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Colorado River Toad - Bufo alvarius
Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia Vol 5
Bufo alvarius = COLORADO RIVER TOAD / COLORADO TOAD. Grows up to 17.8cm (females larger than males). 'Poison can kill a dog.'

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Colorado River Toad - Bufo alvarius
The Audubon Nature Guides: DESERTS
Colorado River Toad - Bufo alvarius: 3-7 inches (7.7-17.9 cm) Largest native toad in the United States. Olive to dark brown, with a relatively smooth, shiny skin. Elongate parotoid glands touch prominent bony ridges on head. 1 or 2 white warts at corner of mouth. Other large warty glands on hind legs. Belly is cream-colored. VOICE: A weak low-pitched toot, lasting less than a second. BREEDING: May-July. HABITAT: Desert. Prefers damp areas near permanent springs or man-made watering holes but may be found in arid grasslands and woodlands. From sea level to 5300' (1600m). RANGE: Extreme SE. of California to extreme SW. New Mexico, south into Mexico. COMMENTS: Nocturnal. The Colorado River Toad sometimes appears before seasonal rains fill breeding pools. When the rains finally arrive, breeding commences. It eats insects, spiders, and lizards.

BUCHERL
Colorado River Toad - Bufo alvarius
Venemous Animals & Their Venoms, vol.I p.499
Toad Venom: Bufo alvarius excretes 5-Methoxy-N,N-Dimethyltryptamine from Parotoid Glands/Crests (toad neck glands)

Bufo Alvarius Toad Venum. large packet of assorted articles.

Bufo Alvarius: The Psychedelic Toad of the Sonoran Desert. Albert Most. Venum Press. Denton TX. 1984. $3.

COCHRAN, DORIS M
Colorado River Toad - Bufo alvarius
Living Amphibians of the World, p 12, p 96, p 103
In the southwest of the US, the Colorado River Toad, Bufo alvarius, is attracted to cattle troughs, and its numbers may actually be in the increase since man began to make these reservoirs. ... One of the large species with an especially potent poison, the Colorado River Toad, Bufo alvarius, has been known to exude enough poison to cause the death of a police dog that was unlucky enough to seize the animal in it's mouth. ... In addition to a pair of large bean-shaped parotoid glands behind his eyes, he had another long gland running the full length of the calf of each leg. Only one other kind of toad, Bufo alvarius, from the southwestern United States and adjoining Mexico. The lethal qualities of its secreted poison has already been mentioned.

Peyote Toad. Charles Foster. Litmus Press. Salt Lake City,UT. 1975. 64 pages. $2. (could the title refer to Bufo alvarius? contains one poem titled "To the Peyote Gods" which briefly refers to peyote). [box 1m]

STEBBINS
Colorado River Toad - Bufo alvarius
Amphibians and Reptiles of California
Colorado River Toad (Bufo alvarius): IDENTIFICATION: 3-6 inches. Our largest toad; dark brown or olive above, with smooth skin, long kidney-shaped parotoids, and prominent cranial crests; several large warts on hind legs stand out conspicuously against smooth skin a whitish knob at angle of mouth. HABITAT: Brushy desert with creosote bush and mesquite; farmland. Frequents washes, springs, river bottoms, temporary rain pools, canals, and irrigation ditches. RANGE: Lower Colorado River and irrigated lowlands of Imperial County. HABITS: Nocturnal. More aquatic than most toads. Seeks refuge in burrows of other animals. Most active from May to July. Eggs, to around 8,000, in long strings; jelly envelope single. Voice resembles ferryboat whistle but weak, hoots lasting 1/2 to 1 second. Throat pale in male; vocal sac weak. When molested assumes butting pose and may squirt poison over 10 feet from parotoid glands; poison, if swallowed in quantity, capable of paralysing and occasionally killing dogs. Coons disembowel these toads and eat internal organs only. FOOD: Insects (grasshoppers, bugs, beetles, termites, ants, wasps, moths, and caterpillars), spiders, scorpions, centipedes, snails, small lizards, other amphibians (toads, spadefoots), and mice. Comes to outdoor lights to catch insects.

WEIL,AT: DAVIS,W:
Bufo Alvarius: A Potent Hallucinogen of Animal Origin.
J Ethnopharmacol 41 1/2: 1-8 (1994) English

The Entheogen Law Reporter Issue No. Three - Summer 1994 pp.16-27: Magic Mushroom case-law Spore seller raided. First religious freedom restoration act drug case. Update on Bufo alvarius (toad) cases. Supreme Court construes mail order paraphernalia act. Mail search update.