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"The Use of Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation to Block Fear Perception in Phobic Patients."
Ray B. Smith, Ph.D. and Frank N. Shiromoto, M.F.C.C.
Current Therapeutic Research, Vol. 51, No. 2, February 1992.
"Thirty-one persons responded to public media announcements requesting subjects for a phobia treatment project. They were asked to imagine themselves in their worst phobic situation, then rate their fear on a scale from no fear to extreme fear. They were then given 30 minutes of (Alpha-Stim) CES, after which they were asked to frighten themselves again and to rate the fear as before. The patients were successful in generating a fear response, which, in turn, appeared to be mitigated by CES."
"Overall, while 77% of the subjects rated their fear as moderate to extreme going into the study, 85% rated their fear from very low to none following 30 minutes of CES...From our data, it would appear that CES may be successfully instituted while patients are on some form of supportive medications and might be a useful tool with which to withdraw patients from such medications, should the physician desire."

*HARIG JM; SOERGEL KH; BARRY JA; RAMASWAMY K
Transport of propionate by human ileal brush-border membrane vesicles.
Am J Physiol. 1991 May; 260(5 Pt 1): G776-82
Human ileal brush-border membrane vesicles were employed to study the mechanisms of short-chain fatty acid (propionate) absorption especially to determine the effects of intravesicular HCO3- and the component of nonionic diffusion. Preloading the vesicles with HCO3- resulted in up to 20-fold 'overshoots' of transport, and this effect was not seen with other intravesicular anions. This transport process was very fast (peak uptake 6 s) and was not due to intravesicular buffering by HCO3-. Radiolabeled propionate transport demonstrated transstimulation when the vesicles were preloaded with unlabeled propionate. An inward H+ gradient led to stimulation of propionate transport much smaller than in the presence of trans-HCO3-, whereas an inward Na+ gradient had no effect. Propionate transport was attenuated by the anion exchange inhibitors SITS and DIDS. Under HCO3- gradient conditions, propionate transport exhibited saturation kinetics with an apparent Km of 21 +/- 3 mM and a Vmax of 50 +/- 3 nmol.mg protein-1.3 s-1. Propionate transport was inhibited up to 40% by 2-5 carbon short-chain fatty acids (10 mM) but not by other organic anions. Short-chain fatty acid transport in the human ileum is Na+ independent and occurs mostly via a specific anion exchange mechanism with HCO3-. Our results also demonstrate a small component of nonionic diffusion of the protonated fatty acid (or anion exchange for OH-).

?
Hash nursery wrapped up
De Telegraaf; 25-May-91
DUTCH: Hasj-kwekerij opgerold. Van onze correspondent. TJUCHEM, zaterdag. In het Noordgroningse gehucht Tjuchem heeft de politie gisteren een grote hennep-kwekerij opgerold. De illegale kwekerij was gevestigd in een boerderij aan de Hoofdweg waar dag en nacht het licht brandde om de hasj-planten sneller te laten groeien. De kwekerij liep tegen de lamp nadat elektriciens van het Energiebedrijf Groningen en Drenthe (EGD) deze week ontdeketen dat de eigenaar illegaal stroom van het hoofnet aftapte. TRANSLATION: Hash nursery wrapped up. By our correspondent. Tjuchem, Saturday. In the North-Groning hamlet Tjuchem have the police yesterday a large Cannabis-nursery wrapped up. The illegal nursery was established in a farm by the main road where day and night the light blazed round the hash-plants faster to make grow. The nursery was run in by the lamp after electricians from the Energy concern of Groningen and Drenthe (EGD) this week detected that the proprietor illegal current from the main line tapped.

?
The health of Latin Americans exposed to polluted rivers: a triple-blind observational study. Interamerican Group for Research in Environmental Epidemiology.
Int J Epidemiol. 1990 Dec; 19(4): 1091-9
Accelerating development in South America, with consequent contamination of rivers as the final common pathway of waste, raises concern about adverse effects on the health of riverine populations. We conducted a cross-sectional survey simultaneously in six Latin American nations among people living near a river known to be polluted in each country. Trace metals (arsenic, mercury and lead) were selected as indicators of exposure to industrial effluents. Within each country, we contrasted probability samples from three types of communities: one upstream of point sources of pollution and thus little exposed; one downstream from a site of major development; and one with intermediate exposure. The outcome variables were health status measures elicited by questionnaire and biochemical measures of blood and urine. We examined several possible explanatory and confounding variables, including housing conditions, nutrition, and source of drinking water. The field work was done with triple blinding in that data-gatherers and study subjects were unaware of their group membership and of the study hypotheses, those analysing, specimens and questionnaires were blind to country and community of origin of the material and the investigators reviewed the results in code, committing themselves to conclusions in writing before the codes were broken. Methods were carefully standardized across six countries during training, when pretesting data-gathering instruments and with double coding and extensive accuracy checks of computerized data. There were 900 eligible subjects from 18 communities in six countries. The overall response rate was 92%, the lowest 86%. Results showed an acceptable level of health in all communities and no relationship to exposure. ...

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Psychogenic impotence responds to yohimbine
RN v50 p87 December 1987
SUBJECTS: Yohimbine Impotence

ABRAMSON H A, JARVIK M E, LEVINE A, KAUFMAN M R, HIRSH M W
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25): XV. The effects produced by substitution of a tap water placebo.
J.Psychol. 40:367 (1955)
Studies in 33 normal subjects revealed that tap water is capable of eliciting certain responses from certain subjects who believe they have received LSD.

ABRAMSON H A
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD-25): XIX. As an adjunct to brief psychotherapy, with special reference to ego enhancement.
J.Psychol. 41:199 (1956)
1. Previous data on the nature of the ego enhancement occuring during the LSD-25 reaction is amplified by making a direct comaprison with the ego depression simultaneously occuring. During the LSD-25 reaction advantage may be taken of the integrative function of the ego if the therapist recognizes the presence of the processes of ego reinforcement. 2. Although ego depression may occur during the LSD-25 reaction to produce a psychotic state, this state is associated primarily with doses greater than 50 micrograms by mouth. The nature of the ego depression is shown by a verbatim recording. The subject was essentially incapable of communicating effectively with the interviewer during the height of the LSD-25 response. 3. The nature of the integrative processes during ego enhancement with small doses of LSD-25 (20 to 50 micrograms) is illustrated by verbatim recordings. It is emphasized that during the LSD-25 reaction, the integrative functions of the ego often operate effectively to utilize preconscious and unconscious material during therapeutic interviews lasting as long as four hours and covering periods of observation lasting six hours. Whether or not the LSD-25 reaction develops into one where ego reinforcement or one where ego depression is emphasized depends to a great extent upon the relationship of the therapist to the patient. During the same therapeutic interview the therapist can manipulate the nature of the response. 4. It is beleived that LSD-25 may be utilized to more effectively mobilize psychodynamic vectors during the analysis of the transference. 5. In non-psychotic groups studied, important relationships developed amongst groups consisting of two to five members. These always led to some insight and better adaptive techniques both at work and in community activities on the part of the subjects who met repeatedly. This suggests the possible use of LSD-25 as an adjuvant to group therapy. 6. Preliminary data are reported on the effect of LSD-25 on the reassociation of dreams. It is stressed that verbatim recordings are a necessary condidton for the successful utilizatio of dream reassociation.

ABRAMSON H A
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25): XXII. Effect on transference.
J.Psychol. 42:51 (1956)
Verbatim recording of three-hour interview with a patient given 40 mcg LSD orally. The patient had previously had 250 psychotherapeutic sessions without LSD. Under the influence of LSD the patient finally disclosed what he had been witholding for several weeks, especially distrust and fear of the physician. His unconscious fears of homosexuality, the associated eczema and his hostility to minority groups diminished. LSD intensifies the patient-physician relationship and advantageously expedites analysis. The technique of conducting psychiatric interviews with patients under the influence of LSD is outlined.

Abramson, Harold A., Jarvik, M. E., Kaufman, M. R., Kornetsky, C., Levine, A., & Wagner, M.
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD-25): I.
Physiological and Perceptual Responses. J. Psychol. 39:3-60. (1955)

Abramson, Harold A
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD-25): XXIX. The Response Index as a Measure of Threshold Activity of Psychotropic Drugs in Man.
J. Psychol. 48:65-78. (1959)

ADLAF, EDWARD M; SMART, REGINALD G
Drug Use and Religious Affiliation, Feelings and Behavior
British Journal of Addiction; 1985, 80, 2, June, 163-171.
Examined is the relationship between drug use & religious affiliation, intensity of religious feelings, & frequency of church attendance in a sample of Ontario adolescents (number of cases = 2,066). Six drug-use measures were employed: alcohol use, cannabis use, nonmedical & medical drug use, hallucinogen use, & polydrug use. The findings indicate that religious affiliation was insignificantly related to drug use. The only exception was for alcohol use, in which case nonaffiliated respondents used less frequently than did Protestants or Roman Catholics. Church attendance exhibited a stronger negative effect on drug use than did religiosity; however, the effect of the latter had greater impact among females than among males. Overall, the impact of both variables increased as the drug examined moved toward the upper end of the licit-illicit continuum. Many of the results varied according to students' gender & age.

Adolph, Alan R
Pharmacological actions of peptides and indoleamines on turtle retinal ganglion cells.
Visual Neuroscience; 1989 Nov Vol 3(5) 411-423
The peptides met-enkephalin (metENK), somatostatin, neurotensin, and the indoleamine serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)) modulate ganglion cell (GC) activity. The predominant action of the peptides is excitatory, generally enhancing spontaneous firing and light-evoked activity. MetENK has both direct synaptic input onto GC and indirect action, possibly via a gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) inhibitory interneuron. The metENK actions appear mediated via a mu-opiate receptor; morphine and D-ala-metENK-amide (DALA), a stable analog of metENK, are agonists. DALA enhances GC response at high spatial frequencies. Strychnine enhances GC activity but does not block the inhibitory action of 5-HT, which suggests that the indirect 5-HT inhibition is not mediated via a glycinergic interneuron. Directional selectivity is suppressed, and high spatial frequencies are attenuated by 5-HT in some GC.

AGHAJANIAN, G K
Mescaline and LSD facilitate the activation of locus coeruleus neurons by peripheral stimuli.
Brain Research; 1980 Mar Vol 186(2) 492-498
Examined the effects of mescaline and LSD on the firing of norepinephrine (NE) neurons of the locus coeruleus (LC) in 74 male albino Charles River rats; related drugs with known actions on LC neurons (e.g., levoamphetamine, desipramine, and clonidine) were also tested for purposes of comparison. Results show that systemically administered mescaline and LSD enhanced reactivity of LC neurons to peripheral stimuli despite the fact that spontaneous activity was reduced. In contrast, drugs that reduce spontaneous LC cell activity but that are nonpsychedelic (e.g., levoamphetamine) failed to enhance responsivity to stimuli. The mechanisms by which LSD or mescaline enhance the reactivity of NE neurons to peripheral stimuli may offer a clue to common neurophysiological actions underlying the psychedelic effects of these drugs.

AHN, HO S; MAKMAN, MAYNARD H
Interaction of LSD and other hallucinogens with dopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase in primate brain: Regional differences.
Brain Research; 1979 Feb Vol 162(1) 77-88
Examined the effects of LSD on basal and dopamine-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity in various regions of the Macaca mulatta and Cebus apella monkey brain. In addition to LSD, mescaline and methamphetamine were capable of stimulating adenylate cyclase activity, and there were regional differences in response to LSD and mescaline in these primate brains. It seems possible that activation of adenylate cyclase in the monkey anterior limbic cortex and auditory cortex by these hallucinogens may be responsible for at least some component of their psychotropic effects.

Albin, R L; Albers, J W; Greenberg, H S; Townswend, J B; et al
Acute sensory neuropathy-neuronopathy from pyridoxine overdose.
Neurology; 1987 Nov Vol 37(11) 1729-1732
Reports 2 patients (aged 27 and 33 yrs) who developed an acute, profound, and permanent sensory deficit after treatment with massive doses of parenteral pyridoxine. Ss also had transient autonomic dysfunction, mild weakness, nystagmus, lethargy, and respiratory depression. These features may be attributable to either the preservative used in the parenteral pyridoxine preparation or to the exceptionally high doses of pyridoxine these Ss received.

ALBORES R; NEAFSEY EJ; DRUCKER G; FIELDS JZ; COLLINS MA
Mitochondrial respiratory inhibition by N-methylated beta-carboline derivatives structurally resembling N-methyl-4-phenylpyridine.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Dec; 87(23): 9368-72
Mitochondrial accumulation and respiratory inhibition are critical steps in the actions of N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP+), the toxic metabolite of the parkinsonism-inducing agent, N-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine. We examined the respiratory characteristics of 2-methylated beta-carbolines (2-Me beta Cs) and 2-methylated 3,4-dihydro-beta-carbolines (2-MeDH beta Cs), which encompass the MPP+ structure. As indoleamine derivatives, they could have endogenous roles in idiopathic parkinsonism. With rat liver mitochondria, the order for inhibition of NAD(+)-linked O2 consumption (6-min preincubations) was as follows: MPP+ = 2-methylharmine greater than 2-methylharmol = 2-methylharmaline much greater than 2-methylharmalol greater than 2-methylnorharman greater than 6-OH-2-methylharmalan much greater than 2-methylharman. Similar to MPP+, 2-MeDH beta C/2-Me beta C inhibition was potentiated by tetraphenylboron and reversed by dinitrophenol, consistent with the involvement of cationic forms. However, the participation of neutral forms was indicated by the 2-MeDH beta C/2-Me beta C inhibitory time courses, which were unlike MPP+. The neutral forms probably arise via indolic nitrogen deprotonation because the characteristics of a cationic beta-carboline that cannot N-deprotonate, 2,9-dimethylnorharman, mirrored MPP+ rather than 2-Me beta Cs. Succinate-supported respiration was also significantly blocked by 2-MeDH beta Cs/2-Me beta Cs, but results with tetraphenylboron and 2,9-dimethylnorharman indicated that cationic forms were less important than in the inhibition of NAD(+)-linked respiration. We suggest that the relatively potent inhibition by certain 2-MeDH beta Cs/2-Me beta Cs involves neutral forms for passive mitochondrial entry and cationic as well as neutral forms that act at several respiratory sites. Respiratory inhibition could reasonably underlie the reported neurotoxicity of 2-Me beta Cs.

ALEXANDER, GEORGE J; ALEXANDER, RITA B
Reduced rejection of marginal auditory stimuli in inbred mice treated with lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD).
Research Communications in Psychology, Psychiatry and Behavior; 1976 Vol 1(1) 105-114
Treatment of a total of 230 inbred, audiosensitive, Swiss-derived, male albino mice with LSD, reserpine, or 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) altered the incidence and severity of convulsive audiogenic seizure manifestations. Reserpine increased and 5-HTP decreased epileptiform activity. The pattern of action of nanogram quantities of LSD was unusual: seizures were not affected at high sound intensities but were enhanced at low intensities. The response of Ss treated with LSD after exposure to strong high frequency signals (75-85 db) paralleled the response of placebo Ss. The response after exposure to weaker signals (67-71 db) decreased strikingly in placebo Ss but not in the LSD-treated group, which continued to act as if the sound pressure had been only minimally decreased. It appears that the LSD treatment reduced the Ss' ability to ignore weak auditory stimuli.

ALTMAN, J L; APPEL, J B
LSD and fixed-interval responding in the rat.
Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior; 1975 Mar-Apr Vol 3(2) 151-155
A series of 6 doses of LSD altered the barpressing behavior of 6 male Sprague-Dawley albino rats maintained on a fixed-interval 5-min (FI 5) schedule of reinforcement. High doses of LSD (.16 and .32 mg/kg) depressed overall rates of responding. Low response rates, which occurred during the 1st half of the interval between successive reinforcements, were increased by low (.01 and .02 mg/kg), moderate (.04 and .08 mg/kg), and high doses of LSD; high rates of responding which occurred during the final half of the interval were decreased only by high doses of LSD. All doses (except the lowest) decreased the index of curvature, a statistic describing the temporal distribution of responses. Results are discussed in terms of baseline rate of responding and the presence or absence of timing behavior.

ALTMAN, JACK L; APPEL, JAMES B; MCGOWAN, WILLIAM T
Drugs and the discrimination of duration.
Psychopharmacology; 1979 Vol 60(2) 183-188
Analyzed the effects of LSD, dextroamphetamine (DAM), chlorpromazine (CPZ), and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on timing behavior with a 2-choice, discrete trial procedure in which 4 male White Carneaux pigeons were trained to discriminate visual stimuli that differed with respect to duration (long vs short--5.5 or 4.5 sec, respectively). LSD (0.01, 0.04, or 0.16 mg/kg) decreased response speed (increased latency). DAM (1.0, 2.0, or 4.0 mg/kg) increased perseveration of 'spatial bias' and, at a dose of 4.0 mg/kg, lowered response speed. CPZ (7.5, 15.0, or 30.0 mg/kg) significantly decreased accuracy and, at a dose of 30.0 mg/kg, significantly lowered speed. THC also decreased accuracy and lowered speed.

ALTMAN, JACK L
Drugs and the production of temporal intervals in the rat.
Progress in Neuro Psychopharmacology; 1977 Vol 1(3-4) 301-308
The widespread use and abuse of psychoactive compounds have increased the reports of drug-induced perceptual distortions and have generated an interest in the occurrence of such phenomena in nonhuman species. In a paradigm similar to human timing procedures, 7 male water-deprived Sprague-Dawley albino rats were differentially reinforced for depressing a lever for 4.5-5.5 sec. Administration of amphetamine and tetrahydrocannabinol resulted in a premature release of the lever ('short' errors); LSD and chlorpromazine prolonged depression of the lever beyond the required interval ('long' errors). The procedure employed appears sensitive to drug-induced shifts in timing behavior and permits direct comparison between the results of timing experiments with lower animals and the data obtained from the temporal production experiments commonly used with humans.

ALTMAN, JACK L
Drugs and the production of temporal intervals in the rat.
Progress in Neuro Psychopharmacology; 1977 Vol 1(3-4) 301-308
The widespread use and abuse of psychoactive compounds have increased the reports of drug-induced perceptual distortions and have generated an interest in the occurrence of such phenomena in nonhuman species. In a paradigm similar to human timing procedures, 7 male water-deprived Sprague-Dawley albino rats were differentially reinforced for depressing a lever for 4.5-5.5 sec. Administration of amphetamine and tetrahydrocannabinol resulted in a premature release of the lever ('short' errors); LSD and chlorpromazine prolonged depression of the lever beyond the required interval ('long' errors). The procedure employed appears sensitive to drug-induced shifts in timing behavior and permits direct comparison between the results of timing experiments with lower animals and the data obtained from the temporal production experiments commonly used with humans.

ALTURA, BELLA T; ALTURA, BURTON M
Phencyclidine, lysergic acid diethylamide, and mescaline: Cerebral artery spasms and hallucinogenic activity.
Science; 1981 May Vol 212(4498) 1051-1052
Phencyclidine (PCP), LSD, and mescaline produced potent contractile responses on isolated basilar and middle cerebral arteries in dogs; in terms of potency, LSD > mescaline > PCP. All 3 drugs produced cerebrovasospasm in a concentration range that parallels that needed for their psychotomimetic and intoxicating actions. Specific receptors for PCP, which subserve contraction and differ from those for LSD and mescaline, are found in cerebral arteries. Concentrations of PCP that produced near-maximum contractile responses on cerebral arteries were similar to those in the blood and brain of human Ss who had died from PCP overdoses. A specific calcium antagonist, verapamil, readily prevented (and reversed) PCP-induced vasospasm. This study provides direct evidence for PCP receptors in cerebral blood vessels, the biologic action of which can be reversed by a calcium antagonist; the clinical use of the latter could prove invaluable in treating PCP-intoxicated victims.

ANDEN, NILS E; CORRODI, HANS; FUXE, KJELL; MEEK, JAMES L
Hallucinogenic phenylethylamines: Interactions with serotonin turnover and receptors.
European Journal of Pharmacology; 1974 Feb Vol. 25(2) 176-184
Studied the effects of derivatives of phenylethylamine and a-methyl-phenylethylamine (e.g., p-methoxyamphetamine and mescaline) on 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) turnover and receptors in the brain and spinal cord of male Sprague-Dawley rats. The hypothesis is proposed that the 5-HT receptor stimulation induced by the psychotomimetic phenylethylamines is mainly responsible for their pharmacological and hallucinogenic properties.

ANDO, KIYOSHI
Profile of drug effects on temporally spaced responding in rats.
Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior; 1975 Sep-Oct Vol 3(5) 833-841
Used a DRL schedule with 36 male Sprague-Dawley rats to test 15 psychotropic drugs. The computer analysis was based on interresponse time (IRT). Mean IRT, IRT standard deviation, median IRT, IRT midrange, modal IRT, frequency of modal IRT, and an efficiency index, in addition to numbers of responses and reinforcements and the IRT histogram were obtained for each S in each drug test. An increase in number of responses and a peak shift to shorter IRTs in the histograms were observed with amphetamine, methamphetamine, pipradrol, and nicotine. Decrease in IRT midrange and less change in number of responses were observed with diazepam and chlordiazepoxide. Long pauses were found with LSD-25, 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (DOM), and mescaline. Factor analysis showed high values in factor loading a1 with chlorpromazine, chlordiazepoxide, pentobarbital, imipramine, nialamide, LSD-25, DOM, and mescaline. With these drugs, mean IRT and IRT standard deviation were also high. Values for a2 were high with amphetamine, methamphetamine, pipradrol, and nicotine.High a3 values were observed in some Ss with chlorpromazine, diazepam, chlordiazepoxide, pentobarbital, pipradrol, and caffeine. The changes in a3 values were correlated with changes in the IRT midrange. Results may be valuable in classifying new compounds in drug screening programs as being of the amphetamine, nicotine, diazepam, or LSD-25 types.

ANGLIN, M DOUGLAS; THOMPSON, JOHN P; FISHER, DENNIS G
Parental, personality, and peer correlates of psychoactive mushroom use.
Journal of Drug Education; 1986 Vol 16(3) 265-285
53 college undergraduates reporting use of a hallucinogenic mushroom ( psilocybe ) were matched on demographic variables to 53 nonusers. Both groups were 60% male. Ss were given a detailed questionnaire and were administered 4 psychological tests. Hallucinogenic mushroom use by men was most associated with peers' mushroom use, whereas mushroom use by women was most associated with parental drug use, especially fathers' marihuana use. Personality measures were secondary in predicting mushroom use. It is concluded that given these distinctive patterns, researchers examining social and personality influences on drug use should analyze their data separately by sex.

ANLEZARK, GILL; MELDRUM, BRIAN
Blockade of photically induced epilepsy by 'dopamine agonist' ergot alkaloids.
Psychopharmacology; 1978 Vol 57(1) 57-62
Studied the effect of iv administration of ergot alkaloids on epileptic responses to intermittent photic stimulation (IPS) in adolescent Senegalese baboons ( Papio papio ). Ergocornine, (1-2 mg/kg) produced marked autonomic and behavioral effects, slowed the EEG, and abolished myoclonic responses to IPS for 30-90 min. Ergometrine (1 mg/kg) activated the EEG and blocked the induction of myoclonic responses for 1-3 hrs. Bromocriptine (0.5-4 mg/kg) did not consistently prevent myoclonic responses to IPS. After pretreatment with a subconvulsant dose of allylglycine (180-200 mg/kg), LSD (0.1 mg/kg) retained the capacity to block myoclonic responses to IPS, and ergocornine (1 mg/kg) reduced such responses. The convulsant effect of allylglycine was enhanced, however, so that prolonged seizure sequences began 19-96 min after ergocornine administration. The protective action of ergot alkaloids against epileptic responses induced by sensory stimulation is interpreted in terms of effects at several sites, including dopaminergic and serotoninergic synapses.

APTER J T
Analeptic action of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25) against pentobarbital.
Arch.Neurol.Psychiat. Chicago 79:711 (1958)
In studies on 269 cats LSD proved more effective than picrotoxin, metrazol, and BOL-148 (in that order) in preventing death from subsequent lethal doses of pentobarbital. LSD was more effective than picrotoxin in reversing cortical supression and cessation of respiration induced by previous administration of pentobarbital. BOL-148 had no such effect. The doses of LSD necessary to prevent or reverse the effects of pentobarbital were harmless in both non-anaesthetized and anaetsthetized cats. The doses of picrotoxin necessary were convulsive or sub-convulsive even in anaesthetized cats.

ARAFAT, IBTIHAJ; YORBURG, BETTY
DRUG USE AND THE SEXUAL BEHAVIOR OF COLLEGE WOMEN
Journal of Sex Research; 1973, 9, 1, FEB, 21-29.
A SURVEY WAS CONDUCTED TO TEST THE HYPOTHESIS THAT A POSITIVE respondent EXISTS BETWEEN female OF DRUG USE, LIBERAL ATTITUDES TOWARD PREMARITAL SEXUAL BEHAVIOR, & THE INCIDENCE & QUALITY OF SEXUAL INTERCOURSE. DRUG USE WAS DEFINED AS THE USE OF MARIJUANA &/OR HALLUCINOGINS. 800 UNMARRIED female UNDERGRADUATES IN A LARGE NORTHEASTERN PUBLIC University WERE RANDOMLY SELECTED & SURVEYED. 115 QUESTIONNAIRE'S WERE UNUSABLE & 93 S'S DID NOT RESPOND. QUESTIONS CONCERNED DRUG USE, ATTITUDES TOWARD SEXUAL INTERCOURSE, SEXUAL BEHAVIOR, & THE ACCURACY OF MEDIA REPORTAGE CONCERNING SEXUAL BEHAVIOR. INFORMATION WAS ALSO ELICITED CONCERNING AGE, RELIGION, INCOME, & RESIDENCE. 49% OF THE TOTALNSAMPLE HAVE ENGAGED IN SEXUAL INTERCOURSE; 67%% OF THOSE WHO USE DRUGS (62% OF THE TOTAL57220 SAMPLE_HALF OF WHICH USED MARIJUANA) REPORTED SEXUAL INTERCOURSE. ONLY 18% OF THE R'S NOT USING DRUGS REPORTED THEMSELVES AS SEXUALLY ACTIVE. A POSITIVE RELATIONSHIP EXISTS BETWEEN AGE, RELIGION, & RESIDENCE; & SEXUAL INTERCOURSE & DRUG USE. SEXUAL ACTIVITY INCREASED TO AGE 21, AFTER WHICH DECLINES WERE REPORTED, PROTESTANTS SHOWED A HIGHER INCIDENCE OF SEXUAL INTERCOURSE & DRUG USE THAN EITHER JEWISH OF CATHOLIC R'S. THOSE WHO LIVE OUTSIDE THE HOME ALSO WERE MORE LIKELY TO ENGAGE IN SEXUAL INTERCOURSE & DRUG USE.

ARNOLD O H, HOFF H
Untersuchungen uber die Wirkingsweise von Lysergsaurediathylamid. (1. Mittelung.) (Investigations on the mode of action of LSD (1st communication))
Wein. Ztschr.Nerenh. 6,129 (1953)
Normal subjects exhibit 'specific' reactions to 25-100 mcg. LSD: disturbances of self-awareness, ideation and perception. Chronic alcoholics do not exhibit these reactions, especially after delirium tremens. In Korsakow's syndrome the specific reactions are absent only when lower portions of the brain (medulla, midbrain) are affected. Delirium tremens produces symptoms which are similar to those produced by LSD but of greater intensity.

BACHMAN JG; WALLACE JM JR; O'MALLEY PM; JOHNSTON LD; KURTH CL; NEIGHBORS HW
Racial/Ethnic differences in smoking, drinking, and illicit drug use among American high school seniors, 1976-89.
Am J Public Health. 1991 Mar; 81(3): 372-7
BACKGROUND. This paper reports racial/ethnic differences in the use of licit and illicit drugs by high school seniors in the United States. METHODS. The study uses questionnaire data from annual, nationally representative surveys of seniors from 1976 through 1989. Combined sample sizes were 57,620 for 1976-79; 75,772 for 1980-84; and 73,527 for 1985-89. RESULTS. Native American had the highest prevalence rates for cigarettes, alcohol, and most illicit drugs; White students had the next highest rates for most drugs. Asian Americans had the lowest prevalence rates, and Black students had levels nearly as low except for marijuana. Prevalence rates for the Hispanic groups were mostly in the intermediate ranges except for relatively high cocaine use among the males. Trend patterns for most forms of drug use were similar across subgroups, although cigarette use declined more sharply for Black than White seniors, resulting in greater Black-White differences in recent years. CONCLUSIONS. This study, other school-based studies, and general population surveys all show relatively low levels of drug use by most non-White youth, especially Black Americans and Asian Americans. Multivariate analyses indicate that such subgroup differences in high school seniors' drug use are not primarily attributable to family composition, parents' education, region, or urban-rural distinctions.

BACKUS LI; SHARP T; GRAHAME SMITH DG
Behavioural evidence for a functional interaction between central 5-HT2 and 5-HT1A receptors.
Br J Pharmacol. 1990 Aug; 100(4): 793-9
1. The possibility of 5-HT2 receptor modulation of central 5-HT1A receptor function has been examined using the 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) behavioural syndrome induced by 5-HT1A receptor active drugs in rats. 2. The 5-HT2/5-HTIC antagonist ritanserin (0.1-2 mg kg-1) increased the 5-HT behavioural syndrome induced by submaximally effective doses of 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT), 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeODMT) and gepirone. 3. Pretreatment with the 5-HT2/5-HT1C antagonist ICI 170,809 (0.25-5 mg kg-1) also enhanced the behavioural syndrome induced by 8-OH-DPAT or 5-MeODMT. 4. The 5-HT2/alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonist ketanserin in a low dose (0.25 mg kg-1) significantly increased the 5-HT behavioural syndrome induced by 8-OH-DPAT or 5-MeODMT, while in a higher dose (2.5 mg kg-1) this drug decreased the response. Experiments with prazosin indicate that the higher dose of ketanserin might reduce the 5-HT behavioural syndrome through blockade of alpha 1-adrenoceptors. 5. Ritanserin and ICI 170,809 had no effect on apomorphine-induced stereotypy or hyperactivity, indicating that these drugs do not produce non-specific behavioural activation. 6. Ritanserin and ICI 170,809 inhibited quipazine-induced wet dog shakes at doses similar to those enhancing the 5-HT behavioural syndrome. 7. We suggest that ritanserin, ICI 170,809 and ketanserin enhance 5-HT1A agonist-induced behaviour through blockade of an inhibitory 5-HT2 receptor regulating or coupled to 5-HT1A receptor-mediated function.

Baldwin DC Jr; Hughes PH; Conard SE; Storr CL; Sheehan DV
Substance use among senior medical students. A survey of 23 medical schools [see comments]
JAMA; 1991 Apr 24; 265(16); P 2074-8
Senior students at 23 regionally distributed medical schools received an anonymous questionnaire designed to examine current and prior use of tobacco, alcohol, and nine other drugs. The overall response rate was 67% (N = 2046). Substance use prevalence rates during the 30 days preceding the survey included alcohol, 87.5%; marijuana, 10.0%; cigarettes, 10.0%; cocaine, 2.8%; tranquilizers, 2.3%; opiates other than heroin, 1.1%; psychedelics other than LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide), 0.6%; amphetamines, 0.3%; barbiturates, 0.2%; LSD, 0.1%; and heroin, 0.0%. Compared with national, age-related comparison groups, senior medical students reported less use of all substances during the past 30 days and the past 12 months, except for alcohol, tranquilizers, and psychedelics other than LSD. Substantial new drug use after entry into medical school was reported only for tranquilizers. Seven students (0.2%) admitted to current dependence on a substance other than tobacco, four of these implicating marijuana. Thirty-three students (1.6%) believed that they currently needed help for substance abuse. Only 25.7% were aware of any policy on substance abuse at their own school.

BARBEAU H; ROSSIGNOL S
The effects of serotonergic drugs on the locomotor pattern and on cutaneous reflexes of the adult chronic spinal cat.
Brain Res. 1990 Apr 23; 514(1): 55-67
The effects of serotonergic substances on the locomotor pattern and cutaneous reflexes were studied in 3 adult chronic spinal cats trained for 1-3 months to walk with their hindlimbs on a treadmill. The 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) precursor, 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), and two 5-HT agonists, 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine and quipazine, were found to generally increase the step length and augment the amplitude of hindlimb extensors and flexors as well as axial muscles. Correspondingly, the excursion of the hip, the knee and the ankle joints was increased, mainly in the flexion direction. Cyproheptadine, a 5-HT antagonist, partially or completely antagonised these effects. The threshold current needed to elicit a flexion reflex by stimulating the dorsum of the paw through implanted wires, was lower after the injection of 5-HT agonists than in the immediately preceding control period. Fast paw shaking initiated by dipping the paw in water was unchanged after quipazine and was not abolished by cyproheptadine. In accordance with others, our results suggest that serotonergic drugs may increase the excitability of several types of spinal neurones, including motoneurones, and consequently influence the locomotor pattern as well as the reflex responsiveness. The changes observed with serotonergic agonists were different in many respects from those obtained with noradrenergic agonists and these differences are discussed. This may indicate specific roles for these classes of substances on locomotor function and reflex activity and also provide a basis for further clinical investigations.

BARBERS RG; EVANS MJ; GONG H JR; TASHKIN DP
Enhanced alveolar monocytic phagocyte (macrophage) proliferation in tobacco and marijuana smokers.
Am Rev Respir Dis. 1991 May; 143(5 Pt 1): 1092-5
We tested the hypothesis that enhanced cell division accounted for the augmented numbers of monocytic phagocytes with characteristics attributed to alveolar macrophages (AM) found in the lungs of habitual tobacco (T) and marijuana (M) smokers. The monocytic phagocytes, that is, alveolar macrophages, were obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) from 12 nonsmoking subjects; 10 subjects who smoked T only (TS); 13 subjects who smoked M only (MS); and 6 smokers of both T and M (MTS). The replication of these cells was determined by measuring the incorporation of [3H]thymidine into the DNA of dividing cells and visually counting 2,000 cells on autoradiographically prepared cytocentrifuge cell preparations. This study demonstrated that the number of [3H]thymidine-labeled monocytic phagocytes with characteristics of alveolar macrophages from either TS or MS have a higher proliferative index compared to cells (macrophages) from nonsmokers, p less than 0.05 by one-way ANOVA. The total number of BAL macrophages that are in mitosis in TS (17.90 +/- 4.50 labeled AM x 10(3)/ml) or MTS (10.50 +/- 4.20 labeled AM x 10(3)/ml) are 18- and 10-fold greater, respectively, than the number obtained from nonsmokers (1.01 +/- 0.18 labeled AM x 10(3)/ml). Interestingly, the number of [3H]thymidine-labeled macrophages from MS (2.90 +/- 0.66 labeled AM x 10(3)/ml) are also greater than the number obtained from nonsmokers, although this is not statistically significant. The stimulus augmenting alveolar macrophage replication is as yet unknown but may likely be found in the T or M smoke. ...

Barnes, Julie C; Costall, Brenda; Naylor, R J
Modulation of dopamine function by glycine in the nucleus accumbens of the brain of the rat.
Neuropharmacology; 1986 Dec Vol 25(12) 1347-1351
Results of the present experiments with female Sprague-Dawley rats indicate that while glycine (aminoacetic acid) may not normally exert a tonic modulatory influence on those mechanisms in the nucleus accumbens that regulate locomotor activity, when applied exogenously glycine can partially moderate the locomotor response to dopamine through an action on strychnine-sensitive receptors.

BAUM, RUDY M
Clandestine drug labs pose widespread risks
Chemical & Engineering News, 22-SEP-1986 Vol 64 pg 24-26
Toxic chemicals, fire and explosion risks from clandestine drugs labs.

BAYER, RON
Repression, reform and drug abuse: An analysis of the response to the Rockefeller drug law proposals of 1973.
Journal of Psychedelic Drugs; 1974 Jul-Sep Vol 6(3) 299-309
Examines reactions to the Rockefeller 'get tough' drug law proposals. Public opinion surveys are cited, and the specific responses of criminal justice system professionals, treatment workers, blacks, and political liberals are described.

BEARDSLEY, PATRICK M; BALSTER, ROBERT L
Behavioral dependence upon phencyclidine and ketamine in the rat.
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics; 1987 Jul Vol 242(1) 203-211
Studied whether behavioral dependence upon 1-(phenylcyclohexyl)-piperidine (PCP) and ketamine (KM) could be induced in rats. Ss were 13 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. Dependence on PCP was induced in all 11 Ss that were administered PCP as shown by the reductions in the rates of responding for food reinforcement that occurred during withdrawal of the drug. Dependence on PCP occurred after drug regimens requiring as little as 10 days of PCP infusion at a rate of 0.5 mg/kg/hr. Evidence for dependence on KM also was obtained. Two Ss, which were PCP naive, and 1 S with a PCP-dependence history showed marked response-rate reductions during withdrawal of KM infusion. Results suggest that behavioral dependence is possible in chronic abusers of PCP or KM and that withdrawal effects may play a role in motivating continued use.

BECK, JEROME; MORGAN, PATRICIA A
Designer Drug Confusion: A Focus on MDMA.
Journal of Drug Education; v16 n3 p287-302 1986
Discusses the competing definitions and issues surrounding various designer drugs, primarily 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA). Offers a rationale for why interest in MDMA, which possesses both stimulant and psychedelic properties, will continue to grow despite the drug's recent illegality and increasing evidence of neurotoxicity.

BEDARD, P; PYCOCK, C J
Wet-dog shake behavior in the rat: A possible quantitative model of central 5-hydroxytryptamine activity.
Neuropharmacology; 1977 Oct Vol 16(10) 663-670
Investigated the wet-dog shake (WDS) response in Wistar rats as a possible animal model to quantify central 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) activity. The behavior occurred in a dose-dependent manner following systemic administration of the 5-HT precursor, 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP). It was seen after injection of levotryptophan and 5-HT agonists 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine, LSD, and quipazine. Potential 5-HT uptake-blocking compounds (chlorimipramine, ORG 6582, femoxetine) only weakly and intermittently induced the phenomenon. 5-HT antagonists methysergide and cyproheptadine were effective at blocking 5-HTP-induced WDS. Concomitant dopamine receptor stimulation with amphetamine and apomorphine markedly decreased 5-HTP-induced WDS. However, manipulation of central cholinergic and noradrenergic mechanisms was without effect on 5-HTP-induced WDS. Biochemically, regional increases in cerebral 5-HT concentrations paralleled the WDS seen after systemic administration of 5-HTP. From lesioning and brain sectioning experiments it is concluded that the WDS reflex originates in the brain stem but can be facilitated by the presence of diencephalic structures. It is proposed that WDS in rats may provide a quantitative model of central 5-HT activity. It is possibly related to head twitches and jerks in other animal species.

Behan WM; Bakheit AM; Behan PO; More IA
The muscle findings in the neuroleptic malignant syndrome associated with lysergic acid diethylamide.
J.Neurol.Neurosurg.Psychiatry; 1991 Aug; 54(8); P 741-3
A detailed pathological description of the muscle findings in a case of the neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) following ingestion of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is given, including the first ultrastructural analysis. Focal necrosis, oedema, and hypercontraction of fibres with glycogen and lipid depletion, were identified, all of which had resolved completely a year later. The findings are compared with those in malignant hyperthermia. It is suggested that the results support the view that in NMS, the muscle rigidity is due to central mechanisms and, in both this disorder and malignant hyperthermia, it is responsible for the hyperpyrexia and its life-threatening complications.

Behan, W M; Bakheit, A M; Behan, P O; More, I A
The muscle findings in the neuroleptic malignant syndrome associated with lysergic acid diethylamide.
Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry; 1991 Aug Vol 54(8) 741-743
Presents a pathological description of the muscle findings in a case of neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) in a 21-yr-old man following ingestion of LSD. Ultrastructural analysis is included. Focal necrosis, edema, and hypercontraction of fibers with glycogen and lipid depletion were identified, all of which had resolved completely 1 yr later. Findings are compared with those in malignant hyperthermia (MH). It is suggested that the results support the view that in NMS, the muscle rigidity is due to central mechanisms and, in both this disorder and MH, it is responsible for the hyperpyrexia and its life-threatening complications.

BENKER G; JASPERS C; HAUSLER G; REINWEIN D
Control of prolactin secretion.
Klin Wochenschr. 1990 Dec 4; 68(23): 1157-67
1. Prolactin is a 21,500 Dalton single-chain polypeptide hormone but may occur in 50 kDa and 150 kDa molecular variants. 2. These large PRL variants may be secreted predominantly; this condition is termed 'macroprolactinemia'. It is characterized by high immunological and normal biological serum levels of prolactin, and lack of clinical symptoms of hyperprolactinemia. 3. The information on PRL is encoded on chromosome 6. Transcription can be enhanced and suppressed by a variety of hormonal factors. 4. PRL is secreted in a pulsatile fashion; it displays a circadian rhythm (with a maximum during sleep) and is stimulated by some amino acids. PRL also responds to mechanical stimulation of the breast. 5. PRL rises during pregnancy, and maintainance of hyperprolactinemia (and, thereby, physiological infertility) is dependent on the frequency and duration of breast feedings. 6. Hypothalamic regulation of prolactin mainly involves tonic inhibition via portal dopamine. The physiological importance of various stimulating factors present in the hypothalamus is still incompletely understood. In particular, there is still no place for TRH in PRL physiology. 7. PRL is released in response to stress; this response may be mediated by opioids. The low-estrogen, low-gonadotropin amenorrhea of endurance-training women is not mediated by prolactin, however. 8. Estrogens stimulate PRL gene transcription via at least two independent mechanisms. There are many clinical examples of this estrogen effect on prolactin serum levels, and also on the growth of prolactinomas. 9. Mild hyperprolactinemia remains an enigma which cannot satisfactorily be resolved by biochemical or radiological testing. The border between 'normal' and 'elevated' prolactin is ill-defined. The possibility of macroprolactinemia complicates this matter even further. 10. The number of drugs which suppress prolactin by acting on pituitary D2 receptors, and which are useful in the treatment of hyperprolactinemia, continues to increase. In the field of ergot alkaloids, parenteral application appears to be a logical solution to the problem of the high first-pass effect; in addition, this form of treatment is frequently better tolerated than the oral route. 11. Prolactinoma development is presently being studied employing molecular biological techniques; the question of whether tumorigenesis can be attributed to specific defects of gene regulation remains to be answered.

BENNET JW; LASURE LL
Gene Manipulation in Fungi
Gene Manipulation in Fungi. pg 368-404 ISBN 0-12-088641-3 QK682.946 (1985)
There is accumulating evidence for the widespread occurrence of plasmids or plasmidlike DNA species in eukaryotes, including fungi. Plasmids are present as both linear and cyclic DNA strands. Genera in which plasmids have been found include Claviceps, Neurospora, Aspergillus, Podospora, Dictostelium, Saccharomyces, Ascolobus, Cephalosporum, Gaumannomyces, Kluveromyces, Morchella [an ascomycete mushroom], Pichia, Rhizoctonia, Schizosaccharomyces & Torulopsis. Fungal plasmids may be associated with either mitochondrial and nuclear DNA, and range in size from 1.2 kilobases to 21 kilobases, with the majority occuring in the range of 5-7 kilobases. A strain improvement program with the mold Penicillium notatum has employed monospore selection and mutagenesis with ultraviolet light, nitrous acid, and monoiodoacetic acid. Irradiation has successfully generated more potent strains with a 40% increase yeild of erythorbic acid from glucose (Takahashi, 1969)... Tryptophan ... has been produced with a strain of Hansenula anomala resistant to high levels of anthranilic acid (Terui, 1973) which produces up to 6 grams of tryptophan per liter from the added precursor, anthranilic acid (Terui & Niizu, 1969), and as much as 14 grams per liter from indole (Ebihara et al, 1969). Indole-resistant producing strains have also been isolated. General control of amino acid biosynthesis appears to operate in this yeast since starvation of methionine or histidine mutants for the respective amino acid also elevates tryptophan excretion (Enatsu, et al 1963). They tryptophan-hyperproducing strains all have lower anthranilic acid and tryptophan degrading activity and show altered repression and feedback inhibition by tryptophan. Attempts to improve available strains by crossing haploids have failed (Terui, 1975). The production of indole or anthranilic acid has been reported in Claviceps purpurea (Malin and Westhead, 1959) and numerous strains of yeasts (Nickerson & Brown, 1965; Hutter, 1973). However these processes are not commercially practical.

Bennett, Debra A; Bernard, Patrick S; Amrick, Caryl L; Wilson, Douglas E; et al
Behavioral pharmacological profile of CGS 19755, a competitive antagonist at N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors.
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics; 1989 Aug Vol 250(2) 454-460
CGS 19755 (cis-4-phosphonomethyl-2-piperidine-carboxylic acid), a competitive antagonist at N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA)-preferring receptors, blocked both NMDA-induced convulsions in normal CF1 mice and sound-induced wild running in seizure-prone DBA/2 mice. The ED50 values for CGS 19755 to produce these effects were at least 3-fold lower than those which impaired the traction reflex, an index of motor coordination. In an experimental model of anxiety in rats, CGS 19755 significantly increased conflict responding within a relatively narrow dose range. Potential muscle relaxant effects were also suggested by the generalization of CGS 19755 to diazepam discriminative stimuli and by impaired rotorod performance in rats.

Bennett, Debra A; Bernard, Patrick S; Amrick, Caryl L; Wilson, Douglas E; et al
Behavioral pharmacological profile of CGS 19755, a competitive antagonist at N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors.
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics; 1989 Aug Vol 250(2) 454-460
CGS 19755 (cis-4-phosphonomethyl-2-piperidine-carboxylic acid), a competitive antagonist at N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA)-preferring receptors, blocked both NMDA-induced convulsions in normal CF1 mice and sound-induced wild running in seizure-prone DBA/2 mice. The ED50 values for CGS 19755 to produce these effects were at least 3-fold lower than those which impaired the traction reflex, an index of motor coordination. In an experimental model of anxiety in rats, CGS 19755 significantly increased conflict responding within a relatively narrow dose range. Potential muscle relaxant effects were also suggested by the generalization of CGS 19755 to diazepam discriminative stimuli and by impaired rotorod performance in rats.

BENTHUYSEN, J L; HANCE, A J; QUAM, D D; WINTERS, W D
Comparison of isomers of ketamine on catalepsy in the rat and electrical activity of the brain and behavior in the cat.
Neuropharmacology; 1989 Oct Vol 28(10) 1003-1009
Compared the relative potency and efficacy of the 2 isomers of ketamine on the duration of catalepsy (loss of righting reflex) in female rats and on the behavior and EEG of 6 female cats. In the rat, at small doses, the S(+) isomer was more potent than the R(-) isomer or racemic ketamine, while at larger doses, the S(+) isomer and the racemate were equipotent and the R(-) isomer was significantly less potent. In cats, there was a parallel time course and progression of behavioral and EEG states in response to equal total doses of either racemic ketamine, an artificial 50:50 mixture of S(+) and R(-) isomers, or the S(+) isomer alone; approximately equivalent effects required twice the dose of the R(-) isomer. There is a common site of action for the 2 isomers, but there is also a stereospecific difference in potency.

BERRETTINI, WADE H; PROZIALECK, WALTER; VOGEL, WOLFGANG H
Decreased platelet monoamine oxidase activity in chronic schizophrenia, shown with novel substrates.
Archives of General Psychiatry; 1978 May Vol 35(5) 600-605
Platelet MAO was kinetically evaluated in chronic schizophrenics and matched controls, using substrates of major physiologic importance and substrates of particular interest in the study of schizophrenia, such as serotonin (5-HT), N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), 5-methoxytryptamine (5-MT), and dopamine (DA). Substrates were measured at 6 concentrations; values for maximal velocity (V-sub(max)) and Michaelis constant (K-sub(m)) were obtained by using Lineweaver-Burk plots. The V-sub(max ) was decreased for all substrates in chronic schizophrenia and the K-sub(m ) was decreased for DA, 5-HT, and DMT, but remained unchanged for 5-MT. The value of K-sub(m)/V-sub(max ) was similar for schizophrenics and controls when DA, 5-HT and DMT were used as substrates, which may indicate that 'uncompetitive' inhibition is responsible for the observed decrease in activity among chronic schizophrenics. It is suggested that the finding of a decreased V-sub(max ) but unchanged K-sub(m ) with 5-MT is consistent with noncompetitive inhibition.

BERRIDGE, M J; PRINCE, W T
The nature of the binding between LSD and a 5-HT receptor: A possible explanation for hallucinogenic activity.
British Journal of Pharmacology; 1974 Jun Vol 51(2) 269-278
LSD mimicked 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in its ability to stimulate fluid secretion, to change transepithelial and intracellular potentials, and to increase the cyclic adenosine monophosphate concentrations of isolated salivary glands of Calliphora. Unlike 5-HT, LSD disengaged slowly from the receptor, and fluid secretion continued despite repeated washing. Both 5-HT and tryptamine prevented LSD from acting on the glands. LSD bound to the receptor was slowly displaced when glands were treated with agonists (tryptamine) or antagonists (gramine). The property of LSD which permits it to function as an agonist despite remaining tightly bound to the receptor is discussed as a possible basis for its profound effects within the central nervous system.

BERTOLUCCI D'ANGIO M; SERRANO A; SCATTON B
Mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic systems and emotional states.
J Neurosci Methods. 1990 Sep; 34(1-3): 135-42
We have used the technique of in vivo voltammetry with carbon fibre electrodes to investigate further the involvement of ascending mesencephalic dopaminergic systems in emotional states in freely moving rats. In Sprague-Dawley rats, forced locomotion caused an increase in extracellular DOPAC levels in the striatum and nucleus accumbens but not in the prefrontal cortex. Immobilization (4 min) or systemic injection of the anxiogenic agent methyl-beta-carboline carboxylate enhanced extracellular DOPAC in both prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens but not in striatum whereas tail-pinch provoked a selective increase in this parameter in the nucleus accumbens. These data suggest that mesolimbic and mesocortical dopaminergic systems can be specifically activated by certain kinds of anxiogenic stimuli. To evaluate the relationship between emotional status and the response of mesocortical dopaminergic neurons to stress, we investigated the effects of stressful conditions on dopamine metabolism in the prefrontal cortex of 2 genetically selected lines of rats which differ drastically in their level of emotionality. Introduction of the animals into an unfamiliar environment, application of a high-intensity loud noise or immobilization were associated with an increase in extracellular cortical DOPAC levels in the hypoemotional (RHA) but not in the hyperemotional (RLA) line. These results suggest that the increase in cortical dopamine metabolism induced by stress is not connected to the emotional reaction caused by the aversive nature of the stressor but may reflect activation of cognitive processes in an attempt to cope with the stressor.

BEYMER, CHARLES H; QUOCK, RAYMOND M
Molindone: An apomorphine antagonist in the rabbit.
Communications in Psychopharmacology; 1977 Vol 1(4) 385-392
Pretreatment of male New Zealand rabbits with the antipsychotic dihydroindoline compound molindone (1.0 mg/kg, in Exp I; 0.5-20.0 mg/kg, iv, in Exp II) antagonized the hyperthermic response to apomorphine but not to LSD or fenfluramine. The temperature-elevating action of amphetamine was also highly resistant to doses of molindone which abolished apomorphine hyperthermia. Higher doses of molindone only slightly reduced the magnitude of the amphetamine response. Data demonstrate that molindone can block dopamine but not serotonin receptors in the rabbit and that it apparently antagonizes the effects of apormorphine more effectively than the actions of amphetamine.

BLACKBURN, T P; COX, B; HEAPY, C G; LEE, T F
Possible mechanism of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine-induced turning behaviour in DRN lesioned rats.
Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior; 1982 Jan Vol 16(1) 7-11
Investigated to see if 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeODMT) would cause a contralateral turning in rats with a unilateral lesion of the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN), and if no other neurotransmitters would be involved. Adult male Alderley Park SPF rats were DRN lesioned and then assessed for turning behavior by challenging with 5-MeODMT. The result was a contralateral turning in Ss, which was blocked by pretreatment with putative 5-HT antagonists, methysergide, cyproheptadine, and cinanserin, as well as with alpha-methylparatyrosine and with the peripheral 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) antagonist, xylamidine. Of the other neurotransmitter antagonists, only haloperidol was active. These results indicate that a central dopaminergic system is involved in 5-MeODMT-induced turning behavior. This is supported by the finding that ipsilateral turning in response to 5-MeODMT was observed in the rats with additional 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the medial forebrain bundle.

BLECKNER, JANET E
Psychological characteristics of the Haight 'junkie.'
Journal of Psychedelic Drugs; 1974 Jan Vol 6(1) 21-28
Administered a Rorschach Ink Blot Test and interviewed 37 male and 17 female heroin addicts to assess characteristics of 'middle class junkies.' Test scores indicate the blots tended to be viewed in a global rather than detailed manner; Ss expressed few anxiety signs, an excess of diffuse over form-dominated color, and more animal than human content. The sociological history data from the interviews were correlated with the Rorschach scores and the addicts characterized as impulsive, immature, lacking awareness of realities of daily existence, lacking responsibility, operating from a model of the noncoping male parent, coming from a home stressing conformity and superficial interpersonal relations, and lacking self-esteem.

BLIER P; DE MONTIGNY C
Differential effect of gepirone on presynaptic and postsynaptic serotonin receptors: single-cell recording studies.
J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1990 Jun; 10(3 Suppl): 13S-20S
The sustained administration of the serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine1A, 5-HT1A) agonist gepirone (15 mg/kg/day subcutaneously) in the rat produced an initial decrease of the firing activity of dorsal raphe 5-HT neurons, which was followed by a progressive recovery to normal after 14 days of treatment. At this point, the somatodendritic 5-HT1A autoreceptor had desensitized, as indicated by the reduced effectiveness of intravenous lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and of microiontophoretic applications of 5-HT, LSD, 8-hydroxy-2-(N,N-propylamino) tetralin (8-OH-DPAT), and gepirone, but not of gamma-aminobutyric acid in depressing the firing activity of 5-HT neurons. In contrast, the responsiveness of postsynaptic dorsal hippocampus pyramidal neurons to 5-HT, 8-OH-DPAT, and gepirone was not altered by the 14-day gepirone treatment. In an attempt to unravel the differential effect of sustained gepirone administration on presynaptic and postsynaptic 5-HT1A receptors, the properties of gepirone at these two receptors were assessed. The concurrent microiontophoretic application of gepirone readily blocked the effect of 5-HT on dorsal hippocampus pyramidal neurons, but not on dorsal raphe 5-HT neurons, thus indicating that gepirone is a partial agonist at postsynaptic 5-HT1A receptors and a full agonist at somatodendritic 5-HT1A receptors. It is proposed that gepirone, being a partial agonist at postsynaptic 5-HT1A receptors, fails to desensitize them; whereas, because of its full agonistic activity at the somatodendritic 5-HT1A receptor, it desensitizes this autoreceptor with long-term administration. ...

BLISS, KITTY
LSD and Psychotherapy
Contemporary Drug Problems; 1988, 15, 4, winter, 519-563.
A retrospective look at the discovery of LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) in 1943, the import of this event for mental health professionals, & subsequent attempts by psychotherapists & researchers to utilize LSD as either a psychotomimetic (psychosis mimic) or a therapeutic tool or facilitator. Emphasis is on the two types of psychotherapy that grew out of the use of LSD as a facilitator: psycholytic therapy, in which only small amounts of LSD were used to augment more traditional therapy, & psychedelic therapy, where large amounts of LSD were used in lieu of any kind of talk therapy. Some of the factors, such as 'bad trips' & flashbacks, that led to LSD's demise as a psychotherapeutic aid are chronicled. Ironically, these drawbacks & LSD's subsequent popularity with the 1960s youth culture transformed what had previously been considered a beneficial treatment for psychoneurotic patients into a widespread medical & psychiatric problem.

BLUM, KENNETH; ET AL
Possible rationale for differential chemotherapy of depression in humans: A review of the biogenic amine hypothesis: I.
Journal of Psychedelic Drugs; 1976 Jul-Sep Vol 8(3) 223-234
Proposes that depressive patients may be classified into 2 groups showing (a) low levels of norepinephrine metabolites and response to drugs that elevate the functional level of norepinephrine, and (b) low levels of serotonin metabolites and response to drugs that elevate serotonin level.

Boja, John W; Schechter, Martin D
Behavioral effects of N-ethyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDE; 'EVE').
Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior; 1987 Oct Vol 28(2) 153-156
Examined the effects of MDE on 8 male Sprague-Dawley rats trained to discriminate MDE (2.0 mg/kg, ip) from a vehicle using a 2-lever, food-motivated operant discrimination task. Ss showed a dose-dependent decrease in discriminative accuracy following decreased doses of MDE. 1.5 mg/kg 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), a recently restricted Schedule I drug, produced 100% MDE-appropriate responding and decreased discriminative performance at lower doses. Findings suggest a pharmacological similarity between MDE and MDMA.

BOSFELD, JANE
Toad Tripping
OMNI; Dec 1989
It's not exactly a craze, but licking toads is the latest - and certainly the wierdest - way to get high. ''It is not a big problem, but when people hear about it they try it,'' explains Robert Sager, chief of the US Drug Enforcement Administrations's Western Regional Laboratory in San Francisco. The toad of choice is the Cane Toad, a tropical green and red toad that's a favorite among aquarium habitues. It secretes a toxin, called bufotenine to ward off predators. Ingesting bufotenine - by licking the toad, or killing it and boiling it's skin for a foul-tasting tea - will give you a high similar to that of psilocybin (a hallucinogen found in certain mushrooms). But, Sager warns, bufotenine will ''make you ill, and it is not terribly hallucinogenic. It's just not that great a high.'' Of course for those who don't mind licking a tailless amphibian, it might be possible to buy several and keep them on hand: Once a toad has been licked it secretes more bufotenine, so replenishing the supply would not be a problem. Although four Australians croaked last summer after drinking an especially strong batch of Cane-skin tea, no fatalities have been reported in this country. But, says Sager, a number of people have been hospitalized. Nevertheless, possessing a Cane Toad is not illegal if you do it for reasons other than getting high.

BOSZORMENYI Z
Psilocybin and diethyltryptamine: two tryptamine hallucinogens.
Neuro-Psychopharmacol. 2:226 (1961)
Twenty-eight normal subjects and 24 patients (11 schizophrenics, 5 hysterics and 8 neurotics) received Psilocybin. Half the subjects were given 6-11 mg (average 9 mg) Psilocybin orally, and the other half the same doses by intramuscular injections. Eighteen of the 28 normal subjects as well as 3 psychotics and 3 neurotics had received diethyltryptamine (DET) 1/2 to 1 year earlier. Three subjects received 15 mg. amphetamine i.v. at the height of the Psilocybin reaction. The characteristic syndrome produced by Psilocybin is described in detail. While Psilocybin seemed to suspend the control activity and produced diffuse excitation, DET seemed to stimulate cerebral structures responsible for coordination of personality, self-control, etc. Response to oral Psilocybin resembled more the effect of DET; however, differences with i.m. Psilocybin were more marked. Psilocybin i.m. produced a tendency to introversion. The response to Psilocybin plus amphetamine resembled the DET effect. Psilocybin appeared to be more useful in the treatment of obsessional neurosis because it caused a remarkable mellowing'

BOTVIN GJ; BAKER E; DUSENBURY L; TORTU S; BOTVIN EM
Preventing adolescent drug abuse through a multimodal cognitive-behavioral approach: results of a 3-year study.
J Consult Clin Psychol. 1990 Aug; 58(4): 437-46
Students (N = 4,466) attending 56 schools in New York State were involved in a 3-year study testing the effectiveness of a cognitive-behavioral approach to substance abuse prevention. In a randomized block design, schools were assigned to receive (a) the prevention program with formal provider training and implementation feedback, (b) the prevention program with videotaped provider training and no feedback, or (c) no treatment. After pretest equivalence and comparability of conditions with respect to attrition were established, students who received at least 60% of the prevention program (N = 3,684) were included in analyses of program effectiveness. Significant prevention effects were found for cigarette smoking, marijuana use, and immoderate alcohol use. Prevention effects were also found for normative expectations and knowledge concerning substance use, interpersonal skills, and communication skills.

BOURDON R; GALLIOT M; DANG VU B; SANDOUK P
Exploration analytique des toxicomanies. [Analytical exploration of drug addiction]
Presse Med. 1991 Jan 26; 20(3): 124-7
The natural and synthetic substances most frequently leading to drug addiction are described. They include cannabis, opium and cocaine with their respective derivatives. The authors insist on the problems encountered by analytical chemists when they examine urine samples containing these substances, owing to their metabolic degradation and to interferences between lawful and unlawful drugs. The limitations imposed by these problems to an unambiguous interpretation of the results obtained are defined, but they do not throw any doubt on the value of these investigations.

BOURN, W M; KELLER, W J; BONFIGLIO, J F
Psychoactivity of normacromerine in animals.
Life Sciences; 1978 Sep Vol 23(11) 1175-1184
Normacromerine (NMC), a dimethoxylated phenethylamine obtained from the Dona Ana cactus, was compared with mescaline (MES), psilocin (PSI), amphetamine (AMP), and pentobarbital (PEN) in several tests designed to detect psychoactive properties. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were Ss in the conditioned avoidance response and locomotor activity measures; male Swiss-Websters were used in the rotorod testing. Only the highest dose of NMC (10 mg) impaired the conditioned avoidance response, while MES, PSI, and AMP enhanced the response. NMC, AMP, PSI, and MES all produced increases in locomotor activity. NMC produced activity patterns similar to patterns resulting from treatment with MES or PSI. NMC appears to be psychoactive and correlates more closely with MES and PSI than with the other 2 drugs.

BOURNE, PETER G
Approaches to drug abuse prevention and treatment in rural areas.
Journal of Psychedelic Drugs; 1974 Apr Vol 6(2) 285-289
Discusses drug abuse treatment strategies appropriate for small urban and rural communities. 4 stages of community response to drug abuse are described: denial, panic, fragmentation of effort, and cohesion. A progression of intervention approaches is suggested (hotline, drug abuse council, drug turn-in project, crisis intervention center, physician back-up, and a formal narcotic treatment program). Drug usage is viewed as symptomatic of broader societal problems, and the possibility of a community's concern for drug abuse being channeled into concern for alcohol and tobacco abuse is suggested.

BOUYER, JEAN JACQUES; DEDET, LAURE; VERDEAUX, JAQUELINE; ROUGEUL, ARLETTE
Selective modification of spontaneous ECoG rhythms of the cat somesthetic cortex by psychoactive drugs: Behavioral correlates.
Psychopharmacology; 1977 Vol 55(3) 237-242
Administered dextroamphetamine (2 mg/kg, ip), LSD (0.1 mg/kg, ip), and Ditran (1 mg/kg, ip) to 30 implanted freely moving cats to study the drugs' actions on spontaneous rhythmic activities recorded from the primary somesthetic cortex; these activities are analogous to the rolandic mu rhythm in man. The electrocorticogram (ECoG) patterns obtained were qualitatively identical to those of the normal S, but their temporal organization was profoundly disturbed by the action of the drugs. The normal ECoG consisted of 3 rhythmic systems with distinct frequencies; they also displayed a considerable time variability. In contrast, psychoactive drugs induced a stabilized pattern with only 1 type (or at most 2 types) of rhythm prevailing for 1 or several hours, which never occurred under normal conditions. These ECoG rhythms underlay various behavioral states. Under amphetamine, correspondence remained excellent between behavior and ECoG; under Ditran, complete dissociation occurred. LSD represented a borderline case in which ECoG and behavior were partially correlated and partially dissociated.

BOYD, EUGENE S; BOYD, ELEANOR H; BROWN, LAWRENCE C
The effects of some drugs on an evoked response sensitive to tetrahydrocannabinols.
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics; 1974 Jun Vol 189(3) 748-758
Compared the effects of several drugs with those of Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on responses evoked in frontal lobe polysensory areas, ipsi- and contralateral to the stimulus site in primary somatosensory cortex, in squirrel monkeys with postmesencephalic or high spinal sections. THC augmented both the early evoked response and the late evoked response, which occurred 150-200 msec after the stimulus, and augmented or induced repetitive synchronous activity after the late response. Pentobarbital, ethanol, and diethyl ether depressed both early and late responses, while chlorpromazine and chloralose depressed late responses without consistently affecting early responses. Mescaline had effects similar to those of THC on late responses, but its effect on early responses was much less. LSD had little effect on early responses but depressed late responses at high doses. Phencyclidine also had little effect on early responses; it facilitated late responses at low doses and depressed them at high doses. Picrotoxin and pentylenetetrazol had effects similar to, but greater than, those of THC. Strychnine had variable, and mostly small, effects on evoked responses. Gallamine, atropine, amphetamine, levarterenol, and methoxamine were without effect.

BRADBERRY CW; LORY JD; ROTH RH
The anxiogenic beta-carboline FG 7142 selectively increases dopamine release in rat prefrontal cortex as measured by microdialysis.
J Neurochem. 1991 Mar; 56(3): 748-52
The effect of the anxiogenic beta-carboline methyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxyamide (FG 7142) on dopamine release in prefrontal cortex and striatum in the awake freely moving rat was determined using the technique of microdialysis. FG 7142 (25 mg/kg, i.p.) caused a time-dependent increase in dopamine release in prefrontal cortex which was statistically significantly greater than the response to vehicle administration. Dopamine release in striatum was unaltered by FG 7142. Pretreatment of animals with the benzodiazepine antagonist Ro 15-1788 (30 mg/kg, i.p., 15 min prior to FG 7142 administration) completely abolished the increase in dopamine release caused by FG 7142 in prefrontal cortex. These data indicate that the anxiogenic benzodiazepine inverse agonist FG 7142 can selectively increase dopamine release in prefrontal cortex, and that this effect appears to be mediated via the gamma-aminobutyric acid/benzodiazepine receptor complex.

BRADY, KATHLEEN T; BALSTER, ROBERT L; MAY, EVERETTE L
Stereoisomers of N-allylnormetazocine: Phencyclidine-like behavioral effects in squirrel monkeys and rats.
Science; 1982 Jan Vol 215(4529) 178-180
Compared the pure stereoisomers and the racemic mixture of d,l-N-allylnormetazocine (NAL), an opioid, with phencyclidine (PCP) for their behavioral effects on squirrel monkeys and rats trained to discriminate PCP from saline. In both rats and monkeys, the dextro isomer and the racemic mixture of NAL produced dose-dependent responses appropriate for PCP. In both species, the levo isomer was more potent than the dextro isomer in decreasing the rate of responding. Results have bearing on reports of a specific binding site for PCP in the rodent nervous system.

BRADY, KATHLEEN T; BALSTER, ROBERT L
Discriminative stimulus properties of ketamine stereoisomers in phencyclidine-trained rats.
Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior; 1982 Aug Vol 17(2) 291-295
10 male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained to discriminate phencyclidine (PCP) from saline in a 2-lever drug discrimination task on an FR-32 schedule of food presentation. Ss were given ip injections of 3.0 mg/kg PCP or saline daily on a double-alternation schedule. After reliable discriminative control of lever choice was established, dose-response determinations for generalization to the training dose of PCP were made with several doses of PCP, a racemic mixture of ketamine, and the pure levo and dextro salts of ketamine. All 3 forms of ketamine produced dose-dependent PCP-appropriate responding. There was a greater difference between doses that produced drug-appropriate responding and doses that suppressed response rates for PCP than for any of the forms of ketamine. Racemic and dextroketamine were 2 times more potent than the levoisomer in producing drug-lever appropriate responding but were roughly equipotent for response-rate suppression.

BRAFF, DAVID L; GEYER, MARK A
Acute and chronic LSD effects on rat startle: Data supporting an LSD-rat model of schizophrenia.
Biological Psychiatry; 1980 Dec Vol 15(6) 909-916
Animal models of human schizophrenia using LSD and related hallucinogens have been challenged on several grounds. One compelling argument against the LSD model is that, while schizophrenia can be chronically debilitating, animal and human effects of LSD exhibit behavioral tolerance following chonic administration. The present study tested the effects of acute and chronic LSD on measures of rat startle, a widely used behavioral measure of reactivity and habituation. Results with 20 male Sprague-Dawley rats suggest that behavioral tolerance after chronic LSD administration is incomplete, with tolerance exhibited to the acute impairment of habituation but potentiation of startle magnitude on both the 1st response and the 1st block of 30 trials. These results are interpreted as supporting the viability of LSD as a model for one or more of the group of schizophrenias.

BRANDRUP, ERIK; VANGGAARD, THORKIL
LSD treatment in a severe case of compulsive neurosis.
Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica; 1977 Feb Vol 55(2) 127-141
Describes the course and outcome of the treatment with LSD of an incapacitating compulsive-neurotic condition in a 30-yr-old male. The treatment took place over 11/2 yrs since 1962, and the patient has been followed since then. It is reported that the patient is completely cured symptomatically, and that a favorable change in his general personality has taken place. The events during the LSD sessions revealed the basic elements in the development of his personality since early childhood, particularly the toilet-training period, which resulted in a typical compulsive character neurosis. In turn, this character neurosis became the matrix for the outbreak of his manifest neurotic compulsions which began 4 yrs before the onset of treatment. The material which emerged was in complete accordance with Freudian theory. No interpretations were given. While under the action of the drug the patient was left alone except for brief visits by the doctor or the nurse. He was free to call them if his anxiety became too strong for him to cope with alone. He also had the support of reporting his experiences to the doctor after the LSD effect had worn off and discussing them during interviews between the LSD days, still without interpretations being given to them. Practical details of procedure are reported. The necessary caution in employing LSD for treatment purposes, especially the selection of patients, is emphasized; theoretical implications of the psychological material and the course of the curative process are discussed.

BRENNEISEN R; FISCH HU; KOELBING U; GEISSHUSLER S; KALIX P
Amphetamine-like effects in humans of the khat alkaloid cathinone.
Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1990 Dec. 30(6). P 825-8.
1. The chewing of khat leaves as a stimulant is common in certain countries, and the effects of this material are supposed to be due to the phenylalkylamine alkaloid cathinone. In order to determine the effects of this substance in humans, a single oral dose of cathinone or placebo was administered to six healthy male volunteers in a double-blind, random order crossover study. 2. Cathinone produced increases in blood pressure and in heart rate, and these changes were concomitant with the presence of cathinone in blood plasma. 3. The physical and mental changes that the subjects reported during the experiment indicated that cathinone has in humans euphorigenic and psychostimulant effects. 4. These observations support the assumption that cathinone is the constituent mainly responsible for the effects of khat, and they show that this alkaloid has also in humans amphetamine-like effects.

BREWSTER JM; SIEGEL RK; JOHNSON CA; JARVIK ME
Observational determination of dose-response curves in hallucinogen-treated monkeys.
International Pharmacopsychiatry; 1976 Vol 11(2) 102-108
An objective behavioral profile that was previously shown to distinguish the effects of hallucinogens from those of other classes of drugs was used to study hallucinogenic behaviors in 4 drug-experienced male rhesus monkeys. Saline, dextroamphetamine sulfate, and 5 doses of dimethyltryptamine (DMT) were administered to solitary Ss in a totally dark environment; their behavior was observed via infrared monitors, videotaped, and scored in a number of categories. Scores systematically increased with ascending doses of DMT in the categories of exploration, locomotion, stereotypy, spasm, tracking, and duration of inappropriate behavior. Some behaviors sensitive to hallucinogens occurred with greater frequency in the dark than they did in a previous study conducted in the light. Behaviors such as tracking and fear grimaces, usually associated with specific stimuli, emerged in the absence of such stimuli in the dark. Results suggest hallucinogen-induced changes in perceptual-motor systems, if not hallucinations per se.

BRIDGER, WAGNER H; MANDEL, IRWIN J; STOFF, DAVID M
Mescaline: No tolerance to excitatory effects.
Biological Psychiatry; 1973 Oct Vol. 7(2) 129-138
Conducted 3 experiments with male hooded rats (N = 111) to examine tolerance to the effects of mescaline on shuttle avoidance. Ss demonstrated an excitatory effect on an acquisition test after 4 days of chronic intraperitoneal administration of 100 mg/kg mescaline. 12.5 mg/kg mescaline was excitatory on acquisition after acute administration, while an even more enhanced excitatory effect was present after 4 days of prior chronic drug treatment. An acute injection of 100 mg/kg was inhibitory to the continued performance of previously learned shuttle avoidance, while chronic administration after each of the prior 4 days of training produced not only tolerance to the inhibitory effect, independent of learning under the drug, but also an excitatory effect. Results are compatible with the endogenous hallucinogen model of psychosis. Findings are discussed with respect to the reports of tolerance to 'psychedelic' effects and lack of tolerance to 'psychotomimetic' effects of hallucinogens in humans.

Browne, Angela C
Drug and alcohol abuse among employees: Critical issues.
Employee-Assistance-Quarterly; 1986 Fal Vol 2(1) 11-22
Reviews data on legal and illegal drug use, and discusses clinical and organizational issues in prevention and treatment. Studies of illegal drug use indicate that it is a pervasive problem among employed adults. Statistics are provided for the rate of on-the-job use of cocaine, marihuana, heroin, LSD, stimulants, alcohol, and other illegal drugs. Incidences of legal drug use (coffee, nicotine, alcohol) are reportedly higher than those of illegal drugs. Drug use has implications not only for the well-being and health of the employee, but also for company productivity and morale. Because its direct and indirect costs are undeniable, employers cannot afford not to respond to this problem. Education, prevention, and treatment can help employees and employers overcome lack of information, fear, denial, peer pressure, family co-addiction, and resistance to treatment often associated with drug and alcohol abuse.

BROWNE, R G; HARRIS, R T; HO, B T
Stimulus properties of mescaline and N-methylated derivatives: Difference in peripheral and direct central administration.
Psychopharmacologia; 1974 Vol 39(1) 43-56
Trained 35 male Sprague-Dawley rats in a 2-lever operant chamber to discriminate the drugged (intraperitoneal-ip-mescaline) state from the nondrugged state (saline, ip). On session days following mescaline administration, only responses on the right lever of the operant chamber were reinforced, and on days following saline only responses on the left lever were rewarded. The degree of discrimination between mescaline and saline was determined by the percentage of responding on the state appropriate lever during extinction. Ss were then tested for stimulus generalization after ip or intraventricular (iv) injections of various doses of mescaline, N-methylmescaline (NMM), N,N-dimethylmescaline (DMM), or saline. Mescaline iv exhibited a dose-dependent generalization to the cue produced by systemically injected mescaline, indicating a central nervous system locus of action. NMM demonstrated only saline responses regardless of the dose or route of administration. DMM at a dose of 50 mg/kg, ip, generated responses characteristic of mescaline, suggesting a similarity in behavioral effects between DMM and mescaline. It is concluded that NMM and DMM, 2 possible metabolites of mescaline, apparently do not play a significant role in the mescaline-induced internal stimuli.

BROWNE, RONALD G; HO, BENG T
Discriminative stimulus properties of mescaline: Mescaline or metabolite?
Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior; 1975 Jan-Feb Vol 3(1) 109-114
Studied possible similarities in the interoceptive stimuli produced by mescaline and its metabolites. 20 male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained in a 2-lever operant chamber to discriminate between the drugged state (mescaline 25 mg/kg) and the nondrugged state (saline). Following acquisition of discriminative response control, Ss were pretreated with either saline, aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitors, or amine oxidase inhibitors and tested for stimulus generalization produced by intraperitoneal injections of 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenylethanol (TMPE), 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenylacetaldehyde (TMPA), N-acetylmescaline, mescaline, or saline. Both aldehyde dehydrogenase and amine oxidase inhibitors enhanced the effects of mescaline, while TMPE, TMPA, and N-acetylmescaline failed to exhibit generalization to the mescaline state, regardless of pretreatment. Findings do not indicate the role of a metabolite in the interoceptive cue produced by mescaline.

BROWNE, RONALD G; HO, BENG T
Role of serotonin in the discriminative stimulus properties of mescaline.
Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior; 1975 May-Jun Vol 3(3) 429-435
Trained male Sprague-Dawley rats to discriminate intraperitoneally administered mescaline from saline in a 2-lever operant chamber for food reinforcement. Reward was contingent upon responses made greater than 15 sec apart on the appropriate lever paired with either drug or saline administration. Following the establishment of discriminative response control by mescaline, Ss were tested for stimulus generalization produced by mescaline after (a) blockade of peripheral and central serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) receptors with cinanserin, methysergide, or cyproheptadine; (b) blockade of peripheral 5-HT receptors with xylamidine tosylate; and (c) depletion of brain 5-HT with the tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitor p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA). Results show that all 3 central 5-HT antagonists greatly reduced the discriminability of mescaline, while the peripheral antagonist xylamidine tosylate was without effect. These agents at the doses employed did not affect the discriminability of saline. Depletion of 5-HT with PCPA potentiated the effects of a subthreshold dose of mescaline and slightly reduced the discriminability of saline. Results indicate that mescaline produces its discriminative stimulus properties by directly stimulating central serotonergic receptors.

BUCK KJ; HEIM H; HARRIS RA
Reversal of alcohol dependence and tolerance by a single administration of flumazenil.
J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1991 Jun; 257(3): 984-9
Chronic exposure to ethanol is associated with the development of tolerance to the acute effects of ethanol and a withdrawal syndrome characterized by anxiety and seizure susceptibility. In the present study we examined the ability of flumazenil (Ro15-1788), a benzodiazepine receptor antagonist, to reverse neuronal and behavioral manifestations of ethanol tolerance and dependence. A single injection of flumazenil (10 mg/kg, 14 hr before withdrawal) to mice administered a liquid diet containing ethanol for 10 days, reduced seizure severity during withdrawal from ethanol. Acute tolerance to ethanol-induced hypothermia was not sensitive to flumazenil treatment, but tolerance and diazepam-induced cross-tolerance to the ataxic effects of ethanol were reversed by a single injection of flumazenil given 2 to 26 hr before evaluation of tolerance. At a biochemical level, the ability of benzodiazepine inverse agonists (e.g., Ro15-4513) to reduce the activity of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor-operated chloride channels may represent a neuronal manifestation of ethanol dependence (Buck and Harris, 1990). Flumazenil treatment of ethanol-dependent mice 14 hr before isolation of brain membrane vesicles partially reversed the augmentation of Ro15-4513 inhibition of muscimol-stimulated 36Cl- uptake in vitro. These results demonstrate that brief occupation of benzodiazepine receptors by an antagonist may reset the cellular mechanisms responsible for the development of ethanol tolerance and dependence, and support the hypothesis that increased sensitivity to benzodiazepine inverse agonists is involved in the development of ethanol dependence.

BUCKMAN, JOHN
Brainwashing, LSD and CIA: Historical and Ethical Perspective
International Journal of Social Psychiatry; 1977, 23, 1, spring, 8-19.
The history of various attempts at thought control & chemical warfare is reviewed. Brainwashing, thought control, industrial & national espionage, & covert activities are becoming more sophisticated. These issues have been revived & accentuated by the Vietnam War, Watergate, the CIA investigations, & the Patty Hearst trial. Historical & ethical perspectives of these activities are explored. There is a growing level of individual & international mistrust which complicates the issues of individual freedom, civil rights, & human experimentation.

BURNETT JH
Mycogenetics. Mutagenic Agents (Chapter)
Mycogenetics; an introduction to the general genetics of fungi. p32 ISBN 0-471-12551-1 QK602.B87
Spontaneous mutants occur in most cases with low frequency. Tatum and others (1950) tested Neurospora [a mold] for a wide range of auxotrophic mutants and found only 1 in 3000 cultures tested, i.e., only one mutant gene from all the thousands tested. In tests for mutations at specific loci the frequency is equally low ... 3/10^6 oidia (3 mutants per million) from methionine-requiring met-8 to wild-type, met-8+ in the mushroom Coprinus lagopus (Moore, 1969). Mutation-inducing agents: 245nm UV irradiation, ethylmethane sulphonate (EMS), and N-methyl-N-nitrosoguanidine (NG) are effective mutagens in the mushroom Coprinus lagopus. It should be realized that no two fungi necessarily respond alike to the same mutagenic agencies, nor indeed in the same way as do other organisms. For example, NG is a most potent chemical mutagen for E. coli [a bacterium] and quite effective with Saccharomyces cerevisiae [brewer's yeast] but it is no more effective with Coprinus lagopus than UV irradiation. It is necessary, therefore, to experiment with different mutagenic agents if work with any fungus not hitherto studied is contemplated. It is usually found with all mutagens that an effective yield of mutants is only achieved when the proportion of survivors from the material exposed is very low, say 5%-1% or less. Large numbers of spores or nuclei, therefore, must be exposed to obtain a worthwhile yield. In the case of the mushroom Agaricus bisporus the mycelium is macerated in a blender to give fragments of, preferably, 2-4 cells in length and these are then treated with the mutagenic agent (Raper & Miles, 1958; Raper, Raper & Miller, 1972) (see also: Day & Anderson, 1961). Nitrous acid, which deaminates nucleotides, substituting hydroxyl groups for the amino groups and thus altering base-pairing in DNA, is one of the most effective chemical mutagens. It is an unstable compound prepared by dissolving sodium nitrite at a pH of 4.6.

BURSTEIN SH; AUDETTE CA; CHARALAMBOUS A; DOYLE SA; GUO Y; HUNTER SA; MAKRIYANNIS
Detection of cannabinoid receptors by photoaffinity labelling.
Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1991 Apr 15; 176(1): 492-7
A novel [125I]-labelled photoaffinity ligand designed to detect cannabinoid binding sites has been used in mouse brain preparations and in cultured S49 mouse lymphoma cells. The ligand, 2-iodo-5'-azido-delta 8-THC, shows a high affinity for sites in both brain (Kd = 5.60 pM) and whole cell (Kd = 9.38 pM) systems. Photolabelling studies with brain samples revealed the existence of four ligand-protein adducts, of estimated molecular weights 85.5, 62.1, 30.0 and 25.5 kDa, that were diminished by prior exposure to 8 microM THC. A similar study with S49 cells gave adducts with apparent molecular weights of 62.1, 34.4, 16.9 and 13.5 kDa. The ligand produces a typical cannabinoid cataleptic response in mice suggesting that possibly one or more of the binding sites may be involved in some of the receptor mediated actions of THC.

CAIN, MICHAEL SCOTT
Psychic Surrender: America's Creeping Paralysis
Humanist; 1983, 43, 5, Sept-Oct, 5-11,32.
Cases of 'psychic surrender' are examined as an unhealthy trend in the United States in which persons relinquish personal responsibility for their lives, ostensibly 'turning over' their problems to God, Christ, gurus, &/or the promises of a variety of therapies. The behavior is seen not as a result of true belief in a cause or religion but instead as giving up on life. Secular & religious movements & cults that encourage & profit by those who commit 'symbolic suicide' are reviewed. The behavior is interpreted as the recognition of personal nothingness, seen as a combination of collapsed values, drug use, boredom, helpless feelings, & the pragmatism of professional education.

CALLAHAN PM; APPEL JB
Differences in the stimulus properties of 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine in animals trained to discriminate hallucinogens from saline.
J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1988 Sep. 246(3). P 866-70.
The stimulus properties of 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and several related compounds were compared to those of (+)-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and mescaline (3,4,5-trimethoxyphenylethylamine) in a two-lever, water-reinforced, drug discrimination task. In animals trained to discriminate LSD (0.08 mg/kg) from saline (n = 8), LSD-like responding occurred during substitution (generalization) tests with sufficiently high doses of (+/- )-2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine, LSD, mescaline, psilocybin and (-)-MDA; saline appropriate responding occurred after (+)-MDA and both (+)- and (+)- and (-)-MDMA. In animals trained to discriminate mescaline (10 mg/kg; n = 8), (-)-MDA, (+)-MDA, (-)-MDMA and (+)-MDMA as well as (+/- )-2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine, LSD, mescaline and psilocybin mimicked the training drug. Neither (+)-amphetamine nor cocaine produced mescaline-like responding; fenfluramine substituted partially for mescaline but not LSD. Because all of the phenylisopropylamine enantiomers mimicked the potent hallucinogen mescaline (10 mg/kg), these results do not support suggestions that similarities in the behavioral effects of 'designer' drugs such as MDA and MDMA to those of hallucinogens are limited to (-)-MDA. They also indicate that, although LSD and mescaline may be pharmacologically similar (in other assays), these compounds do not have identical stimulus properties.

CALLAHAN PM; APPEL JB
Differentiation between the stimulus effects of (+)-lysergic acid diethylamide and lisuride using a three-choice, drug discrimination procedure.
Psychopharmacology Berl. 1990; 100(1): 13-8
The discriminative stimulus properties of (+)-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and lisuride hydrogen maleate (LHM), were compared in a three-choice, water reinforced (FR 20) situation in which rats were required to press one lever following LSD (0.08 mg/kg), a second lever following LHM (0.04 mg/kg), and a third lever following saline. Reliable drug-appropriate responding was established in 72 sessions. Dose-response tests with LSD and LHM indicated that, as dose increased, the per cent of responding on the lever associated with the particular training drug also increased; little or no cross-transfer occurred between LSD and LHM. In generalization tests, the serotonin (5-HT) agonist quipazine substituted for LSD but not LHM while the dopamine (DA) agonist apomorphine mimicked LHM but not LSD; an unrelated compound, pentylenetetrazol (PTZ), produced responding on the saline-appropriate lever. In combination tests, 5-HT antagonists (e.g., BC-105 and low doses of pirenperone) blocked responding on the LSD lever while DA antagonists (e.g., haloperidol and much higher doses of pirenperone) blocked LHM-appropriate responding. These data suggest that the three-lever (D-D-N) procedure is similar to, but can be more sensitive than the two-lever (D-N) procedure (because it can differentiate between LSD and LHM); they therefore at least partially support the hypothesis that three-choice discriminations can be conceptualized as two separate, two-choice (D-N) discriminations (Jarbe and Swedberg 1982). The results also confirm suggestion that the stimulus effects of LSD and LHM are mediated by different mechanisms; the primary action of LSD is serotonergic (5-HT2), while that of LHM is dopaminergic (White 1986).

Callahan, Patrick M; Appel, James B
Differentiation between the stimulus effects of (+)-lysergic acid diethylamide and lisuride using a three-choice, drug discrimination procedure.
Psychopharmacology; 1990 Jan Vol 100(1) 13-18
Trained 11 female rats to discriminate between LSD and lisuride hydrogen maleate (LHM) in a 3-choice, water reinforced procedure. As dose increased, the percent of responding on the lever associated with the particular training drug also increased. In generalization tests, the serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)) agonist quipazine substituted for LSD, while the dopamine (DA) agonist apomorphine mimicked LHM. In combination tests, 5-HT antagonists blocked responding on the LSD lever while DA antagonists blocked LHM-appropriate responding. The hypotheses that D-D-N can be conceptualized as 2 separate, D-N discriminations and that the stimulus effects of LSD and LHM are mediated by different mechanisms are supported.

CAMERON, OLIVER G; APPEL, JAMES B
A behavioral and pharmacological analysis of some discriminable properties of d-LSD in rats.
Psychopharmacologia; 1973 Vol. 33(2) 117-134
Employed dextro-LSD (d-LSD) as a discriminative stimulus in a 2-lever, free-choice procedure involving water reinforcement with 24 male Sprague-Dawley albino rats. Results indicate that (a) doses of .02-.04 mg/kg of d-LSD were at the 'threshold' level of discriminability from no drug (saline); (b) .08 mg/kg of d-LSD was discriminable from no drug and from dextroamphetamine; and (c) Ss could probably discriminate, albeit weakly, between d-LSD and 2 other hallucinogens, mescaline and psilocybin. When a variety of drugs which were not used during training were tested during subsequent extinction sessions, most nonhallucinogenic drugs elicited responding predominantly on the nondrug lever; when hallucinogenic drugs were tested, preferences in general depended on dosage of the test drugs. Administration of p-chlorophenylalanine-methyl-ester, a drug which sensitizes rats to certain disruptive effects of LSD, also sensitized them to discriminative effects of the drug. Manipulations which might be expected to desensitize Ss (e.g., pretreatment with chlorpromazine or with d-LSD itself in an 'acute-tolerance' regimen) had no effect. Difficulties in the interpretation of drug discrimination experiments are discussed.

CANCELA L; VOLOSIN M; MOLINA VA
Opioid involvement in the adaptive change of 5-HT1 receptors induced by chronic restraint.
Eur J Pharmacol. 1990 Feb 13; 176(3): 313-9
Rats immobilized for 2 h daily for 7 days showed an increased behavioral response (forepaw treading and hind-limb abduction) to 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeODMT) 24 h after the last stress session. An injection of naloxone before each stress session fully antagonized the increased behavioral reactivity to 5-MeODMT. Treatment with morphine or beta-endorphin associated with each immobilization session for 3 days produced a response to 5-MeODMT higher than that of animals subjected to immobilization only. Chronic immobilization for 7 days did not affect the shaking behavior induced by 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) 24 h after the last restraint session. These findings suggest that chronic stress may induce a selective adaptive change of the 5-HT1 site and activate an opioid mechanism that is most likely to be involved in the development of this adaptive change.

CARDER, BROOKS; CHENG, ROSALIE S
Behavioral disinhibition by mescaline.
Life Sciences; 1976 Mar Vol 18(6) 585-591
In 3 experiments, 62 female Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to a conditioned emotional response procedure in which sucrose drinking was suppressed by a tone previously paired with shock. Suppression of drinking during the tone was reduced by ip mescaline (50 mg/kg) independently of whether training took place under mescaline or placebo. Additional data on the effect of mescaline on sucrose drinking indicated that the result could not be attributed to an increased drive to drink sucrose. It is proposed that mescaline releases behavior from inhibitory control. A number of studies from the literature are cited which supported this hypothesis.

CARINO, M A; HORITA, A
Rapid development of tolerance upon central injection of LSD.
Life Sciences; 1977 Jan Vol 20(1) 49-56
Investigated the development of tolerance to the pyretogenic effect of LSD when the drug was microinjected into the lateral and 3rd ventricle of male New Zealand rabbits. LSD (2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 mug) microinjected into the lateral ventricle produced a dose-dependent rise in temperature accompanied by behavioral excitation. Tolerance to the effect developed rapidly on intraventricular injection of LSD following iv injection of 25.0 mug/kg of the same drug. Both cinanserin and cyproheptadine attenuated the pyretogenic response. Phenoxybenzamine attenuated the response induced by LSD to a greater degree than dibozane.

Carli M; Samanin R
Serotonin2 receptor agonists and serotonergic anorectic drugs affect rats' performance differently in a five-choice serial reaction time task.
Psychopharmacology-(Berl); 1992; 106(2); P 228-34
A five-choice serial reaction time task was used to study the effects of serotonin (5-HT) receptor agonists and antagonists on accuracy of performance and food-motivated behaviour. Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), 0.1 mg/kg IP and quipazine, 2.5 mg/kg IP significantly reduced the percentage of correct responses and increased the percentage of omissions with no effect on other measures such as latency to collect the reinforcement or to respond correctly. The effects of LSD and quipazine were reversed by 1-2 mg/kg ritanserin, a potent 5-HT2 and 5-HT1C receptor antagonist. Metachlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP) 2.5 mg/kg IP, an agonist at 5-HT1B and 5-HT1C receptors, and d-fenfluramine (DF) 1.25 mg/kg IP, a releaser of 5-HT from nerve terminals and inhibitor of 5-HT uptake, increased the percentage of omissions and the latency to respond correctly or to collect the reinforcement with no effects on the correct responses. Effects similar to those of mCPP and DF were obtained by 60 min access to food before testing. Haloperidol, 0.1 mg/kg IP, did not affect the percentage of correct responses or the latency to collect the reinforcement, but significantly increased the proportion of errors of omission and the latency to respond correctly. The results show that 5-HT2 receptor agonists cause attentional disturbances at doses that have no marked effect on motivation for food or speed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

CARRANZA ACEVEDO, JOSE
Behavioral changes induced by the chronic administration of amphetamines.
Foreign Psychiatry; 1973 Fal Vol. 2(3) 42-47
Randomly divided male CFW Swiss strain mice into 4 groups of 10 Ss each. Dextroamphetamine was administered for 35 days to Groups 1 and 2 in intraperitoneal doses of 5 and 8 mg/kg daily, respectively, and to Group 3 orally in a daily dose of 1 mg/kg. Group 4 acted as a control. Abnormal behaviors observed in Groups 1 and 2 consisted of social disorganization, self-inflicted lesions, hallucinatory behavior, cannibalism, and autism. Group 3 demonstrated hyperactivity and cannibalism. It is suggested that the model of behavioral abnormality produced by dextroamphetamine is indistinguishable from paranoid schizophrenia in humans and will better serve in analyzing psychotic syndromes than the psychoses produced by LSD, mescaline, and psilocybin.

CARROLL ME
PCP and hallucinogens.
Adv Alcohol Subst Abuse. 1990; 9(1-2): 167-90
In this review phencyclidine and related arylcyclohexylamines and hallucinogens, using LSD as the prototype, are considered as two distinct classes of abused drugs. Within these classes drugs that are found on the street are discussed, and a current epidemiological summary is provided. The abuse liability and dependence potential of these drugs are evaluated by considering four major determinants of their abuse. First, is the ability of a drug to function as a positive reinforcer and increase the probability of operant behavior leading to its delivery. Animal data describing the reinforcing effects of PCP are reviewed with respect to the influence of variables controlling drug-reinforced behavior; however, there are no animal models of hallucinogen-reinforced behavior. Several methods of quantifying reinforcing efficacy are discussed. A second determinant is the subjective effects of the respective drugs. These effects are described and compared across drugs based on clinical reports in humans and drug discrimination studies in animals. A third determinant is the behavioral and physiological toxicity that results from acute and chronic use of these drugs. Clinical reports and results of sensitive tests that have been developed for laboratory animals are reviewed. A fourth determinant is the dependence potential that exists with these drugs, measured by tolerance development and the extent to which behavioral and physiological disturbances occur when drug use is terminated.

CARROLL, MARILYN E; BOE, IRWIN N
Effect of dose on increased etonitazene self-administration by rats due to food deprivation.
Psychopharmacology; 1984 Vol 82(3) 151-152
57 male Wistar rats were trained to self-administer iv-delivered etonitazene while food satiated. A wide range of etonitazene doses (5-80 mug/kg) and saline were tested under food satiation and food deprivation conditions. Food deprivation produced a parallel increase in the dose-response function under FR 1 and FR 16 schedule conditions. There appeared to be no interaction between dose and feeding condition, in contrast to previous studies of dextroamphetamine and ketamine. Results suggest that the generality of interactions between drug dose and feeding condition may be limited by the type of drug, species, and route of self-administration.

CARROLL, MARILYN E; STOTZ, DANA C
Oral d-amphetamine and ketamine self-administration by rhesus monkeys: Effects of food deprivation.
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics; 1983 Oct Vol 227(1) 28-34
Tested dextroamphetamine sulfate (DAM) and ketamine HCl (KT) for their ability to maintain self-administration behavior by substituting them for phencyclidine HCl PCP with 6 adult male rhesus monkeys trained to self-administer PCP (.25 mg/ml) and water under a concurrent FR16 schedule during 3-hr sessions. Exp I substituted DAM (.0156-.25 mg/ml) for PCP; maximum drug intake was 1-1.5 mg/kg and response rates were greatest at lower concentrations. When Ss were food-satiated, maximum DAM intake was .3-1.1 mg/kg and response rates were greatest at higher concentrations. In Exp II, KT (.125-4 mg/ml) was substituted for PCP. Maximum KT intake was 14.5-44.5 mg/kg, and maximum responding occurred at .25-1 mg/ml concentrations. Food satiation reduced maximum KT intake. With both KT and DAM, responding was evenly distributed during food satiation; however, during food deprivation, most responding occurred within the 1st hr of the session. Results show that substitution procedures demonstrate the reinforcing effects of orally delivered DAM and KT and that the magnitude of the food-deprivation effect was greatly altered by changes in drug concentration.

Carvey, Paul M; Nausieda, Paul; Weertz, Robert; Klawans, Harold
LSD and other related hallucinogens elicit myoclonic jumping behavior in the guinea pig.
Progress in Neuro Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry; 1989 Vol 13(1-2) 199-210
Investigated the behavioral response of guinea pigs to hallucinogenic agents to characterize the response of this species to a variety of known hallucinogenic drugs. The systemic injection of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in the guinea pig elicited a 'myoclonic-like' response the frequency of which was dose-dependent. This behavior exhibited rapid tolerance which was more prominent at higher doses. Subacute mescaline pretreatment reduced the myoclonic response to LSD suggesting cross-tolerance.

Cassella, James V; Harty, T Patrick; Davis, Michael
Fear conditioning, pre-pulse inhibition and drug modulation of a short latency startle response measured electromyographically from neck muscles in the rat.
Physiology and Behavior; 1986 Vol 36(6) 1187-1191
15 male Sprague-Dawley rats were implanted with bilateral electromyogram (EMG) electrodes in the dorsal neck muscles and subsequently exposed to a variety of manipulations known to affect the whole-body startle response. The peak-to-peak EMG response that occurred within 10 msec of startle stimulus onset displayed prepulse inhibition, enhancement by prior fear conditioning, inhibition by clonidine, and enhancement by strychnine.

CASTELLO, CLAUDIO
Effects of mescaline and psilocin on acquisition, consolidation, and performance of light-dark discrimination in two inbred strains of mice.
Psychopharmacology; 1978 Vol 59(2) 129-137
Mescaline and psilocin were administered to DBA/2J and C57B1/6J mice swimming in a 'Y' water maze toward a light source (L procedure, corresponding to innate tendency) or toward the dark (D procedure, corresponding to the acquisition of a new pattern of behavior). In 2 sets of experiments the hallucinogens were administered to naive Ss before and after each training session. In the pretrial experiments, the innate tendencies of both strains were improved by both mescaline and psilocin administrations. The acquisition of a new behavior pattern was improved by the hallucinogens in C57 Ss and impaired in DBA Ss. Opposite effects in the 2 strains were observed when mescaline or psilocin was injected immediately after training (D procedure). In a 3rd set of experiments, mescaline was administered to C57 and psilocin to both C57 and DBA mice previously trained with the L or D procedure. Both hallucinogens were ineffective in C57 Ss, while performance disruptions, as previously observed with mescaline, were evident following psilocin in the DBA Ss previously trained to swim toward the dark.

Chapman, Loring F. & Walter, Richard D.
Actions of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide on Averaged Human Cortical Evoked Responses to Light Flash.
Recent Advances Biol. Psychiat. 7:23-36. (1965)

Chirwa, S S; Stafford Segert, I; Soja, P J; Chase, M H
Strychnine antagonizes jaw-closer motoneuron IPSPs induced by reticular stimulation during active sleep.
Brain Research; 1991 May Vol 547(2) 323-326
In chronic unanesthetized normally respiring cats, stimulation of the nucleus reticularis pontis oralis induced inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) in masseter motoneurons during active sleep but not during wakefulness or quiet sleep. Strychnine (a glycine receptor antagonist), when applied juxtacellularly by microiontophoresis to masseter motoneurons, specifically suppressed the active sleep-dependent IPSPs. In contrast, bicuculline did not suppress the active sleep-dependent IPSPs. Thus, these IPSPs appear to be mediated by the putative neurotransmitter glycine.

CHRISTIANSEN, NIELS; VUORI, LEA; DAVIS, DENNIS
Adolescent Radicalism and Family Socialization
Adolescence; 1976, 11, 43, Fall, 383-394.
A study was undertaken with 2 purposes: (1) to see if tendencies toward political & cultural radicalism (hippie lifestyle) could be identified as 2 separate dimensions of radicalism among adolescents, & (2) to study family characteristics which might explain a tendency toward radicalism. 19 items measured radicalism (eg, participation in protest demonstrations, membership in political action groups, use of drugs, & rejection of career). The family characteristics included: (A) 3 scales--authoritarianism of parents, level of intellectual communication between parents & youth, & extent to which youth identifies with family, (B) religious identification, (C) parental political preference, & (D) family socioeconomic status. 192 Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minn adolescents aged 13-21, of a random telephone directory sample of 266, were interviewed in their homes. Cultural & political radicalism were not 2 separate dimensions but formed a strong, single factor in principal factors analysis. The radicalism dimension which emerged & which formed the basis of an 11-item scale, consisted mainly of attitudes & behaviors associated with leftist political radicalism & a personal life style emphasizing psychedelic drugs, sensuality, & oriental religion. Items reflecting orientation toward work, traditionalism, & use of political violence did not load on the radicalism factor but formed 3 weaker, secondary factors. Low identification with the family, religious preference (Jewish & 'other' [mainly no identification]), & greater chronological age were all associated with radicalism. Respondent & regression analysis indicated that Jewish & other religious identification was associated with lower identification with the family & thereby influenced adoption of radicalism among youth. The findings support the contention that youth tend toward radicalism not because they have been socialized into radical thought through a close, nurturing relationship with parents; rather, it appears that adolescents with radical tendencies do not highly identify with the family & are thus open to accepting values from sources outside the family.

CHRISTOPH, GREG R; KUHN, DONALD M; JACOBS, BARRY L
Electrophysiological evidence for a dopaminergic action of LSD: Depression of unit activity in the substantia nigra of the rat.
Life Sciences; 1977 Dec Vol 21(11) 1585-1596
LSD (25-50 mug/kg, iv) significantly decreased the firing rate of 78% of the dopamine (DA)-containing neurons in the substantia nigra of anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats. In a subgroup of neurons (22%), LSD either had no clear effect or caused a slight excitation. Brom-LSD (100 mug/kg, iv), a nonhallucinogenic congener of LSD, had no effect on 71% of DA cells and slightly reduced the firing rate in 29% of the units. Pretreatment with haloperidol (0.1 mg/kg) blocked the inhibitory effects of LSD, and haloperidol injected following LSD reversed its depressive effects. Non-DA neurons in the region of the substantia nigra typically showed large increases in firing rate in response to LSD. The inhibitory effects of LSD on DA-containing neurons are probably not attributable to the serotonergic properties of LSD, since 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (25-100 mug/kg), which has central serotonergic properties similar to those of LSD, produced exclusively excitatory effects on the firing rate of DA cells. Results are consistent with behavioral and neurochemical data that suggest that LSD can act as a DA agonist in the CNS.

CIMBURA G; LUCAS DM; BENNETT RC; DONELSON AC
Incidence and toxicological aspects of cannabis and ethanol detected in 1394 fatally injured drivers and pedestrians in Ontario (1982-1984).
J Forensic Sci. 1990 Sep; 35(5): 1035-41
A comprehensive epidemiological study of the involvement of cannabis and ethanol in motor vehicle fatalities in the Province of Ontario, Canada, is described. The study is based on toxicological analyses of blood and, when available, urine specimens. Ethanol was determined by headspace gas chromatography (GC). For cannabis, the methods employed were radioimmunoassays (RIAs) for screening and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) for the determination of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in blood. The study sample consisted of 1169 drivers and 225 pedestrians. THC was detected in the blood of 127 driver victims (10.9%) in concentrations ranging from 0.2 to 37 ng/mL, with a mean of 3.1 +/- 5.0 ng/mL. Ethanol was found in 667 driver victims (57.1%), in concentrations ranging from 9 to 441 mg/100 mL, with a mean of 165.8 +/- 79.5 mg/100 mL. For pedestrians, the incidence of THC and ethanol in the blood was 7.6 and 53.3%, respectively. The incidence of THC in the driver victims in this study constitutes an approximately threefold increase over the results of an Ontario study completed in 1979. At least a part of the increase may be attributed to interstudy differences in analytical methodology for cannabinoids.

CLARIDGE, GORDON
Animal models of schizophrenia: The case for LSD-25.
Schizophrenia Bulletin; 1978 Vol 4(2) 186-209
Some difficulties in establishing an animal model of schizophrenia are considered, and a review is made of the evidence on the experimental psychopathology of schizophrenia, particularly that concerned with attention and arousal. It is concluded that the core feature that needs to be modeled in animals is some aspect of 'input dysfunction.' Of the pharmacological strategies, LSD-25 comes nearest to meeting that requirement, for 2 reasons: (a) The phenomenology of an LSD 'model psychosis' closely parallels that of the natural disease. (b) The experimental effects of the drug, both in animals and humans, are very similar to or can be closely aligned theoretically with those of schizophrenia. LSD has been found to produce psychophysiological effects virtually identical to those observed occurring naturally in acute psychotic patients and in normal Ss high in psychotic personality traits. The rejection of LSD as a drug model was premature, especially as the currently popular preference for amphetamine has not been vindicated, either by the latter's ability to mimic an important central feature of the psychotic state or by work on dopamine as a specific common mediator of amphetamine psychosis and schizophrenia.

Clark, Rodney; Schlinger, Henry; Poling, Alan
Discriminative stimulus properties of phenytoin in the pigeon: Determination via a cumulative dosing procedure.
Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior; 1990 Mar Vol 35(3) 537-541
Trained 6 adult female pigeons in a cumulative dosing procedure to emit one response in the presence of 15 mg/kg of the anticonvulsant drug phenethylamine (phenytoin (PEA)) and another response in the absence of PEA. After reliable discrimination was established, generalization tests with other anticonvulsants were conducted. Ethosuximide and methsuximide caused little PEA-appropriate responding. Clonazepam caused more PEA-appropriate responding, but less than the training dose of PEA. Administering 10 mg/kg pentylenetetrazol in combination with 5, 10, 15, and 20 mg/kg of PEA reduced PEA-appropriate responding relative to levels obtained with these doses of PEA alone.

Clark, Wesley G
Changes in body temperature after administration of antipyretics, LSD, D9-THC and related agents: II.
Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews; 1987 Spr Vol 11(1) 35-96
Reviews in tabular form the data published in 1981-1985 on the interactions of antipyretics (e.g., acetominophen, aspirin, ibuprofen) and hallucinogens and thermoregulation, also including data from earlier papers not included in a previous compilation. The effects of agents not classically considered as antipyretics on temperatures of febrile Ss are also covered. The information includes the species used, the route of administration and dose of drug, the environmental temperature at which experiments were performed, the number of tests, the direction and magnitude of change in body temperature and remarks on special conditions, such as age or brain lesions. Also indicated is the influence of other drugs on the response to the primary agent.

CLECKNER, PATRICIA J
Hallucinogens in the United States: A diagnostic evaluation.
Journal of Psychedelic Drugs; 1977 Apr-Jun Vol 9(2) 133-141
Proposes a theory that psychedelic experience is a 'ritual of passage.' Like other rituals such as name change, nudity, fasting, and physical mutilation, drug experience assists a person in an ambiguous situation to cross a boundary and acquire a new frame of reference. Rational, empirical, and materialistic social norms of the US have been challenged by social stresses of the 1960s and have left many people in an ambiguous situation. They used drugs to revitalize themselves and to gain a new perspective on life. Thus the use of hallucinogens in America represents a cultural response to stress conditions.

COCHRAN, DORIS M
Colorado River Toad - Bufo alvarius
Living Amphibians of the World, p 12, p 96, p 103
In the southwest of the US, the Colorado River Toad, Bufo alvarius, is attracted to cattle troughs, and its numbers may actually be in the increase since man began to make these reservoirs. ... One of the large species with an especially potent poison, the Colorado River Toad, Bufo alvarius, has been known to exude enough poison to cause the death of a police dog that was unlucky enough to seize the animal in it's mouth. ... In addition to a pair of large bean-shaped parotoid glands behind his eyes, he had another long gland running the full length of the calf of each leg. Only one other kind of toad, Bufo alvarius, from the southwestern United States and adjoining Mexico. The lethal qualities of its secreted poison has already been mentioned.

COCHRAN, JOHN K; BEEGHLEY, LEONARD; BOCK, E WILBUR
Religiosity and Alcohol Behavior: An Exploration of Reference Group Theory
Sociological Forum; 1988, 3, 2, spring, 256-276.
An examination of the relationship between religiosity & alcohol use & perceived misuse, comparing adults of different Protestant denominations. Analysis of data drawn from the 1972-1984 General Social Surveys (number of cases = 7,581 respondents) shows that religiosity is clearly related to alcohol use, mainly because an individual's religion serves as a reference group influencing behavior. Results show that religiosity is not related to perceived misuse of alcohol, mainly because societal norms are congruent with religious norms &, hence, appear to overwhelm any effect of religion.

COHEN Irving; FISCHER JF; VOGEL WH
Physiological disposition of b-phenylethylamine 2,4,5-trimethoxyphenylethylamine, 2,3,4,5,6-pentamethoxyphenylethylamine and b-hydroxymescaline in rat brain, liver and plasma.
Psychopharmacologia; 1974 Vol. 36(1) 77-84
Hydroxymescaline (HM) and b-phenylethylamine (PEA) affected the conditioned-avoidance responses (CAR) in male Wistar rats after intraperitoneal injection of 100 and 40 mg/kg, respectively. The fates of these 2 compounds and of 2,3,4,5,6-pentamethoxyphenylethylamine (PMPEA), a behaviorally active mescaline derivative, and of 2,4,5-trimethoxyphenylethylamine (TMPEA), a behaviorally inactive compound, were studied. All compounds were quickly absorbed and distributed after intraperitoneal injection and were also quickly removed from brain, liver, and plasma. The compounds crossed the blood-brain barrier differently and TMPEA could not be detected in the CNS, explaining, perhaps, its lack of behavioral activity. A comparison of the minimal doses (mmoles/kg) of these compounds which affected the CAR in rats indicated that PMPEA (10) > mescaline (60) > PEA (240) > HM (420). In contrast, a comparison of minimal brain levels necessary to affect the CAR revealed the following relationship (nmoles/g): PMPEA (1.8) > mescaline (2.4) > HM = PEA (40). It is suggested that structure-activity-relationship studies with psychoactive compounds should not be based on injected doses but on actual brain levels at periods of abnormal behavior.

COHEN, SIDNEY
Flashbacks.
Drug Abuse and Alcoholism Newsletter; 1977 Nov Vol 6(9) 1-4
Notes that a unique mental phenomenon, the 'flashback,' has emerged since the use of hallucinogenic substances has become widespread. Flashbacks are visual and emotional phenomena that suddenly appear days, weeks, or months after the last ingestion of a hallucinogen; they disappear gradually, but have been known to last for years. The causes of, and precipitating factors for, flashbacks (e.g., high levels of psychological and emotional arousal, such as during stress; diminished sensory input and ego control, such as caused by fatigue) are discussed, and the adverse consequences of flashbacks and their possible legal implications are noted.

COLONNA, L; PETIT, M; LEPINE, J P
Bromocriptine in affective disorders: A pilot study.
Journal of Affective Disorders; 1979 Sep Vol 1(3) 173-177
12 endogenously depressed inpatients (9 bipolar, 1 schizoaffective, and 2 unipolar) and 3 excited inpatients (2 schizoaffective and 1 bipolar manic) were treated for 15 days with varying doses of bromocriptine: 10-15 mg for depressed patients and 5-10 mg for excited patients. Results show that bromocriptine appeared to be most effective in the Ss with a manic or schizoaffective excitation. As the present dosages were 10% of the doses needed to produce good clinical effect in Parkinson's disease, it is hypothesized that the present CNS mechanism of drug action is at a presynaptic dopamine receptor. Only 3 of the depressed Ss showed a good response.

Colwell, Christopher S; Foster, Russell G; Menaker, Michael
NMDA receptor antagonists block the effects of light on circadian behavior in the mouse.
Brain Research; 1991 Jul Vol 554(1-2) 105-110
Examined whether N -methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) receptors mediate the phase shifting effects of light on the circadian rhythm of wheel-running activity in retinal degenerate and normal control adult male mice. Administration of either the noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist, (+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo(a,b)cyclohepten-5,10-imine maleate (MK-801), or the competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, 3(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)-propyl-1-phosphonic acid, blocked light-induced phase advances and delays. Neither drug, by itself, affected phase of the rhythm, and there were no significant differences between the 2 strains of mice in response to MK-801. Excitatory amino acid receptors play an important role in the transmission of light information from the retina to the circadian system.

Colwell, Christopher S; Foster, Russell G; Menaker, Michael
NMDA receptor antagonists block the effects of light on circadian behavior in the mouse.
Brain Research; 1991 Jul Vol 554(1-2) 105-110
Examined whether N -methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) receptors mediate the phase shifting effects of light on the circadian rhythm of wheel-running activity in retinal degenerate and normal control adult male mice. Administration of either the noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist, (+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo(a,b)cyclohepten-5,10-imine maleate (MK-801), or the competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, 3(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)-propyl-1-phosphonic acid, blocked light-induced phase advances and delays. Neither drug, by itself, affected phase of the rhythm, and there were no significant differences between the 2 strains of mice in response to MK-801. Excitatory amino acid receptors play an important role in the transmission of light information from the retina to the circadian system.

Commins, D L; Vosmer, G; Virus, R M; Woolverton, W L; et al
Biochemical and histological evidence that methylenedioxymethylamphetamine (MDMA) is toxic to neurons in the rat brain.
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics; 1987 Apr Vol 241(1) 338-345
Administered d,l-3,4-methylenedioxymethylamphetamine (MDMA (10, 20, or 40 mg/kg, sc, and 20 mg/kg)) to male Sprague-Dawley rats and guinea pigs, respectively, twice a day for 4 days, 2 wks before decapitation. Norepinephrine, dopamine, and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), which is also called serotonin, levels were assayed in the hippocampus, hypothalamus, striatum and neocortex. In rats, MDMA produced dose-dependent reductions in 5-HT in all brain regions examined. The highest dose also reduced norepinephrine and/or dopamine in some regions. MDMA depleted 5-HT in all regions of the guinea pig brain assayed. In both species, repeated administration of MDMA reduced the V-sub(max) but not the K-sub(m) of 5-HT uptake 2 wks after administration. Findings suggest that MDMA is toxic to serotonergic and, to a lesser extent, catecholaminergic neurons.

CONTI LH; MACIVER CR; FERKANY JW; ABREU ME
Footshock-induced freezing behavior in rats as a model for assessing anxiolytics.
Psychopharmacology Berl. 1990; 102(4): 492-7
A number of chemically distinct anxiolytics were examined for effects on defensive behavior (foot-shock-induced freezing) in rats. Central nervous system acting drugs which are not anxiolytics were also studied. Animals were injected with a drug or vehicle (IP) prior to being placed in a chamber with a grid floor through which two footshocks were delivered. Behavior was observed during the pre-shock period (2 min) and for 4 min after the second footshock. The effects of the following drugs on the duration of footshock-induced freezing were studied: diazepam (DZP); 2-amino-4,5-(1,2-cyclohexyl)-7 phosphonoheptonic acid (NPC 12626); 3-((+/-)-2-carboxypiperazine-4-yl)-propyl-l-phosphonic acid (CPP); [(+)-5-methyl-10-11,dihydroxy-5H-dibenzo(a,d)cyclohepten-5,10- imine (MK-801); buspirone hydrochloride (BUS); DL-amphetamine sulfate (AMP); haloperidol (HAL); ethyl-beta-carboline-3 carboxylate (beta-CCE). Compounds which reduced the duration of footshock-induced freezing included DZP, BUS, and the competitive NMDA antagonists NPC 12626 and CPP. The non-competitive NMDA antagonist, MK-801, had no effect on the response. The highest dose of amphetamine tested also reduced footshock-induced freezing. However, amphetamine-treated animals did not locomote or rear after footshock, suggesting fear of the environment. Animals injected with DZP, NPC 12626, CPP or buspirone spent at least 1.4 of the 4 post shock minutes locomoting. Haloperidol had no effect on freezing at the doses tested. beta-CCE tended to increase the duration of footshock-induced freezing. ...

Conti, Lisa H; Maciver, Caroline R; Ferkany, John W; Abreu, Mary E
Footshock-induced freezing behavior in rats as a model for assessing anxiolytics.
Psychopharmacology; 1990 Dec Vol 102(4) 492-497
Examined anxiolytics and other central nervous system (CNS) acting drugs injected ip for effects on footshock-induced freezing (FSF) in male rats. Diazepam, buspirone (BUS), and 2 competitive N-methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) antagonists reduced duration of FSF, and Ss injected with these compounds with known anxiolytic effects spent at least 1.4 of 4 post-shock min locomoting. The highest dose of amphetamine (AMP) also reduced FSF, but AMP-treated Ss did not locomote or rear after footshock, suggesting fear. A noncompetitive NMDA antagonist and haloperidol had no effect on FSF, while an anxiogenic beta carboline tended to increase duration of the response. Except for BUS, no compounds that reduced FSF were analgesic in a hot plate test. FSF may represent a simple measure of defensive behavior that may be useful for detecting compounds with anxiolytic potential.

COSTAIN, D W; GREEN, A R
b-Adrenoceptor antagonists inhibit the behavioural responses of rats to increased brain 5-hydroxytryptamine.
British Journal of Pharmacology; 1978 Oct Vol 64(2) 193-200
Studied the effect of various beta-adrenoceptor blocking agents on the 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)-induced hyperactivity response produced in rats by tranylcypromine and followed by levotryptophan (10 and 50 mg/kg, ip, respectively). Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were used. Alprenolol, timolol, sotalol, and pindolol (all 40 mg/kg) inhibited the hyperactivity response when given 45 min before tranylcypromine, as did oxprenolol when given after tryptophan. Beta-adrenoceptor antagonists not found in the brain in appreciable amount after peripheral injections (atenolol, practolol, labetalol, and acebutalol) did not inhibit the 5-HT-mediated behavior. Drugs that blocked the 5-HT-mediated behavior did not alter brain 5-HT concentrations, synthesis rate, or the accumulation of 5-HT following tranylcypromine/tryptophan. However, they did inhibit the hyperactivity produced by 5-methoxy- N , N -dimethyltryptamine, indicating that the beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs were inhibiting the postsynaptic 5-HT-mediated response. It is concluded that nonselective adrenoceptor antagonists that have a high brain-blood ratio after peripheral injection block 5-HT-mediated behavioral responses in rats.

COWARD, D M; DIXON, A K; URWYLER, S; WHITE, T G; ET AL
Partial dopamine-agonistic and atypical neuroleptic properties of the amino-ergolines SDZ 208-911 and SDZ 208-912.
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics; 1990 Jan Vol 252(1) 279-285
SDZ 208-911 and SDZ 208-912, 2 partial dopamine agonists, were equipotent to the classical neuroleptic haloperidol as inhibitors of apomorphine-induced gnawing behavior and conditioned avoidance responding in male rats. The 2 agonists showed high affinity for central D-2 receptors in vitro and elevated striatal homovanillic acid levels. However, in contrast to haloperidol, they strongly inhibited prolactin secretion and induced contralateral circling behavior in 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned Ss. The 2 agonists could be effective against both positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia (SCZ), while reducing incidence of dystonic and parkinsonian side-effects. Clinical testing of these agents might illuminate the role of dopaminergic activity in SCZ.

CRAWFORD, F T; DUDEK, BRUCE C; LYMAN, PAUL J
The effect of morning glory seeds upon extinction of a classically conditioned response in fish (Tilapia mossambica).
Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society; 1975 Oct Vol 6(4A) 358-360
Classically conditioned 24 Ss to a CS of 4-sec light-off paired with a UCS of 0.5-sec shock for 10 trials/day over 10 days. In a double-blind procedure, extinction trials of 10 trials/day for 4 days were given to Ss receiving either their normal feeding or that of ground morning glory seeds. The effect of the seeds significantly increased resistance to extinction.

Criswell, Hugh E; Mueller, Robert A; Breese, George R
Long-term D1-dopamine receptor sensitization in neonatal 6-OHDA-lesioned rats is blocked by an NMDA antagonist.
Brain Research; 1990 Apr Vol 512(2) 284-290
Following repeated administration of the D1-dopamine (DA) agonist SKF 38393, adult rats with dopaminergic neurons that were destroyed with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) early in development show increasing enhancement of the behavioral response to SKF 38393 with each dose, until a maximum is reached. This long-lasting change in behavioral responsiveness to repeated treatment with SKF 38393 (DA receptor priming) was shown to be dose-dependent. Also, DA receptor priming was blocked by pretreatment with the N -methyl- D -aspartate (NMDA)-receptor antagonist MK 801. NMDA receptors may be involved in the critical biochemical processes responsible for long-term plasticity changes in the central nervous system (CNS).

CROWLEY, WILLIAM R; FEDER, HARVEY H; MORIN, LAWRENCE P
Role of monoamines in sexual behavior of the female guinea pig.
Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior; 1976 Jan Vol 4(1) 67-71
In 2 experiments, ovariectomized Hartley guinea pigs, rendered sexually receptive by subcutaneous injections of estradiol benzoate and progesterone, were treated with drugs that are known to affect monoamine receptor activity. Treatment with the dopamine receptor stimulant apomorphine or the serotonin agonist LSD resulted in a suppression of lordosis behavior that lasted for several hours. The noradrenergic receptor stimulant clonidine potentiated the performance of lordosis (i.e., increased the duration of individual lordosis responses), while the noradrenergic receptor blocker phenoxybenzamine abolished sexual receptivity. Administration of dopaminergic or serotonergic receptor blockers (pimozide and methysergide, respectively) did not facilitate lordosis. In fact, methysergide produced a brief inhibition of sexual behavior. Results indicate that noradrenergic neurons may be involved in the induction of female sexual behavior in the guinea pig. Dopamine, and possibly serotonin, may serve as transmitters that inhibit lordosis in this species.

Cunningham, J Thomas; Sullivan, Margaret J; Edwards, Gaylen L; Farinpour, Roxann
Dissociation of experimentally induced drinking behavior by ibotenate injection into the median preoptic nucleus.
Brain Research; 1991 Jul Vol 554(1-2) 153-158
Injected ibotenic acid into the ventral median preoptic area (MPA) to determine whether the drinking responses of adult male rats to systemically injected angiotensin II (ANG-II) and hypertonic saline (HTS) were mediated either by neurons in the MPA or fibers of passage. Ss injected while anesthetized with methoxyflurane drank significantly less than a vehicle-injected control group at both doses of ANG-II and both doses of HTS. Rats injected with ibotenic acid during ketamine anesthesia drank significantly less than the control group when tested with 3% HTS but not when tested with ANG-II. Results suggest that the drinking response to ANG-II is dependent on the integrity of neurons with postsynaptic N -methyl- d -aspartate receptors within the MPA.

Cunningham, J Thomas; Sullivan, Margaret J; Edwards, Gaylen L; Farinpour, Roxann
Dissociation of experimentally induced drinking behavior by ibotenate injection into the median preoptic nucleus.
Brain Research; 1991 Jul Vol 554(1-2) 153-158
Injected ibotenic acid into the ventral median preoptic area (MPA) to determine whether the drinking responses of adult male rats to systemically injected angiotensin II (ANG-II) and hypertonic saline (HTS) were mediated either by neurons in the MPA or fibers of passage. Ss injected while anesthetized with methoxyflurane drank significantly less than a vehicle-injected control group at both doses of ANG-II and both doses of HTS. Rats injected with ibotenic acid during ketamine anesthesia drank significantly less than the control group when tested with 3% HTS but not when tested with ANG-II. Results suggest that the drinking response to ANG-II is dependent on the integrity of neurons with postsynaptic N -methyl- d -aspartate receptors within the MPA.

Cunningham, Kathryn A; Carroll, Brenda A; Appel, James B
Effects of repeated administration of the monoamine oxidase inhibitor phenelzine on the discriminability of d -lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and 1-( m -trifluoromethylphenyl) piperazine (TFMPP).
Psychopharmacology; 1986 May Vol 89(1) 134-135
36 male Sprague-Dawley rats trained to discriminate LSD or TFMPP were treated with the monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor phenelzine for 7 days. After a 24-hr washout period, they were challenged with the training drug or saline during extinction test sessions. Following LSD (.08 mg/kg), LSD-trained Ss responded primarily on the saline lever (29% drug-appropriate responding), while after TFMPP (.08 mg/kg) TFMPP-trained Ss responded on the drug lever (75% drug-appropriate responding).

D'IAKOV NK
Sochetannoe primenenie metodov detoksikatsii v kompleksnom lechenii ostrykh otravlenii u detei. [Combined use of detoxification methods in the complex treatment of acute poisoning in children]
Vestn Khir. 1990 Oct; 145(10): 79-80
Dihydroergocristine (DHEC) and dihydroergotamine (DHE) were investigated on canine saphenous veins in vivo and on canine saphenous veins and basilar arteries in vitro. Following local i.v. infusion in vivo, the venoconstrictor response to DHEC was about 30% weaker than that produced by DHE. When administered orally, however, both ergot alkaloids elicited similar venoconstrictor effects. In vitro maximal contractile responses to DHEC and DHE of basilar arteries were only 20-30% of those produced by 5-HT, whereas in saphenous veins both DHEC and DHE elicited similar maximal effects as those observed with 5-HT. In saphenous veins, methiothepin antagonized venoconstrictor responses to 5-HT, DHEC, and DHE within the same concentration range, being significantly less potent when tested against noradrenaline. The reverse was true for yohimbine, which was significantly more potent against noradrenaline than against 5-HT, DHEC, and DHE. It is suggested that the venoconstrictor responses to both DHEC and DHE are mediated through 5-HT1-like receptors.

Darrow, William W; et al
Sex of interviewer, place of interview, and responses of homosexual men to sensitive questions. Annual Meeting of the International Academy of Sex Research (1983, Harriman, New York).
Archives of Sexual Behavior; 1986 Feb Vol 15(1) 79-88
Studied effects of sex of interviewer and place of interview on the responses of 57 homosexual acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients and 145 other homosexual men (controls), in 4 cities. Data on sensitive topics were collected by 5 male and 3 female medical officers (aged 29-40 yrs) at places convenient to Ss. Male physicians recorded reports of fellatio more frequently, but female physicians recorded younger ages of initiating homosexual activities and more frequent use of certain recreational drugs (e.g., cocaine and LSD). These differences were due to different patterns of sexual contact and drug use in 4 cities. AIDS patients were interviewed in hospitals and doctor's offices, and controls were interviewed in hotel rooms. Although data collection procedures should maximize reliable communication between interviewer and respondent, much of the initial concern about characteristics of interviewers and the interview setting appeared to be unwarranted. (11 ref)

Davis, Carl S.
Marijuana and Psychedelic Use: Are They Deviant Responses.
Drug Forum 6(4):315-326. (1978)

Davis, Michael; Commissaris, Randall L; Cassella, James V; Yang, Syngil; et al
Differential effects of dopamine agonists on acoustically and electrically elicited startle responses: Comparison to effects of strychnine.
Brain Research; 1986 Apr Vol 371(1) 58-69
Investigated where drugs that are known to alter sensorimotor reactivity, measured with the acoustic startle reflex, ultimately act within the acoustic startle pathway. Startle was elicited either acoustically or electrically within various nuclei of male Sprague-Dawley rats. Selected results show that direct infusion of serotonin into the subarachnoid space of the lumbar spinal cord increased acoustic startle and startle elicited electrically through the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN) to a comparable degree. Subconvulsant doses of strychnine increased startle elicited acoustically or electrically through either the VCN or the nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis.

DAVIS, MICHAEL; GALLAGER, DOROTHY W; AGHAJANIAN, GEORGE K
Tricyclic antidepressant drugs: Attenuation of excitatory effects of d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) on acoustic startle response.
Life Sciences; 1977 Apr Vol 20(7) 1249-1257
In experiments with a total of 244 male Sprague-Dawley albino rats, a dose o(5 mg/kg, ip) of one of the tricyclic antidepressant drugs chlorimipramine (CIMI), desipramine (DMI), imipramine (IMI), and chlordesipramine (C-DMI) blocked the excitatory effects of a low dose (30 mug/kg, ip) of LSD on the acoustic startle response. Over a dose range of 1-5 mg/kg, CIMI and DMI were about equally potent in blocking the LSD effect, despite the fact that both drugs actually increased brain levels of LSD. In contrast, alpha-methylparatyrosine (100 mg/kg) did not block the effect of LSD on startle. By themselves, DMI, IMI, and C-DMI increased startle amplitude 20-30%, whereas CIMI alone had no effect. The ability of CIMI and IMI to block the excitatory effect of LSD on startle is consistent with the hypothesis that prior cessation of raphe cell firing caused indirectly by these drugs with no resultant change in 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) availability should preempt the ability of LSD to increase startle by directly inhibiting raphe cell firing and decreasing 5-HT availability. The finding that the other tricyclics also block the effect of LSD is not explained by that hypothesis. Results are discussed in terms of the serotonin hypothesis of the action of hallucinogenic drugs on behavior.

DAVIS, MICHAEL; SHEARD, MICHAEL H
Biphasic dose-response effects of N-N-dimethyltryptamine on the rat startle reflex.
Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior; 1974 Nov-Dec Vol 2(6) 827-829
Measured the startle reflex in 4 groups of 10 male Sprague-Dawley albino rats each after intraperitoneal injection of saline or .12, .25, .50 or 4.0 mg/kg N-N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT). Low doses (.25 and .50) of DMT augmented startle, but the high dose (4.0) depressed startle. This biphasic dose-response relationship is consistent with the hypothesis that startle is enhanced when midbrain raphe neurons are inhibited but depressed when cells postsynaptic to raphe neurons are also inhibited.

DAVIS, MICHAEL; SHEARD, MICHAEL H
Effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) on habituation and sensitization of the startle response in the rat.
Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior; 1974 Sep-Oct Vol 2(5) 675-683
Measured the effect of LSD on the acoustic startle response in a total of 180 male Sprague-Dawley albino rats in 4 experiments. A low dose (20 mg/kg) facilitated startle but a high dose (160 mg/kg) at first facilitated but then depressed startle somewhat, relative to an intermediate dose (40 mg/kg). 2-brom-LSD (160 mg/kg) had no detectable effect, and 40 mg/kg LSD did not change startle in raphe-lesioned Ss. LSD appeared to augment sensitization rather than act on the startle circuit directly, since it did not increase startle unless given in conjunction with either background noise or repetitive tones. LSD did not prevent between-session habituation. Relationships between habituation, sensitization, and the midbrain raphe nuclei are discussed.

de Angelis L
Memory storage and effect of repeated treatment with a new antidepressant drug: rubidium chloride.
J.Int.Med.Res; 1991 Sep-Oct; 19(5); P 395-402
Following 15 days' treatment with saline, 48 mg/kg rubidium chloride, 5 mg/kg imipramine hydrochloride, 10 mg/kg sodium phenobarbitone, 1000 mg/kg piracetam, or 0.20 mg/kg strychnine nitrate all administered intraperitoneally, mice were evaluated by habituation of exploratory activity using an open-field apparatus. In control animals a significant (P less than 0.05) decrease in open-field responses (ambulation, rearing and defaecation) was seen following a 1-day intersession interval and there was no retention of exploratory activity after a 5-day intersession interval. Administration of imipramine or phenobarbitone for 15 days was found to impair retention of memory after 1 day, whereas treatment with rubidium chloride, piracetam, or strychnine for 15 days improve retention after a 5-day intersession interval.

DE BOER SF; VAN DER GUGTEN J; SLANGEN JL
Effects of chlordiazepoxide, flumazenil and DMCM on plasma catecholamine and corticosterone concentrations in rats.
Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1991 Jan; 38(1): 13-9
The effects of drugs representing three classes of benzodiazepine (BDZ) receptor-acting agents on circulating corticosterone (CS), noradrenaline (NA) and adrenaline (A) were examined in unstressed rats. Intragastric administration of a single-dose of the inverse agonist 3-carbomethoxy-4-ethyl-6,7-dimethoxy-beta-carboline (DMCM; 10 mg/kg) evoked 15-, 4- and 1.5-fold increases in plasma CS, A and NA, respectively, as compared to control values. The DMCM-induced CS, A and NA rises were completely blocked by combined treatment with the BDZ antagonist flumazenil (Ro 15-1788; 20 mg/kg). Flumazenil given alone did not affect plasma hormone levels. Administration (either intragastrically or intraperitoneally) of a single-dose of the BDZ agonist chlordiazepoxide (CDP; 20 mg/kg) produced a 10- to 15-fold increase in plasma CS but caused no change in plasma NA and A contents. Pretreatment with flumazenil blocked the CDP-elicited release of CS. The findings indicate that the CNS mechanisms controlling pituitary-adrenocortical and sympatho-adrenal outflow under basal conditions are functionally linked to central-type BDZ receptor system(s). Drugs with agonist or inverse-agonist actions at these receptor sites can be differentiated from each other by their distinct effects on plasma NA and A, but not CS, release.

DE MELLO, A CESARIO,; ET AL
Behavioral observations on compounds found in nutmeg.
Psychopharmacologia; 1973 Vol. 31(4) 349-363
Found that myristicin and elemicin impaired the rope climbing and barpressing performance of male and female Wistar rats and caused catatonia and decreased motor activity in mice. As measured in rope climbing performance, rats developed tolerance to both myristicin and elemicin. There was cross-tolerance between myristicin and elemicin; neither showed cross-tolerance with either D9-tetrahydrocannabinol or mescaline. The activity of myristicin and elemicin and the inactivity of other nugmeg compounds (safrole, eugenol, isoeugenol, and methylisoeugenol) were not reflected in the energies of the highest occupied molecular orbital. These quantum chemical calculations also imply that the nutmeg compounds are not especially good electron donors.

DE MONTIGNY, C; AGHAJANIAN, G K
Preferential action of 5-methoxytryptamine and 5-methoxydimethyltryptamine on presynaptic serotonin receptors: A comparative iontophoretic study with LSD and serotonin.
Neuropharmacology; 1977 Dec Vol 16(12) 811-818
Studied the effects in male Charles River albino rats of iontophoretic application of 5-methoxytryptamine (5-MeOT) and 5-methoxydimethyltryptamine (5-MeODMT) on serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) containing neurons of the midbrain raphe nuclei (presynaptic area) and on neurons of 2 representative postsynaptic areas--lateral geniculate body (ventral nucleus) and amygdala (median, cortical and basolateral nuclei)--which both receive dense 5-HT input from midbrain raphe. The effects of 5-MeOT and 5-MeODMT were compared to that of LSD and 5-HT applied to the same neurons. All 4 substances depressed neuronal firing in the 3 areas. LSD, 5-MeODMT, and 5-MeOT exerted a much more powerful effect on presynaptic (5-HT) neurons, whereas 5-HT was slightly more active in depressing postsynaptic (amygdala and geniculate) neurons. Ratios of pre- and postsynaptic efficacies were 5.6, 4.3, 1.8, and 0.7 for LSD, 5-MeODMT, 5-MeOT, and 5-HT, respectively. Since a correlation between the hallucinogenic efficacy of indoleamines and their preferential presynaptic effect has been described, these results are in agreement with the reported hallucinogenic potency of 5-MeODMT and suggest that 5-MeOT could also have psychotomimetic properties.

de Montigny, Claude; Chaput, Yves; Blier, Pierre
Modification of serotonergic neuron properties by long-term treatment with serotonin reuptake blockers. Symposium of the World Psychiatric Association: Serotonin reuptake inhibition in the management of depression (1989, Athens, Greece).
Journal of Clinical Psychiatry; 1990 Dec Vol 51(Suppl B) 4-8
Investigated the mechanism of action of the antidepressant serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)) reuptake blocker citalopram (CIT) in the rat with an in vivo electrophysiologic paradigm. In control animals, the acute iv administration of CIT reduced the firing rate of dorsal raphe nucleus serotonergic neurons (SNs) with an ED50 of 230 mug/kg. Rats were treated with CIT for 2, 7, and 14 days. Two-day treatment was accompanied by a marked reduction of the firing activity of SNs. The response of SNs to iv administered LSD was reduced in rats treated with CIT for 14 days, suggesting that such a treatment reduces the sensitivity of the somatodendritic autoreceptor.

de Souza, Errol B; Battaglia, George; Insel, Thomas R
Neurotoxic effects of MDMA on brain serotonin neurons: Evidence from neurochemical and radioligand binding studies.
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences; 1990 Oct Vol 600 682-698
Studied the effects of systemic administration of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) administration in rodents and rhesus monkeys. Data show widespread and long-lasting degeneration of serotonin neurons in the brain without major effects on catecholamine neurons. The severity of lesions produced by MDMA depended on the dose administered; MDMA was more potent in monkeys than rats. The neurodegenerative effects of MDMA were long-lasting with respect to neuronal regeneration (i.e., recovery of serotonin uptake sites). Serotonin content remained 40-50% below normal up to 1 yr later, suggesting that functional recovery from the effects of MDMA may be permanently impaired.

DE ZUBIRIA A; HORNER WE; LEHRER SB
Evidence for cross-reactive allergens among basidiomycetes: immunoprint-inhibition studies.
J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1990 Jul; 86(1): 26-33
Allergenic cross-reactivity among six basidiomycete species (Calvatia cyathiformis, Coprinus quadrifidus, Psilocybe cubensis, Pleurotus ostreatus, Ganoderma meredithae, and Pisolithus tinctorius) was determined by immunoprint inhibition. Extensive cross-reactivity was demonstrated among Coprinus quadrifidus, Psilocybe cubensis, and Pleurotus ostreatus of the order Agaricales, and Calvatia cyathiformis of the order Lycoperdales. However, G. meredithae (order Aphyllophorales) and Pisolithus tinctorius (order Sclerodermatales) did not demonstrate significant cross-reactivity with the other basidiomycete species. Generally, the two most potent inhibitors were Psilocybe cubensis and Pleurotus ostreatus. Inhibitory dose-response curves of a major allergenic band (isoelectric point, 9.3) were obtained by densitometry. Significant cross-reactivity was demonstrated for the 9.3 band among the species of the order Agaricales and with Calvatia cyathiformis. The most potent inhibitors were again Psilocybe cubensis and Pleurotus ostreatus. Thus, there is substantial allergenic cross-reactivity among the species of the order Agaricales tested and with Calvatia cyathiformis but not between these four species and G. meredithae or Pisolithus tinctorius. These studies support earlier RAST-inhibition observations of shared allergenic epitopes among basidiomycetes, especially epitopes within the Agaricales. The presence of shared epitopes suggests the possibility of devising a panel of skin test reagents representative of a large group of basidiomycetes.

DEAKIN, J F; GREEN, A R
The effects of putative 5-hydroxytryptamine antagonists on the behaviour produced by administration of tranylcypromine and l -tryptophan or tranylcypromine and l -DOPA to rats.
British Journal of Pharmacology; 1978 Oct Vol 64(2) 201-209
In adult male Sprague-Dawley rats, the putative 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptor blocking drugs methysergide (10 mg/kg) and methergoline (5 mg/kg) abolished some components of the hyperactivity syndrome that follows administration of tranylcypromine and levotryptophan. Hyperactivity and hyperreactivity were potentiated with a resultant increase in automated locomotor activity counts. Propranolol (20 mg/kg) inhibited all features of the syndrome. The same results were obtained when the behavior was elicited by parachloroamphetamine or tranylcypromine and tryptamine. None of the putative 5-HT receptor antagonists affected brain 5-HT turnover. Microinjections of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine into the spinal cord resulted in a 70% fall in cord 5-HT concentrations without an effect on brain 5-HT concentrations. The behavioral response to the putative 5-HT receptor agonist, 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (2 mg/kg), was potentiated. Pretreatment with alpha-methylparatyrosine delayed the onset of all components of the behavior elicited by tranylcypromine/tryptophan by 60 min, indicating an involvement of catecholamines in the syndrome.

DEAN RE
Diabetes? and the Native American.
S D J Med. 1990 Dec; 43(12): 15
BACKGROUND. This paper reports racial/ethnic differences in the use of licit and illicit drugs by high school seniors in the United States. METHODS. The study uses questionnaire data from annual, nationally representative surveys of seniors from 1976 through 1989. Combined sample sizes were 57,620 for 1976-79; 75,772 for 1980-84; and 73,527 for 1985-89. RESULTS. Native American had the highest prevalence rates for cigarettes, alcohol, and most illicit drugs; White students had the next highest rates for most drugs. Asian Americans had the lowest prevalence rates, and Black students had levels nearly as low except for marijuana. Prevalence rates for the Hispanic groups were mostly in the intermediate ranges except for relatively high cocaine use among the males. Trend patterns for most forms of drug use were similar across subgroups, although cigarette use declined more sharply for Black than White seniors, resulting in greater Black-White differences in recent years. CONCLUSIONS. This study, other school-based studies, and general population surveys all show relatively low levels of drug use by most non-White youth, especially Black Americans and Asian Americans. Multivariate analyses indicate that such subgroup differences in high school seniors' drug use are not primarily attributable to family composition, parents' education, region, or urban-rural distinctions.

DELAY J, PICHOT P, LEMPERIERE T, NICOLAS-CHARLES P, QUETIN A M
Etude psycho-physiologique et clinique de la Psilocybine. (Psychophysiological and clinical studies of Psilocybin).
IN: HEIM R, WASSON R G, Les champignons hallucinogiques du Mexique, ed., Museum nation.hist.natur., Paris; (1958) p 287
Qualitatively, the effects were similar in normal subjects and mental patients. If they were more marked in normal subjects, this was possibly due to better powers of self-observation. MENTAL SYMPTOMS: were more frequent in normal subjects than in mental patients except for the recall of forgotten experiences (noted in about 30% of each group). SOMATIC SYMPTOMS: the frequency of changes in heart rate, blood pressure, respiration and pupil reflexes and of facial reddening and sweating was identical in the two groups. Changes which were more frequent in normal subjects than in mental patients were tremor, feeling of weakness, drowsiness, headache and gastro-intestinal disturbances. Mental factors were involved in these changes to a great extent.

DELAY J, PICHOT P, LEMPERIERE T, NICOLAS-CHARLES P, QUETIN A M
Les effets psychiques de la Psilocybine et les perspectives therapeutiques. (Psychic effects of Psilocybin and therapeutic perspectives).
Ann.med.-psychol., Paris; 117:899 (1959)
Studies were made of Psilocybin in 13 normal and 30 mental patients. The following changes were noted: MOOD: Euphoria, often alternating with dysphoria (discomfort, apprehensiveness) or marked anxiety. CONSCIOUSNESS: Disturbed attention, ideation or sense of time. CONTACT WITH THE ENVIRONMENT: A turning away from reality or complete isolation. BEHAVIOR: Excitement (compulsive movements, unmotivated laughter) sometimes alternating with apathy, which was occasionally almost catatonia-like. PERCEPTION: Marked intensity of sensory impressions; illusions and hallucinations (especially visual but also acoustic or gustatory), acoustic and optical synaesthesia. BODY IMAGE: Kinesthetic disorders, depersonalization. DELUSIONAL THINKING: Antagonistic misinterpretation of environment. Bizarre sensations resembling those previously experienced. MEMORY: Stimulation of memory of childhood or traumatic experience. The release of forgotten material and the release of inhibitions (emotional abreaction) could be of therapeutic value. Psilocybin has a slighter hallucinogenic effect than mescaline and its depersonalizing effect is less than that of LSD.

DEVANE WA; HANUS L; BREUER A; PERTWEE RG; STEVENSON LA; GRIFFIN G; GIBSON D; MAN
Isolation and Structure of a Brain Constitutent That Binds to the Cannabinoid Receptor
Science 258:1946 18-DEC-92 1992
Arachydonylethanolamide, an arachidonic acid derivative in porcine brain, was identified in a screen for endogenous ligands for the cannabinoid receptor. The structure of this compound, which has been named 'anandamide,'was determined by mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and was confirmed by synthesis. Anandamide inhibited the specific binding of a radiolabled cannabinoid probe to synaptosomal membranes in a manner typical of competitive ligands and produced a concentration-dependent inhibition of the electrically evoked twitch response of the mouse vas differens, a characteristic effect of psychotropic cannabinoids. These properties suggest that anandamide may function as a natural ligand for the cannabinoid receptor.

DIMOND, STUART J; ET AL
Some effects of piracetam (UCB 6215 Nootropyl) on chronic schizophrenia.
Psychopharmacology; 1979 Sep Vol 64(3) 341-348
The present study used 24 chronic schizophrenic inpatients (aged 38-63 yrs; right-handed or ambidextrous) who completed the Wing Symptom Rating Scale and the Wing Behavior Rating Scale. Prior to testing, Ss received piracetam (4.8 g daily) or placebo for 4-wk periods. Ss on the drug showed improvement in object naming and in tests where Ss were required to indicate the number of times they had been tapped. Improvements were also noted in learning and memory tasks. In dichotic listening, Ss showed a reduction in the amount of incorrect verbal responses produced. There were no improvements in symptom or social behavior ratings. Results suggest some cognitive improvement but little if any change in the disease state of the patient.

DIMPFEL W; SPULER M; NICHOLS DE
Hallucinogenic and stimulatory amphetamine derivatives: Fingerprinting DOM, DOI, DOB, MDMA, and MBDB by spectral analysis of brain field potentials in the freely moving rat (Tele-Stereo-EEG).
Psychopharmacology; 1989 Jul Vol 98(3) 297-303
Analyzed telemetric (Tele-Stereo-EEG) recordings of field potentials from brain activity of 32 freely behaving rats before and after ip injection of the enantiomeric hallucinogenic amphetamine derivatives R-DOB ((-)-1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromophenyl)-2-aminopropane), R-DOM ((-)-1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylyphenyl)-2-amino-propane) and R-DOI ((-)-1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane) and the nonhallucinogenic amphetamine derivatives S-MBDB ((+)-N-methyl-1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)butanamine) and S-MDMA ((+)-3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine), and S-(+)-amphetamine. Results indicate that dopaminergic mechanisms may be responsible for the stimulatory properties of amphetamines, while serotonergic mechanisms, particularly those involving the 5-hydroxytryptamine2 (5-HT2) receptor, may be responsible for the halluncinogenic properties of certain substituted amphetamine derivatives.

DITTRICH, A; VON ARX, S; STAUB, S
Concerning the question of increased readiness to consume hallucinogens subsequent to experiments with hallucinogens.
Psychologie Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Psychologie und ihre Anwendungen; 1980 Vol 39(3) 221-236
Investigated whether normal volunteers in experiments with hallucinogenic drugs would later show an increased readiness to use hallucinogens. 110 Ss who had received in 1 of 4 experiments either a hallucinogen (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, N,N-dimethyltryptamine, or psilocybin) or placebo were sent a questionnaire 3-5 yrs later. 82% of the Ss responded. Analyses of data comparing the hallucinogen groups with those receiving placebo indicated that the dangers of controlled hallucinogen experiments as assessed in this study appear to be minimal. (French abstract)

DOBLIN RE; KLEIMAN MA
Marijuana as antiemetic medicine: a survey of oncologists' experiences and attitudes.
J Clin Oncol. 1991 Jul; 9(7): 1314-9
A random-sample, anonymous survey of the members of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) was conducted in spring 1990 measuring the attitudes and experiences of American oncologists concerning the antiemetic use of marijuana in cancer chemotherapy patients. The survey was mailed to about one third (N = 2,430) of all United States-based ASCO members and yielded a response rate of 43% (1,035). More than 44% of the respondents report recommending the (illegal) use of marijuana for the control of emesis to at least one cancer chemotherapy patient. Almost one half (48%) would prescribe marijuana to some of their patients if it were legal. As a group, respondents considered smoked marijuana to be somewhat more effective than the legally available oral synthetic dronabinol ([THC] Marinol; Unimed, Somerville, NJ) and roughly as safe. Of the respondents who expressed an opinion, a majority (54%) thought marijuana should be available by prescription. These results bear on the question of whether marijuana has a 'currently accepted medical use,' at issue in an ongoing administrative and legal dispute concerning whether marijuana in smoked form should be available by prescription along with synthetic THC in oral form. This survey demonstrates that oncologists' experience with the medical use of marijuana is more extensive, and their opinions of it are more favorable, than the regulatory authorities appear to have believed.

DOMINO, EDWARD F; DEMETRIOU, SANDRA; TUTTLE, THOMAS; KLINGE, VALERIE
Comparison of the visually evoked response in drug-free chronic schizophrenic patients and normal controls.
Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology; 1979 Feb Vol 46(2) 123-127
Recorded visual evoked responses (VERs) from 13 drug free male chronic schizophrenics (CSs mean age 35 yrs) and 11 normal male controls (mean age 28 yrs). The stimulus was an unpatterned flash of single intensity. There were no consistent differences between CSs and controls in wave peak latencies or amplitudes in any brain area tested. When the CSs were separated on the basis of high (H) and low (L) tryptophan uptake the H uptake group exhibited normal VERs, while in the occipital regions, the low uptake group exhibited prolonged latencies and an increased amplitude for Wave V when compared to normals. From Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale scores, Hs indicated a greater degree of psychopathology than did Ls. Results do not support an indole hallucinogen hypothesis for process schizophrenia. (French summary)

Dornan, Wayne A; Katz, Jonathan L; Ricaurte, George A
The effects of repeated administration of MDMA on the expression of sexual behavior in the male rat.
Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior; 1991 Jul Vol 39(3) 813-816
Examined the effects of repeated systemic administration of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) or saline on a variety of parameters of male sexual behavior in 19 sexually vigorous male rats. Treatment consisted of injections of MDMA or saline every 12 hrs for 4 consecutive days. Neurochemical assessments of brain 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) depletion were also conducted. Repeated systemic administration of MDMA produced a transient disruption of the expression of male copulatory behavior. In MDMA-treated Ss that did display copulatory behavior, both the ejaculation latency and postejaculatory interval were dramatically lengthened when compared with controls. One week after the 1st behavioral test, copulatory behavior in MDMA treated Ss appeared unaffected, despite a significant depletion of 5-HT and 5-HIAA content in the striatum and hippocampus.