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BOADO, ALICIA
A Historical-Anthropological Review of Drugs in Different Cultures; Resena historica-antropologica de las drogas en distintas culturas
RS, Cuadernos de Realidades Sociales; 1984, 23-24, Jan, 131-152.
A historical sketch of drug usage in ancient, medieval, & modern cultures. Fourteen different drugs are discussed, including: mild drugs, eg, tobacco, coffee, & tea; mid-strength drugs, eg, alcohol & marijuana; & very potent drugs, eg, opium derivatives & LSD. Also described are drugs seldom encountered in the Western cultures, eg, kawa-kawa (piper methysticum), a strong intoxicant used in Oceania.
BONYUN, ROSEMARY
Survey of Drug Use in an Ottawa Board High School, January, 1981.
American Mental Health Counselors Association Journal; v2 n1 p38-45 Jan 1980
In an Ottawa high school, a committee of staff and student representatives explored drug use in the school. A questionnaire was developed to assess student perception of academic performance and extracurricular involvement; students' frequency of drug use during the previous two months for nine categories of drugs; time and place of use and source of drugs; and student opinions of the degree of harmfulness of various drugs and their reasons for using drugs. Questionnaires were completed by 1230 high school students during the 1980-81 school year. Results revealed that alcohol was the most frequently used substance, followed by marijuana, LSD, and cocaine. Use of angel dust, heroin, and solvents was rarely reported. Use of alcohol, marijuana, and LSD increased sharply between grades 9 and 11 but little after that. Friends or relatives were reported to be the most frequent source of drugs, while nearly half of the users had obtained drugs from a dealer at least some of the time. Students rated alcohol and marijuana at least harmful; cigarettes, drugs from a drugstore, cocaine, solvents, LSD, heroin, and angel dust were ranked in a 'more' to 'most' harmful order. Sex differences in drug use were not statistically significant. Comparisons with earlier studies suggest that high school students in 1970, 1977, and 1981 are in general agreement about the harmfulness of certain drugs. (NRB)
Conard S; Hughes P; Baldwin DC Jr; Achenbach KE; Sheehan DV
Substance use by fourth-year students at 13 U.S. medical schools.
J MED EDUC; 1988 Oct; 63(10); P 747-58
Fourth-year medical students at 13 medical schools in different regions of the United States received an anonymous questionnaire designed to examine their current and prior use of 11 substances and their attitudes toward substance use among physicians. Of 1,427 questionnaires distributed, 41 percent were returned. The questionnaire and distribution method were derived from an ongoing survey on drug use in order to permit comparison of the medical students with a national sample of age- and sex-matched cohorts. The rates of substance use during the 30 days preceding receipt of the questionnaire were: alcohol, 87.8 percent; marijuana, 17.3 percent; cigarettes, 9.0 percent; cocaine, 5.6 percent; heroin, 0.0 percent; other opiates, 0.9 percent; LSD, 0.2 percent; other psychedelics, 0.5 percent; barbiturates, 0.5 percent; tranquilizers, 2.2 percent; and amphetamines, 1.2 percent. Compared with their age and sex cohorts nationally, the medical students reported less use of marijuana, cocaine, cigarettes, LSD, barbiturates, and amphetamines. However, their use of other opiates was approximately the same and their use of tranquilizers and alcohol was slightly higher than that of the other cohorts. Data on their sources of knowledge about drug abuse indicate the need for greater attention to this issue in the medical curriculum.
CONARD, SCOTT; AND OTHERS
Substance Use by Fourth-Year Students at 13 U.S. Medical Schools.
Journal of Medical Education; v63 n10 p747-58 Oct 1988
A study investigated drug use by fourth-year medical students in 13 schools and compared drug use patterns with those of an age- and sex-matched cohort. Medical students reported less use of marijuana, cocaine, cigarettes, LSD, barbiturates, and amphetamines, similar use of opiates, and slightly more use of tranquilizers and alcohol. (MSE)
DRAKULIC, SLOBODAN
DRUG ADDICTION IN YOUNG PEOPLE; NARKOMANIJE MLADIH
Revija za Sociologiju; 1973, 3, 3-4, 109-113.
IN 1967 & 1968, DRUG ADDICTION GAINED NEW ADHERENTS IN YUGOSLAVIA. NO EXACT STATISTICS ON THE NUMBER OF YOUNG PEOPLE ADDICTED IN YUGOSLAVIA EXIST. IN ANALYZING THE ROOTS OF THE PROBLEM, United States LITERATURE IS HELPFUL, BUT NOT EXACTLY APPLICABLE TO YUGOSLAV CONDITIONS; THERE ARE SIMILARITIES & ALSO GREAT SOCIAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE 2 COUNTRIES. A DRAWBACK OF EXISTING YUGOSLAV LITERATURE IS THAT IT IS AUTHORED BY MD'S, PSYCHOLOGISTS & PSYCHIATRISTS, & IT IS LOADED WITH 'NEVER AGAIN' CONFESSIONS WHICH DO NOT GIVE A CLEAR PICTURE OF THE CAUSES OF THE PHENOMENON. THE APPROACH TO THE PROBLEM IS GENERALLY CLINICAL. A SURVEY OF YOUNG DRUG ADDICTS IN ZAGREB WAS UNDERTAKEN, FACILITATED BY PERSONAL ACQUAINTANCE WITH THE INTERVIEWEES BY THE RESEARCHER. YUGOSLAV YOUTH TAKE LSD, HASHISH, & MARIJUANA & MESKALINE IN MUCH SMALLER MEASURE. THE DRUGS USED ARE NOT ADDICTIVE; THE STATEMENTS OF SELF-PROCLAIMED EXPERTS TO THE CONTRARY ARE NOT BASED ON RESEARCH DATA. DRUG ADDICTION AMONG YUGOSLAV YOUTH IS MARKED BY RELIANCE ON DRUGS OF THE NONADDICTIVE TYPE. THE REASONS GIVEN FOR THE ENJOYMENT OF DRUGS VARIED FROM PLEASURE, TO CONSCIOUSNESS EXPANSION, & PEER GROUP PRESSURE. S. KARGANOVIC
Drug Awareness: Key Documents on LSD, Marijuana, and the Drug Culture. editors: Richard E. Horman and Allan M. Fox. Discus / Avon. New York. c1970. fifth printing 1972. velobound photocopy. [box v1]
FELDMAN, HARVEY
Street Status and Drug Users
Trans Action; 1973, 10, 4, May-Jun, 32-38.
By 1969, drug use had become an integral part of street life in East Highland. The decision not to take drugs was said by street-wise youth to be more difficult than the decision to take drugs. Based on a combination of risk components (physical harm, addiction potential, parental discovery, police, intragroup dangers) & type of drug (heroin, other opiates, barbiturates, cough medicines, LSD, esoteric forms, diet pills, marijuana), a hierarchy of social types is developed. Aspirants to the top are charted on a continuum from 'faggot' to 'asshole' to 'solid guy' to 'tough guy' to 'crazy guy' at the top. Young men are viewed as making choices regarding drug use & associated social position, not as retreating into drugs. At the top, 'their use of heroin solidifies a view of them as bold, reckless, criminally deviant--all praiseworthy qualities from a street perspective.' G. Schmeling
GAY, GEORGE R; SMITH, DAVID E
Development of Drug Patterns and Treatment Techniques in a Free Clinic
Journal of Social Issues; 1974, 30, 1, 127-142.
An overview of the evolving drug pattern in Haight-Ashbury is given, with a description of the phases of youthful drug use & what present youthful drug abusers are like. Emergency medical care procedure is presented in regard to marijuana freak-outs, LSD over abuse, amphetamines, barbiturates, scopalamine, & diacetylmorphine. A detailed 'do's & don'ts' section is given as pertains to treating pure heroin overdose as well as mixed addictions overdoses.
JOHNSTON, LLOYD D; AND OTHERS
Drug Use among American High School Students, College Students, and Other Young Adults. National Trends Through 1985.
Journal of Chemical Education; v62 n4 p328-31 Apr 1985
Drug use and related attitudes of U.S. high school seniors from the graduating classes of 1975-1985 and young adults in their late teens and early- to mid-twenties were studied, as part of an ongoing research project. Eleven classes of drugs were assessed: marijuana (including hashish), inhalants, hallucinogens, cocaine, heroin, other natural and synthetic opiates, stimulants (amphetamines), sedatives, tranquilizers, alcohol, and cigarettes. Several subclasses of drugs were also covered: PCP and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), amyl and butyl nitrites, and barbiturates and methaqualone. Attention was focused on drug use at the higher frequency levels rather than whether respondents had ever used various drugs. Of concern were: age of first use; the seniors' own attitudes and beliefs; and the attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors of others in the seniors' social environment, including perceived drug availability. The use of non-prescription stimulants, including diet pills, stay-awake pills, and pseudo-amphetamines were also reported, along with cocaine use among young people. Findings include sex differences in drug use, differences related to college plans, regional differences, and differences related to population density. The implications of findings for prevention efforts were addressed. (SW)
JOHNSTON, LLOYD D; AND OTHERS
Use of Licit and Illicit Drugs by America's High School Students, 1975-1984.
Journal of Chemical Education; v62 n4 p328-31 Apr 1985
Two of the major topics treated in this report are the current prevalence of drug use among American high school seniors, and trends in use since 1975. Also reported are data on school grade of first use, trends in use at earlier grade levels, intensity of drug use, attitudes and beliefs among seniors concerning various types of drug use, and their perceptions of certain relevant aspects of the social environment. The eleven separate classes of drugs distinguished are marijuana (including hashish), inhalants, hallucinogens, cocaine, heroin, natural and synthetic opiates other than heroin, stimulants, sedatives, tranquilizers, alcohol, and cigarettes. Separate statistics are also presented here for several sub-classes of drugs: PCP and LSD, barbiturates and methaqualone, and amyl and butyl nitrites. Occasions of medically supervised use of the psychotherapeutic drugs were excluded. Attention was focused on high frequency levels of drug use and an indirect measure of dosage per occasion was introduced to differentiate levels of drug use. The 'Other Findings' section includes data on the use of non-prescription stimulants, daily marijuana use, effects of post high school environments and role transitions on drug use, and the issue of distinguishing maturational change from period effects and class cohort differences. Findings are supported by numerous tables. (Author/MCK)
LEIKIN JB; KRANTZ AJ; ZELL-KANTER M; BARKIN RL; HRYHORCZUK DO
Clinical features and management of intoxication due to hallucinogenicdrugs.
Med Toxicol Adverse Drug Exp. 1989 Sep-Oct. 4(5). P 324-50.
Hallucinogenic drugs are unique in that they produce the desired hallucinogenic effects at what are considered non-toxic doses. The hallucinogenic drugs can be categorised into 4 basic groups: indole alkaloid derivatives, piperidine derivatives, phenylethylamines and the cannabinols. The drugs reviewed include lysergic acid diethylamide(LSD), phencyclidine (PCP), cocaine, amphetamines, opiates, marijuana, psilocybin, mescaline, and 'designer drugs.' Particularly noteworthy is that each hallucinogen produces characteristic behavioural effects which are related to its serotonergic, dopaminergic or adrenergic activity. Cocaine produces simple hallucinations, PCP can produce complex hallucinations analogous to a paranoid psychosis, while LSD produces a combination of hallucinations, pseudohallucinations and illusions. Dose relationships with changes in the quality of the hallucinatory experience have been described with amphetamines and, to some extent, LSD. Flashbacks have been described with LSD and alcohol. Management of the intoxicated patient is dependent on the specific behavioural manifestation elicited by the drug. The principles involve [] differentiating the patient's symptoms from organic (medical or toxicological) and psychiatric aetiologies and identifying the symptom complex associated with the particular drug. Panic reactions may require treatment with a benzodiazepine or haloperidol. Patients with LSD psychosis may require an antipsychotic. Patients exhibiting prolonged drug-induced psychosis may require a variety of treatments including ECT, lithium and l-5-hydroxytryptophan. Refs: 233.
LSD, Marijuana, Yoga, and Hypnosis. Theodore Xenophon Barber. Aldine Publishing Co. Chicago. 1970. Part A: Psychedelic Drugs and Cannabis Derivatives, pages 1-111. (photocopy velobound in anthology "Psychedelics in Society Volume Two"). [box v3]
MACDONALD, PATRICK T
The 'Dope' on Soaps
Journal of Drug Education; 1983, 13, 4, 359-369.
Entertainment television has recently been at the center of a raging controversy concerning its effects on the viewer; however, analyses have focused on prime time television. Thus, while the intimate details of nighttime drug use are known, there has been no investigation of daytime drug taking. Interview data from a sample of long-time soap opera viewers (number of cases = 165) are used to examine the context, motives, & consequences of drug use in the daytime serials via in-depth analysis of reported portrayals of 8 drug categories-alcohol, tobacco, tranquilizers, amphetamines, marijuana, LSD, cocaine, & heroin. Potential effects of these television portrayals on public drug awareness & implications for education efforts are explored.
MARCOS, ANASTASIOS C; JOHNSON, RICHARD E
Cultural Patterns and Causal Processes in Adolescent Drug Use: The Case of Greeks versus Americans
International Journal of the Addictions; 1988, 23, 6, 545-572.
Questionnaire data collected in 1984/85 are used to compare patterns of drug use among Greek & US adolescents (N = 174 & 2,610, respectively). The rates of self-reported lifetime alcohol & cigarette use are rather similar. Other drugs (marijuana, amphetamines, depressants, cocaine, LSD, PCP, & heroin) were used much more frequently in the US. A causal model employing variables from social control & social learning theories is applied to drug use in both samples. It is concluded that US theories of adolescent deviance assume certain cultural conditions, & therefore may need revision before they can be fruitfully applied to the behavior of young people in other cultures.
MINDER, CAROLYN; AND OTHERS
A Comparison of High School and College Student Attitudes toward Recreationally-Used Drugs.
American Mental Health Counselors Association Journal; v2 n1 p38-45 Jan 1980
Research has shown that drug use tends to increase during the college years, implying that college students have a more favorable view of drug use than high school students. To compare the attitudes of high school (N=367) and college students (N=260) toward nine recreationally used drugs, a semantic differential technique was used. Statistically significant differences were found between the groups for attitudes toward LSD, heroin, opium, and amphetamines, with high school students taking a more favorable attitude toward these drugs than college students. This finding is not in agreement with previous research and may reflect immaturity and lack of experience in the high school students. The fact that no significant differences were found for the most commonly used drugs, i.e., alcohol and marijuana, may reflect societal views regarding social acceptability, and the wide acceptance of marijuana and alcohol use among diverse segments of society. Another factor which may be involved is the increasingly frequent use of these drugs by young people. (AC)
MORENO, STEVE
[Parenting Information: Drugs. Informacion Para los Padres: Sobre las Drojas.]
American Mental Health Counselors Association Journal; v2 n1 p38-45 Jan 1980
These two booklets provide basic information about drugs and drug abuse and are part of a series of 22 booklets, designed specifically to help parents understand their children and help them to learn. 'Let's Talk about Drug Abuse,' (booklet #18), reviews foreign substances or drugs young people are often exposed to (i.e., tobacco, alcohol, hallucinogens, PCP, and cocaine) and describes how their usage can affect one's future. 'Parents--Learn about Drugs' (booklet #5), specifies the various kinds of drugs (i.e., glue, pills, marijuana, LSD, and heroin) and pinpoints their potential damage to the body and to the mind. The booklets are written with the same text in both English and Spanish, are easy to read, and include illustrations. (MP)
NELSEN, HART M; ROONEY, JAMES F
Fire and Brimstone, Lager and Pot: Religious Involvement and Substance Use
Sociological Analysis; 1982, 43, 3, fall, 247-255.
Questionnaire data from nearly 5,000 high school seniors from 6 states in the northeastern region of the United States are analyzed using religious preference & attendance to predict substance use (hard liquor, beer, marijuana, amphetamines, barbiturates, heroin, LSD, & cocaine). It was hypothesized that: (1) denomination & attendance would be significantly related to alcohol use & that an interaction would occur between these 2 predictors, (2) church attendance would have special impact within proscriptive denominations, & (3) for harder drugs, church attendance would be inversely related with use. Analysis-of-variance & multiple-classification analysis were employed. Weekly use & having ever used the substance were tested for alcohol & marijuana, & having ever used the substance, for hard drugs. The data support the hypotheses.
Primavera, Louis H; Pascal, Robert
A comparison of male users and nonusers of marijuana on the perceived harmfulness of drugs.
American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse; 1986 Mar-Jun Vol 12(1-2) 71-77
Examined the perceptions of nonprofessionals (i.e., not involved in drug research or treatment programs) with regard to the harmfulness of illicit drugs. 108 male volunteers (aged 19-35 yrs), who expected to smoke marihuana during the study, were asked to rate the harmfulness of a number of illicit drugs, including marihuana. Ss composed 3 groups: naive users, light users, and heavy users. Groups did not differ in terms of their perceived harmfulness of any of the drugs. Cluster analyses indicated 3 distinct clusters for the total group: The drugs perceived to be most harmful were heroin, morphine, and LSD; drugs perceived to be less harmful were cocaine, amphetamines, barbiturates, and nicotine; drugs perceived least harmful were caffeine and marihuana, with marihuana being judged the least harmful of all drugs. (20 ref)
SCHOENFELDT, LYLE F; STRIMBU, JERRY L
College Student Drug Usage in a State System as a Function of Type of Institution
Research in Higher Education; 1975, Vol 3(3) Sep, 275-284.
A study was conducted among 4,672 students at twenty-eight state institutions of higher learning in a large southeastern state. Institutions were classified according to their highest degree offered. Subjects were administered a 112-item questionnaire concerning: (1) classification (age, sex, race, etc), (2) biographical data, & (3) attitudes toward drugs & drug abuse. Relationships between type of institution & use of nine different drug items were analyzed univariately & multivariately. Alcohol, tobacco, & marijuana were the substances most widely used by all three groups. When institution-types were compared by pairs, eg, universities/colleges, at least two of the three pairs of groups differed on reported usage of six of the substances, with the largest differences being between University & junior college use of alcohol & marijuana. A discriminant analysis showed that the nine items formed two differentiating dimensions: (A) alcohol usage & (B) hallucinogen/LSD usage. Despite the statistical significance, the differences in terms of actual numbers of users were small.
SENNA, JOSEPH; RATHUS, SPENCER A; SIEGEL, LARRY
Delinquent Behavior and Academic Investment among Suburban Youth
Adolescence; 1974, 9, 36, Win, 481-494.
The relationship between delinquent behavior & academic investment among suburban youth is investigated among middle class adolescents. 296 M's in senior high, ranging from 14-18 years old, from a populous suburban region west of New York City were administered QUESTIONNAIRE's. S's were selected randomly from heterogeneously constituted classrooms in 10 public high schools. The S's were assured of anonymity & confidentiality of their responses. R's were predominantly white, Protestant, & living at home with parents. It was found that LSD users were more likely to use heroin than marijuana users. Delinquency covaries positively with misconduct in school, & negatively with academic achievement. However, poor academic achievement per se appears to explain less than 5% of the delinquent variance in suburbia. For students who are hedonistically oriented, opportunities such as open classroom & modular timeblocking systems could better accommodate individual preferences. Since failure to achieve academically does not appear to be an important contributory factor in delinquency, vocational, & other special types of classes would not appear to provide the answer to delinquent behavior in suburbia.
STEWART, ROBERT W
Story Says Drug Foe Rep. Rohrabacher Is Ex-User
Los Angeles Times, Oct 19 1990; sec B, p 1 col 2
Dana Rohrabacher, a prominent conservative who favors drug testing for congressional staffs and supports strong anti-drug legislation, used marijuana, hashish and LSD as a young man, according to the Nov 5, 1990 issue of the New Republic; photo.
VALOIS, ROBERT F
Student Drug Use and Driving: A University Sample.
Journal of Chemical Education; v62 n4 p328-31 Apr 1985
A survey of 857 students at a large midwestern university provided information regarding the frequency and type of drugs used by students at any time and shortly before driving. The drugs most frequently used at least once in the prior year were alcohol, marijauna, caffeine, and nicotine. Significant association was found between alcohol use shortly before or while driving and the variables of moving violations, accidents, age, sex, driving experience in years and class rank. Significant association was also found between driving under the effects of marijauna and variables of sex, number of miles driven per year, frequency of driving, accidents and moving violations, as well as between alcohol use and marijuana use shortly before or while driving. Narcotic use as well as LSD, chemical vapors, cocaine and barbituates did not appear to be major factors in regard to substance use shortly before or while driving by college students in this study. It is suggested that educational programs should emphasize the effects of drugs on driving ability. Several tables provide statistical analyses of the data. (JD)
50th Anniversary of LSD: Marijuana and Medical Uses Dennis Peron, Prop P Leader; Brownie Mary Rathbun; Valerie Corral, patient; Ed Rosenthal, "Ask Ed"; Dr. Donald Abrams, AIDS researcher; Dr. Tod Mikuriya, psychiatrist; Dr. John Morgan, CUNY Medical School and from Harvard Medical School, Dr. Lester Grinspoon introducing his new book, "Marijuana: The Forbidden Medicine."
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