS DE; DOW EDWARDS D
Animal models of opiate, cocaine, and cannabis use.
Clin Perinatol. 1991 Mar; 18(1): 1-22
A traditional concern with drugs administered during pregnancy has been teratogenicity or the production of gross structural malformations. Beginning in the 1970s, it became increasingly evident that the issue of drug safety and risk assessment went far beyond structural defects. During the 1980s, the newly emerged research specialty of 'developmental toxicology' came to encompass a wide range of adverse toxic outcomes that include not only birth defects but also neurobehavioral and other functional effects as well. Substances of use and abuse--the opiates, cocaine, and cannabis--have come to exemplify a diverse group of compounds that produce a broad spectrum of developmental outcomes. Unlike alcohol, neither the use of heroin nor methadone during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of birth defects but both produce a neonatal abstinence syndrome that can persist for as long as 6 months; follow-up to preschool years suggests possible risk of attention deficit and problems of fine motor coordination. Methodologic weaknesses of opiate animal models, especially with respect of appropriate dosing schedules, have hampered meaningful extrapolation of these studies to human risk assessment. Given the renewed interest in methadone maintenance as an important therapeutic intervention to reduce exposure to the human immunodeficiency virus, better designed animal studies are needed urgently to assess developmental risk, but these must incorporate techniques that better model human pharmacokinetics. Animal models of early cocaine exposure, driven by human reports of serious risk to the fetus and newborn, have found reproductive hazard, risk of neurobehavioral effects as well as altered CNS function. Whereas animal studies need to explore routes of administration other than sc and ig, particularly the volatilized form of cocaine, to date it appears that the processes of somatic growth and morphogenesis in rodents are not as sensitive to cocaine as is the functional development of the CNS. Finally, animal studies of cannabis have taught us some major methodologic and interpretive lessons for the continuing development and refinement of animal models of drugs of abuse. Of particular importance is that poorly controlled experiments that do not adequately consider the confounding influences of maternal toxicity, both prenatally and postnatally, are likely to yield a high rate of false-positive results. This is well illustrated by those studies of cannabis that antedated the current concern for pair-feeding and surrogate fostering. Nearly all of the studies that failed to include nutritional and fostering controls found neurobehavioral effects that included changes in activity as well as impairments in learning and memory. ...
IMADE AG; EBIE JC
A retrospective study of symptom patterns of cannabis-induced psychosis.
Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1991 Feb; 83(2): 134-6
The aim of this study was to find out whether there are any similarities between cannabis psychosis on the one hand and schizophrenia and mania on the other, and to delineate any consistency in the pattern of clinical symptoms of cannabis psychosis. Relevant data were collected from patient's case-notes depicting biographical information and the frequencies of mental symptoms. Age and duration in hospital agreed between the 3 groups. Although several significant differences were recorded in the distribution of mental symptoms, it was not possible to demonstrate a consistent pattern of symptoms typical of cannabis psychosis.
KAFERSTEIN H; STICHT G
Vergleichende Untersuchungen zum Drogennachweis mit neueren immunologischen Methoden. [Comparative studies of drug detection using recent immunologic methods]
Beitr Gerichtl Med. 1990; 48: 51-6
150 urine samples which we received from the criminal investigation department were measured with EMIT cannabis 20 and EMIT cannabis 50 reagents by EMIT Autolabsystem and especially with the immunoassay analyzer ETS by Syva Diagnostica. The confirming analyses were performed by GC-MS. If only cases are considered which are positive with cannabis 20 containing at least 10 ng 11-Nor-delta-9-THC-9-carboxylic acid in urine, there will be a negative result of 18.8% with EMIT 50. This appears to be unreasonably high. Some of these cases were also tested with Abuscreen ONTRAK-reagents. With this method the cut off for cannabis with 100 ng/ml urine is far too high but can be lowered essentially by taking a larger urine sample.
La Barre, Weston.
[Review] Anthropological Views of Cannabis.
(1977)
LEON CARRION J
Mental performance in long-term heavy cannabis use: a preliminary report.
Psychol Rep. 1990 Dec; 67(3 Pt 1): 947-52
Mental performance of 23 male chronic cannabis users was measured on the 1958 Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale and compared with scores of a control group. Analysis showed significant differences on nine of the 14 scores especially those indicating capacity for compromise, the elaboration of adequate judgments, and the capacity of verbalization and communication.
LEONARD, HENRIETTA L; RAPOPORT, JUDITH L
Relief of Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms by LSD and Psilocin.
American Journal of Psychiatry; Vol. 144(9) Sept 1987 p 1239-1240
An unusual case of a patient with both obsessive-compulsive disorder and multiple substance abuse provides strongly suggestive support for a role of the serotonin system in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Adam, a 17-year-old white high school senior, had severe obsessive-compulsive disorder that had begun at age 8. Since age 13, his mind had been so preoccupied by obsessive thoughts that he was unable to do any task spontaneously. All acts had to be done in a certain way and a certain number of times. He showered by lathering the soap 22 times. He was unable to walk down a corridor unless he tapped the correct amount of times on the wall and could not complete any school assignments because written alphabet letters had to end 'in a certain way going up.' He was acutely aware of the irrationality of these thoughts and rituals. Since the age of 14, Adam had extensively abused drugs; he had observed three different kinds of effects on his obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms from these substances: specific selective improvement, nonspecific improvement, and specific worstening. LSD (which he had used more than 100 times) made his obsessive thoughts slightly worse for an hour, followed by total remission for 4-5 hours. 'Mushroom' (psilocin) and mescaline, which he had used about 20 times each, also made the thoughts totally disappear. Cocaine (used more than 100 times) and amphetamine (used about 15 times) worstened the thoughts, so that he would spend hours touching the walls 22 times. In contrast to these selective changes, cannabis, phencyclidine, barbiturates, methaqualone, morphine, codeine, and alcohol did not change the frequency or the intensity of the obsessive thoughts but just 'made everything easier to bear'. The psychedelic drugs LSD, psilocin, and mescaline act on the serotonergic system, both pre- and postsynatptically, at several sites within the brain. Morphine, codeine, and possibly phencyclidine affect opiate receptors, and their effects are not thought to be primarily related to monoamine systems. Amphetamine and cocaine, which worsened the patient's thoughts, both release and block the uptake of catecholamines, resulting in a general stimulation of the CNS. Cannabis's mechanism of action is not known, but it does not act directly on monoamines. Barbiturates and alcohol, which are CNS depressants, affect both excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission, with complex CNS effects not tied directly to monoaminergic systems. The reports of this patient, who had no knowledge of biochemistry, are of great interest, as they are consistent with a serotonin hypothesis of obsessive-compulsive disorder. In addition to the well-documented efficacy of clomipramine in obsessive-compulsive disorder, augmentation of clomipramine by L-tryptophan and lithium has been reported. Furthermore, response to clomipramine has been correlated with higher pretreatment platelet serotonin concentration.
Li, Hui-Lin.
An Archaeological and Historical Account of Cannabis in China.
Economic Botany 28:437-448. (1974)
Li, Hui-Lin.
The Origin and Use of Cannabis in Eastern Asia: Linguistic-Cultural Implications.
Economic Botany 28:293-301. (1974)
LSD, Marijuana, Yoga, and Hypnosis. Theodore Xenophon Barber. Aldine Publishing Co. Chicago. 1970. Part A: Psychedelic Drugs and Cannabis Derivatives, pages 1-111. (photocopy velobound in anthology "Psychedelics in Society Volume Two"). [box v3]
Marijuana Botany: An Advanced Study: The Propagation and Breeding of Dsitinctive Cannabis. Robert Connell Clarke. An/Or Press. Berkeley, CA. 1981. paperback. 198 pages. one of the best books on its topic. [box 2m]
McGlothlin, William H.
Hallucinogenic Drugs: A Perspective with Special Reference to Peyote and Cannabis.
Psychedelic Rev. 6:16-57. (1965)
MECHANICK, PHILIP,; ET AL
Nonmedical drug use among medical students.
Archives of General Psychiatry; 1973 Jul Vol. 29(1) 48-50
Mailed a questionnaire on illicit drug use to 1st-4th yr medical students in 1970 and 1972. 449 Ss (82%) responded in 1970 and 463 (79%) responded in 1972. Results reveal a large increase in the number of Ss who used cannabis between 1970 and 1972. Despite this greater occurrence of use, there was a marked decline in the current frequency of use among the 2 classes studied in both years, evidently due to loss of interest in taking the drug. Over the 2 years there was also a decrease in the number of Ss favoring legalization of marihuana. In both studies, relatively few Ss had ever taken LSD, mescaline, amphetamines, and barbiturates. Among Ss who had taken these drugs, interest also decreased by 1972. Findings suggest that cannabis use was prevalent in medical school irrespective of the age of the student but has now subsided.
MENKES DB; HOWARD RC; SPEARS GF; CAIRNS ER
Salivary THC following cannabis smoking correlates with subjective intoxication and heart rate.
Psychopharmacology Berl. 1991; 103(2): 277-9
A cannabis smoking trial was conducted using paid volunteers. Subjective intoxication, measured using a visual analogue scale, was compared with heart rate and with salivary delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) levels at various times after smoking a cigarette containing 11 mg THC. Subjective intoxication and heart rate elevation were significantly correlated with the log of salivary THC. Salivary THC levels are a sensitive index of recent cannabis smoking, and appear more closely linked with the effects of intoxication than do either blood or urine cannabinoid levels.
MILLER NS; GOLD MS; KLAHR AL
The diagnosis of alcohol and cannabis dependence (addiction) in cocaine dependence (addiction).
Int J Addict. 1990 Jul; 25(7): 735-44
In two separate studies in 263 inpatients using DSM-III-R criteria for alcohol and drug dependence (addiction) we confirm the clinical experience that cocaine addicts are dependent on other drugs including alcohol. Our study finds a high prevalence of alcohol dependence and cannabis dependence in patients with cocaine dependence. As many as 89% of cocaine addicts diagnosed by DSM-III-R criteria for cocaine dependence (addiction) qualify for other alcohol and drug dependence diagnoses. Previous reports regarding alcohol and other drug use among cocaine addicts are few and inconclusive. The diagnosis of other alcohol and drug dependence in cocaine dependence has important impact on etiology, prognosis, and treatment.
MILLER NS; KLAHR AL; GOLD MS; SWEENEY K; COCORES JA
The prevalence of marijuana (cannabis) use and dependence in cocaine dependence.
N Y State J Med. 1990 Oct; 90(10): 491-2
In a retrospective and prospective study using DSM-III-R criteria for substance dependence in 232 inpatients and 51 outpatients, the clinical suspicion that cocaine addicts use other drugs including marijuana was confirmed. As many as 53% of cocaine addicts diagnosed by DSM-III-R criteria for cocaine dependence qualified for a diagnosis of cannabis dependence. The reports regarding marijuana and other drug dependence among cocaine addicts have been few and inconclusive. The diagnosis of other drug use and dependence in cocaine dependence has importance with regard to prognosis and treatment. This study found a high prevalence of marijuana (cannabis) dependence in patients with cocaine dependence.
Morningstar, Patricia C.
Thandai and Chilam: Traditional Hindu Beliefs About the Proper Uses of Cannabis.
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 17/3:141-165. (1985)
MOSCHOVAKIS, A; ET AL
Cannabis interferes with nest-building behavior in mice.
Psychopharmacology; 1978 Vol 58(2) 181-183
Nest-building behavior has never been used to answer questions concerning the psychotomimetic effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). In this study, several fractions of cannabis and tobacco pyrolysis products were tested consecutively in the same procedure. The following drugs were injected ip under a saline-drug-saline schedule: dextroamphetamine (6 mg/kg), pentobarbital (25 mg/kg), THC (10, 5, 2.5 mg/kg), the cannabis fractions designated I-sub(S ) (water soluble products), II-sub(S ) (nonsoluble, nonvolatile products), III-sub(S ) (what is inhaled by a hashish smoker), and analogous fractions of tobacco pyrolysis products designated III-sub(B ) (what is inhaled by a common tobacco smoker), II-sub(B), and I-sub(B). The effects of THC (10 mg/kg), II-sub(S), and III-sub(S ) were similar in disrupting the normal behavioral pattern. Amphetamine, THC (5 mg/kg), and II-sub(B ) disrupted normal behavior as well. The similarity of the effects of II-sub(S ) and III-sub(S ) was unexpected in view of the different contents of cannabinoids in these fractions. Also unexpected was the similarity of the effects of THC (10 mg/kg) and III-sub(S ) (40 mg/kg containing 7% THC), as well as the activity of fraction III-sub(B).
NDOSI, N.K.
Cannabis and its health-damaging effects
The Dar es Salaam Medical Journal, v 10(2) pp. 10-12 ( 1993), Niger
CANNABIS / CANNABINOIDS / MARIJUANA ABUSE / MARIJUANA SMOKING / SUBSTANCE ABUSE / HEALTH PROMOTION / ADOLESCENT BEHAVIOR
Cannabis is derived from the plant Cannabis sativa. Bhang or marijuana might be the cheapest and most readily available form of cannabis abused mainly by adolescents and young adults in Tanzania, but concrete data is lacking. Some of the drug abusers are mentally unstable individuals who lack self criticism and adequate self restraint. When bhang is smoked, cannabinoids are readily absorbed from the lung and bound by the grey matter of the brain. Cannabinoids are psychoactive ingredients which cause complex behavioural changes with stimulant and depressed properties. This article therefore, aims at raising more awareness concerning the health-damaging consequences of bhang abuse. . African Index Medicus
PAGE, J BRYAN; FLETCHER, JACK M; TRUE, WILLIAM R
Psychosociocultural perspectives on chronic cannabis use: The Costa Rican follow-up. Special Issue: Marijuana--an update.
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs; 1988 Jan-Mar Vol 20(1) 57-65
Conducted a 4-yr follow-up of Costa Rican marihuana users and matched nonusers previously studied by W. E. Carter et al (1980). 57 of 82 Ss were available at follow-up. They completed a test battery including the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS); measures of lateralized motor and tactile performance, learning and memory, sustained attention and concentration, and speeded motor planning; the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF); and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). Results indicate that users were slower in processing and on self-paced measures requiring sustained attention than nonusers. Anthropological findings are discussed with reference to cognitive function testing.
PEDERSEN W
Adolescents initiating cannabis use: cultural opposition or poor mental health?
J Adolesc. 1990 Dec; 13(4): 327-39
In Norway, the use of cannabis was introduced by a resourceful group of oppositional middle-class adolescents in the late 1960s. At the beginning of the 1970s there were, however, signs of a change in the recruitment of the users: youths in trouble from lower social levels gradually started to use the drug. In a prospective longitudinal study of 1311 Norwegian pupils aged 13-19, the possible links between normative and political opposition, mental health and the use of cannabis were investigated. The findings indicate that the group that experiments with cannabis, and use the drugs a few times, is still mainly characterized by a political and normative 'oppositional' engagement. Heavy users of cannabis, however, also have family problems and suffer from poor mental health. Thus, the study draws attention to the importance of distinguishing between two different clusters of longitudinal predictors for adolescent cannabis use: the first consists of subcultural opposition and certain personality traits, and seems to predict the earlier stages of use. The second consists of psychosocial problems and poor mental health. From this study one may not conclude that this second cluster predicts heavy cannabis involvement. We have, however, shown that it correlates with heavy involvement, cross-sectionally.
Poster: Psychedelics Summit Cannabis: 50th Anniverary Albert Hofmann's Bicycle Ride April 18, 1993. (for conference in Santa Cruz 4-16-93 and San Francisco 4-17-93.)
POTVIN, RAYMOND H; LEE, CHE FU
Multistage Path Models of Adolescent Alcohol and Drug Use: Age Variations
Journal of Studies on Alcohol; 1980, 41, 5, May, 531-542.
Conformity-commitment, which affected drinking & drug use in a sample of 1,121 United States teenagers interviewed in 1975, was found to be influenced in 13- & 14-year-olds by parents & religion, in 15- & 16-year-olds by peers & religion, & in 17- & 18-year-olds by parents, peers, & religion. Religiousness also affected alcohol use directly among all 3 age groups & cannabis use among 15- & 16-year-olds & 17- & 18-year-olds.
Queipo, D; Alvarez, F J; Velasco, A
Drug consumption among university students in Spain.
British Journal of Addiction; 1988 Jan Vol 83(1) 91-98
Examined drug consumption in 1984 among 2,921 students in a Spanish university. Cannabis was the most frequently consumed drug, followed by nonmedical consumption of amphetamines and tranquilizers. Drug consumption tends to be more frequent among males, among Ss who share a flat with friends, and among those in disagreement with their parental upbringing. Most Ss started the consumption of different drugs between the ages of 17 and 20 yrs. Curiosity, search for pleasure and happiness, and new sensations were the principal reasons for drug consumption, except for amphetamines and tranquilizers which were principally consumed as a 'study aid.'
RALPH METZNER & THOMAS PINKSON: Metzner: Hallucinogens & Ecological Consciousness
Pinkson: Purification, Death, and Rebirth; The Use of Entheogens Within a Shamanic Context
(1)Video-V277-91, ![[SoundPhotoSynthesis]](spstag.gif)
TOD MIKURIYA: The History and Medicinal Uses of Cannabis Author of The History and Medicinal Uses of Cannabis
(1)Audio-A806-91,
Rubin, ed.
Cannabis and Culture.
Reviews in Anthropology 4(3):237-250. ()
SATINDER, K PAUL; BLACK, ALEXANDER
Cannabis Use and Sensation-Seeking Orientation
Journal of Psychology; 1983, 116, 1, Jan, 101-105.
Cannabis use & its relationship to sensation-seeking orientation were investigated among 24 user & 24 nonuser college & University students matched for age, sex, & education. Respondents completed a personal information questionnaire & Form V of the Sensation Seeking Scale (SSS) (Zucherman, M., Kolin, E. A., Price, L., & Zoob, I., 'Development of a Sensation-Seeking Scale,' Journal of Consulting Psychology, 1964, 28, 477-482). Users scored higher on all 4 subscales of the SSS. Analysis of covariance controlling for alcohol, cigarette, & LSD use decreased the level of total score significance between groups, but differences between users & nonusers remained significant on the disinhibition subscale & total SSS scores.
SCHERER, SHAWN E
Hard and soft hallucinogenic drug users: Their drug taking patterns and objectives.
International Journal of the Addictions; 1973 Vol. 8(5) 755-766
Compared the hallucinogenic drug-use patterns and objectives of undergraduate hard (e.g., LSD or amphetamines) and soft (marihuana or hashish) drug users with nonusers. 43 male and 37 female 18-27 yr old undergraduates completed a questionnaire to classify them into non-, soft-, and hard-drug users: 36 Ss were classified as nonusers, 28 as soft-drug users, and 16 as hard users. 37.5% of the hard users had used drugs before entering college vs 4% of the soft users. 43% of the hard users reported using drugs because their friends did, vs only 21% of the soft users. Drug users rated themselves as experiencing more social pressure to use drugs than nonusers and were almost completely in favor of the legalization of marihuana and hashish. Hard users reported greater frequencies of cannabis use than soft users, who reported a wide frequency range in their reported cannabis use. Data on parental relationships, concurrent alcohol use, and perceived dangers of drugs are also presented.
Seligman P
A brief family intervention with an adolescent referred for drug taking.
J.ADOLESC; 1986 Sep; 9(3); P 231-42
This paper is a description of three family sessions with parents and their 19 year old and 17 year old sons. Their GP had referred the older son to the Family Institute, Cardiff as an 'urgent' case saying that the son was taking LSD and cannabis and spending periods of time away from home. The paper argues in favour of a 'non-pathological' approach to some adolescents who are on the brink of receiving serious psychiatric labels.
Seligman, Philippa
A brief family intervention with an adolescent referred for drug taking. Special Issue: Family therapy and systems work with adolescents.
Journal of Adolescence; 1986 Sep Vol 9(3) 231-242
Describes 3 family sessions with parents and their 19- and 17-yr-old sons. Their general practitioner had referred the older son to a family institute as an 'urgent' case saying that the son was taking LSD and cannabis and spending periods of time away from home. The paper argues in favor of a 'nonpathological' approach to some adolescents who are on the brink of receiving serious psychiatric labels.
SELIGMAN, PHILIPPA
A Brief Family Intervention with an Adolescent Referred for Drug Taking
Journal of Adolescence; 1986, 9, 3, Sept, 231-242.
A detailed description is offered of brief systemic work with a 19-year-old male referred by the family physician to The Family Institute (Cardiff, Wales). The boy was said to be using LSD & cannabis & spending periods of time missing from home. A nonpathological approach was taken in 3 sessions & a follow-up with the boy & his family. The therapist's method of eliciting information is described; a systemic framework was used to shift from the presenting symptom & explore & change patterns in the family relationships that created a context for the troubling behavior. The brief, problem-solving systemic approach was successful; it is suggested as a useful model in similar cases with adolescents.
SENAY EC
Drug abuse and public health. A global perspective.
Drug Saf. 1991; 6 Suppl 1: 1-65
During the past 20 years there has been a substantial increase in the data available on the prevalence and consequences of the use of drugs which are liable to abuse. The body of data is sufficiently scientific, comprehensive and global in scope to enable an overall profile of the use patterns of these drugs to be drawn in this review. The studies evaluated include those which surveyed populations of hundreds, thousands, or even more, covering a range of common drugs of abuse and using specified research methods. The data are summarised for North America, Europe, Asia and the West Pacific, Africa and South America. A complex picture has emerged, confounded by an array of factors, which this review does not address in detail, such as youth alienation, the changing role of women and the increasing sophistication of criminal networks. From a global perspective, the evidence reviewed from the various regions indicates that the use of drugs with liability for abuse is widespread and associated with public health and social problems of great magnitude. The major set of problems appears to be related to primary pattern drugs such as alcohol, nicotine, cannabis and the opioids. Cocaine may also be a worldwide threat in view of the problems it has created in some regions. Drug abuse usually starts in adolescence, and both sexes now appear to be involved where in the recent past it was predominantly men who were affected. The concurrent use of multiple substances is now becoming the modal pattern, and drug-related problems correlate with one another and with somatic, psychiatric and social pathology. Opioid use now tends to be via intravenous administration, and the doses of cannabis and cocaine base which are used are increasing. Substances with therapeutic effects on DSM-III-R diagnosable disorders, such as antidepressants and benzodiazepines, require careful consideration by policymakers because the risk:benefit ratio is different to that of primary-pattern intoxicants, especially taking into consideration the broad and proven therapeutic use of these substances and the need for their availability for patients and physicians. In conclusion, the data presented in this review indicate that the scientific description of trends and consequences of drug abuse is an indispensable first step in rational policy making. The review also identifies areas for further study and research.
Sharma, G. K.
Ethnobotany and Its Significance for Cannabis Studies in the Himalayas.
Journal of Psychedelic Drugs 9(4):337-339. (1977)
SHULGIN AT.
Hallucinogens, CNS stimulants, and cannabis.
In:S. J. Mule/*' and H. Brill [eds.]: Chemical and biological aspects of drug dependence. CRC Press, Cleveland, Ohio. Pp. 163-175. 67 (1972.)
SHULGIN AT.
Recent developments in cannabis chemistry.
J. Psyched. Drugs 2: 15-29. 58 (1969.)
SHULGIN AT
Hallucinogens, CNS stimulants, and cannabis.
In:S. J. Mule/*' and H. Brill [eds.]: Chemical and biological aspects of drug dependence. CRC Press, Cleveland, Ohio. Pp. 163-175. (1972) [#67]
[No Abstract]
SHULGIN AT
Recent developments in cannabis chemistry.
J. Psyched. Drugs 2: 15-29. (1969) [#58]
[No Abstract]
SMART RG; ADLAF EM
Trends in treatment admissions for cocaine and other drug abusers.
Can J Psychiatry. 1990 Oct; 35(7): 621-3
This paper examines the proportion of drug abusers who report cocaine abuse as their primary problem at a Toronto clinic. In addition, characteristics of cocaine abusers are compared with those of alcohol and cannabis abusers. There is a significant increase in the proportion of drug abusers seeking treatment for cocaine use relative to other drugs, and a dramatic increase in their absolute numbers. Differences in age, marital status and socioeconomic status among cocaine, alcohol, and cannabis abusers are also noted.
SMART RG; OGBORNE AC; NEWTON TAYLOR B
Drug abuse and alcohol problems among cocaine abusers in an assessment/referral service.
Br J Addict. 1990 Dec; 85(12): 1595-8
This paper reports the social, demographic and drug abuse backgrounds of cocaine abusers seen at an alcohol and drug abuse assessment centre in Kitchener, Ontario. It compares cocaine abusers to cannabis users and alcoholics of the same age at the same centre. Cocaine and cannabis abusers are mainly young, single males while alcohol abusers are much older. The cocaine and cannabis abusers are both heavy drinkers but the cocaine group contained more high-risk drinkers, more drug injectors and had a higher alcohol consumption. Cocaine abusers are young poly-drug users for whom drinking is also a major problem. Treatment plans should take these problems into account.
SMART, REGINALD G; AND OTHERS
Preliminary Report of Alcohol and Other Drug Use among Ontario Students in 1983, and Trends since 1977.
American Mental Health Counselors Association Journal; v2 n1 p38-45 Jan 1980
Since 1977, alcohol and drug use among Ontario students has been studied every 2 years. To examine the patterns of alcohol and other drug use among Ontario students in 1983, a randomized sample of 5,835 students, representing grades 5, 7, 9, 11, and 13, from four geographical regions, completed an anonymous questionnaire. An analysis of the results showed that, as in previous surveys, the most prevalently used drug was alcohol, followed by tobacco and cannabis (such as marihuana). Most types of drugs, except for glue and other solvents, were more popular among older students (except grade 13). Also, illicit drug use, with the exception of cannabis, was still relatively infrequent among users. Only non-medical stimulant use increased between the two periods. The 1983 survey, in contrast to 1981, indicated that a slightly greater number of substances were more commonly used among males than females. This reflected significant increases in the use of six substances among males (glue, other solvents, medical barbiturates and tranquillizers, non-medical stimulants, and hallucinogens other than LSD or PCP). In contrast, no increase in drug use was found among females. (More specific drug use patterns by age, sex, grade, and geographic regions are also described in this report. Changes in usage patterns between 1981 and 1983 are analyzed, and trends in use since 1977 and 1979 are presented.) (Author/BL)
SOLOMONS K; NEPPE VM; KUYL JM
Toxic cannabis psychosis is a valid entity.
S Afr Med J. 1990 Oct 20; 78(8): 476-81
One hundred black men admitted to hospital with acute psychiatric symptoms were investigated for the presence of urinary cannabis metabolites in order to delineate the psychiatric role played by 'dagga', the potent South African cannabinol, in the study population and to determine the diagnostic value of the entity 'toxic psychosis (dagga)'. Cannabinoids were present in 29% of patients, and 31% were discharged with a diagnosis of toxic psychosis (dagga). Clinical and demographic material was gathered for all patients and no consistent differences were found between dagga-positive and dagga-negative patients or toxic dagga psychotic patients and 'functional' psychotics other than a history of recent dagga use and the dagga screening test result. The latter measure was found to be both more sensitive and more specific than the history of dagga use alone. The findings support the routine use of a simple screening test for dagga in the sample population studied. The study demonstrated the heterogeneous nature of the toxic dagga psychosis syndrome by documenting a variety of different clinical presentations, which included schizophrenia (42%), paranoia (26%), maniform psychosis (16%) and organic psychosis (16%).
SPILLE, DIETER; GUSKI, RAINIER
(Long term use of drugs and personality characteristics: An empirical investigation.)
Zeitschrift fur Sozialpsychologie; 1975 Vol 6(1) 31-42
Studied the personality characteristics of 128 drug users (64 used cannabis and 64 used cannabis plus hallucinogens) and of 92 nonusers. Nervousness, aggressiveness, depression, and frankness were associated with drug use as measured by the Freiburger Personality Inventory (FPI). Multivariate analyses of the association between specified data of drug use, age, sex, and education with FPI variables showed differential relations: long term use of cannabis and low education were associated with depression and nervousness; use of mescal was associated with older Ss and with lower sociability, emotional lability, and depression; use of LSD was associated similar shorter duration of use and higher emotional lability. While causal relationships cannot be definitely established from cross-sectional data, results suggest that certain personality traits favor long term use of drugs.
Stein, Judith A; Newcomb, Michael D; Bentler, P M
Personality and drug use: Reciprocal effects across four years.
Personality and Individual Differences; 1987 Vol 8(3) 419-430
Examined the reciprocal influence of personality and drug use from late adolescence to young adulthood using a structural modeling approach. Data were obtained from 193 male and 461 female Ss over an 8-yr period. Ss were in Grades 7-9 when the study began. Questionnaires assessed multiple indicators for latent constructs of alcohol, cannabis, and hard drug use and for the personality constructs of conscientiousness, extraversion, self-esteem, and social conformity. Results show that more evidence was found for an impact of early personality traits affecting later substance use than for the reverse. Particularly strong effects were noted between early social conformity and less alcohol and hard drug use in young adulthood.
The Emporor Wears No Clothes: The Authoritative Historical Record of the Cannabis Plant, Hemp Prohibition, and How Marijuana Can Still Save the World. Jack Herer, designed and edited by Chris Conrad. HEMP / Queen of the Clubs Publishing. 1990. paperback. 182 pages. $12.95. [box 2]
Trott RJ
Diminished responsibility and the drug scene.
Br.J.Addict; 1992 Feb; 87(2); P 189-92
This article sets out the provisions of S.2 (1)-(3) of the Homicide Act 1957 and the judicial interpretations placed thereon and relates the importance of this section to the offence of murder and considers the province of the expert in regard to the Act and the difficulties encountered when experts interpret the words 'disease' and 'injury'. This is illustrated in relation to a recent Murder case where the Defendant had taken LSD and cannabis voluntarily, and deals with the question as to whether construction of the Act involves any assumption that permanent injury and non-self-induced injury are necessary ingredients to bring the defendant within provisions of S.2 (1), i.e. abnormality of mind induced by injury substantially impairing mental responsibility. Similarities are suggested between persons suffering from hallucinations, due to delirium tremens, severe concussion cases and LSD trip cases, and the question is posed as to whether it would be logical to say that temporary injury to the brain by poisoning has occurred in situations where there is a motiveless and bizarre killing following ingestion of large quantities of alcohol or drugs.
WEAVER ML; GAN BK; ALLEN E; BAUGH LD; LIAO FY; LIU RH; LANGNER JG; WALIA AS; COO
Correlations on radioimmunoassay, fluorescence polarization immunoassay, and enzyme immunoassay of cannabis metabolites with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis of 11-nor-delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid in urine specimens.
Forensic Sci Int. 1991 Jan Feb; 49(1): 43-56
Results obtained from three commercial immunoassay kits, Abuscreen, TDx, and EMIT, commonly used for the initial test of urine cannabinoids (and metabolites) were correlated with the 11-nor-delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid (9-THC-COOH) concentration as determined by GC/MS. Correlation coefficients obtained based on 26 (out of 1359 total sample population) highly relevant samples, are 0.601 and 0.438 for Abuscreen and TDx. Correlation coefficients obtained from a parallel study on a different set of 47 (out of 5070 total sample population) highly relevant specimens are 0.658 and 0.575 for Abuscreen and Emit. The immunoassay concentration levels, that correspond to the commonly used 15 ng/ml GC/MS cutoff value for 9-THC-COOH, as calculated from the regression equations are 82 ng/ml and 75 ng/ml for TDx and EMIT and 120 ng/ml and 72 ng/ml for Abuscreen manufactured at two different time periods. The difference of these calculated corresponding concentrations provides quantitative evidence of the reagent specificity differences.
Wehr K; Maier RD
[Analysis of regional trends in narcotic studies between 1980 and 1986]
Z-RECHTSMED; 1989; 102(8); P 509-19
During the period of survey, the number of narcotic drug seizures by the law, especially cannabis resin, has increased considerably. The details on this development are presented. The following main analytical results were obtained: the median concentration of THC in cannabis resin has increased up to 8.6%, in cannabis plants the THC content has fluctuated between 1% and 3%. In the heroin samples since 1982, diamorphin has predominated in the base form; the diamorphin content had dropped to 32%, which is connected with a rise simultaneous in the concentration of noscapine (up to 9%). The concentration of cocaine hydrochloride had diminished at the end of the period to 62%; on the other hand, the amphetamine sulfate content increased to 69%. LSD trips used from 10 to 120 micrograms per trip. Methadone occurred mostly in the form of tablets containing 5 mg methadone hydrochloride.
ZWEIG, JONATHAN S; CASTAGNOLI, NEAL
Drug use and analysis results: 1973-1975.
PharmChem Newsletter; 1976 Jan Vol 5(1) 1-8
Presents data on trends in the use and effects of 4 major types of popular illegal drugs: cannabis products, CNS stimulants, psychotomimetics, and opiates and miscellaneous substances. Use of most of these chemicals seems to have been relatively constant during the past 2 yrs, although the use of phencyclidine, a psychotomimetic, is increasing. Instances of dilution, adulteration, and misrepresentation of drugs sold on the street are described, including the most notable example which occurred during 1973-1975--alleged amphetamine samples. Tabular data on 1,600 samples analyzed during the study period are included.
| EthnobotDB--worldwide plant uses is a searchable ethnobotany database at the National Agricultural Library. |
| The National Plants Database at the US Dept. of Agriculture includes information about wetlands, threatened/endangered and economically important plants. |
African Ape Site Floral Lists at the University of Wisconsin offers a list of plant species and the parts observed to be eaten by African apes. The list includes genera and species known to be psychoactive, such as Psychotria, Mytragyna, Tabernanthe, Tabernaemontana, Ipomoea, Alchornea, Cannabis, Mimosa and Pausinystalia (Cornanthe) johimbe. A good resource for pursuing cryptohallucinogens through primate zoopharmacognosy.
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| African Index Medicus is a searchable database of abstracts to papers published in African medical journals. Topics include: Cannabis, Khat, drug policy, and substance abuse. |